scholarly journals General Canonical Variational Principle and Noether Theorem, Their New Classical and Quantum Physics, Solution to Crisis Deducing All Physics Laws in Phase Space

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Huang ◽  
Yong-Chang Huang
Keyword(s):  
Phase Space ◽  
Variational Principle ◽  
Quantum Physics ◽  
Extreme Values ◽  
New Physics ◽  
Extreme Value ◽  
Noether Theorem ◽  
First Time ◽  
Value Functional ◽  
General Extreme Value

This paper discovers that current canonical variational principle and canonical Noether theorem of (in)finite freedom systems for different physics systems have neglected doublet extreme value processes of the general extreme value functional that both is derived by variational principle and is necessarily be taken in deriving all ( quantum ) physics laws in phase space, but which have not been done for over one century since Noether's showing her distinguished theorem, which lead to the crisis deriving all (quantum) physics laws (necessary) in phase space. We discover there is the hidden logic cycle that people assume canonical equations, and then they finally deduce canonical equations by the equivalent relation in the whole processes in all current references. We correct the current key mistake concepts that when physics systems take the variational extreme values, the appearing processes of the physics systems are real physics processes, otherwise, are virtual processes in all current references. The real physics should be what after taking the physics systems' variational extreme values, the physics systems' general extremum functional needs to further take the general extremum functional's minimum absolute extremum zero, otherwise, the appearing processes of physics systems still are virtual processes. Conservation current equations and conservation currents, in phase space, of general canonical variational principle and general canonical Noether theorem are, respectively, deduced for the first time. Using the general extremum functionals' doublet extreme value processes, the hidden logic cycle and the crisis in current canonical variational principle and current canonical Noether theorem are solved. Consequently, the new mathematical pictures, classical and quantum new physics in phase space and the new mathematical and physical doublet extremum processes for (in)finite freedom systems are discovered. General canonical variational principle and general canonical Noether theorem naturally are given, which would rewrite all the different sciences in phase space, as key tools of studying and dealing with them.

scholarly journals General variational principle, general Noether theorem, their classical and quantum new physics and solution to crisis deducing all physics laws

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Huang ◽  
Yong-Chang Huang
Keyword(s):  
Variational Principle ◽  
Extreme Values ◽  
New Physics ◽  
Noether Theorem ◽  
Lagrange Equations ◽  
Famous Theorem ◽  
The Real ◽  
Equivalent Relation

This paper discovers that current variational principle and Noether theorem for different physics systems with (in)finite freedom systems have missed the double extremum processes of the general extremum functional that both is deduced by variational principle and is necessarily taken in deducing all the physics laws, but these have not been corrected for over a century since Noether's proposing her famous theorem, which result in the crisis deducing relevant mathematical laws and all physics laws. This paper discovers there is the hidden logic cycle that one assumes Euler-Lagrange equations, and then he finally deduces Euler-Lagrange equations via the equivalent relation in the whole processes in all relevant current references. This paper corrects the current key mistakes that when physics systems choose the variational extreme values, the appearing processes of the physics systems are real physics processes, otherwise, are virtual processes in all current articles, reviews and (text)books. The real physics should be after choosing the variational extreme values of physics systems, the general extremum functional of the physics systems needs to further choose the minimum absolute extremum zero of the general extremum functional, otherwise, the appearing processes of physics systems are still virtual processes. Using the double extremum processes of the general extremum functionals, the crisis and the hidden logic cycle in current variational principle and current Noether theorem are solved. Furthermore, the new mathematical and physical double extremum processes and their new mathematical pictures and physics for (in)finite freedom systems are discovered. This paper gives both general variational principle and general Noether theorem as well as their classical and quantum new physics, which would rewrite all relevant current different branches of science, as key tools of studying and processing them.

scholarly journals Crisis Deducing All Physics Laws, Solution to The Crisis and Its Applications to Improved Variational Principle, Improved Noether Theorem and so on

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Huang ◽  
Yong-Chang Huang
Keyword(s):  
Variational Principle ◽  
Extreme Values ◽  
Noether Theorem ◽  
Lagrange Equations ◽  
Famous Theorem ◽  
The Real ◽  
Equivalent Relation

This paper discovers that current variational principle and Noether theorem for different physics systems with (in)finite freedom systems have missed the double extremum processes of the general extremum functional that both is deduced by variational principle and is necessarily taken in deducing all the physics laws, but these have not been corrected for over a century since Noether's proposing her famous theorem, which result in the crisis deducing all the physics laws. This paper discovers there is the hidden logic cycle that one assumes Euler-Lagrange equations, and then he finally deduces Euler-Lagrange equations via the equivalent relation in the whole processes in all relevant current references. This paper corrects the current key mistakes that when physics systems choose the variational extreme values, the appearing processes of the physics systems are real physics processes, otherwise, are virtual processes in all current articles, reviews and (text)books. The real physics should be what after choosing the variational extreme values of physics systems, the general extremum functional of the physics systems needs to further choose the minimum absolute extremum zero of the general extremum functional, otherwise, the appearing processes of physics systems are still virtual processes. Using the double extremum processes of the general extremum functionals, the crisis and the hidden logic cycle problem in current variational principle and current Noether theorem are solved. Furthermore, the new mathematical and physical double extremum processes and their new mathematical and physical pictures for (in)finite freedom systems are discovered. The improved variational principle and improved Noether theorem are given, which would rewrite all relevant current different branches of science, as key tools of studying and processing them.

scholarly journals Chinese Sunspot Drawings and Their Digitizations-(VI) Extreme Value Theory Applied to the Sunspot Number Series from the Purple Mountain Observatory

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1176
Author(s):  
Yan-Qing Chen ◽  
Sheng Zheng ◽  
Yan-Shan Xiao ◽  
Shu-Guang Zeng ◽  
Tuan-Hui Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sunspot Number ◽  
Extreme Value Theory ◽  
Extreme Values ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Value Theory ◽  
Extreme Value ◽  
Return Level ◽  
Block Maxima ◽  
First Time

Based on the daily sunspot number (SN) data (1954–2011) from the Purple Mountain Observatory, the extreme value theory (EVT) is employed for the research of the long-term solar activity. It is the first time that the EVT is applied on the Chinese SN. Two methods are used for the research of the extreme events with EVT. One method is the block maxima (BM) approach, which picks the maximum SN value of each block. Another one is the peaks-over-threshold (POT) approach. After a declustering process, a threshold value (here it is 300) is set to pick the extreme values. The negative shape parameters are obtained by the two methods, respectively, indicating that there is an upper bound for the extreme SN value. Only one value of the N-year return level (RL) is estimated: N = 19 years. For N = 19 years, the RL values of SN obtained by two methods are similar with each other. The RL values are found to be 420 for the POT method and the BM method. Here, the trend of 25th solar cycle is predicted to be stronger, indicating that the length of meridional forms of atmospheric circulation will be increased.

scholarly journals The LEPR Gene Is Associated with Reproductive Seasonality Traits in Rasa Aragonesa Sheep

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2448
Author(s):  
Kenza Lakhssassi ◽  
Malena Serrano ◽  
Belén Lahoz ◽  
María Pilar Sarto ◽  
Laura Pilar Iguácel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid Change ◽  
Leptin Receptor ◽  
Extreme Values ◽  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
Reproductive Seasonality ◽  
Synonymous Substitutions ◽  
Lepr Gene ◽  
Exon 20 ◽  
First Time

The aim of this study was to characterize and identify causative polymorphisms in the leptin receptor (LEPR) gene responsible for the seasonal variation of reproductive traits in sheep. Three reproductive seasonality traits were studied: the total days of anoestrous (TDA), the progesterone cycling months (P4CM) and the oestrous cycling months (OCM). In total, 18 SNPs were detected in 33 ewes with extreme values for TDA and OCM. Six SNPs were non-synonymous substitutions and two of them were predicted in silico as deleterious: rs596133197 and rs403578195. These polymorphisms were then validated in 239 ewes. The SNP rs403578195, located in exon 8 and leading to a change of alanine to glycine (Ala284Gly) in the extracellular domain of the protein, was associated with the OCM trait, being the G allele associated with a decrease of 12 percent of the OCM trait. Haplotype analyses also suggested the involvement of other non-synonymous SNP located in exon 20 (rs405459906). This SNP also produces an amino acid change (Lys1069Glu) in the intracellular domain of the protein and segregates independently of rs403578195. These results confirm for the first time the role of the LEPR gene in sheep reproductive seasonality.

scholarly journals Another SMEFT story: Z′ facing new results on ε′/ε, ∆MK and K → $$ \pi \nu \overline{\nu} $$

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Aebischer ◽  
Andrzej J. Buras ◽  
Jacky Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Renormalization Group ◽  
Mass Difference ◽  
Branching Ratios ◽  
New Physics ◽  
Matrix Elements ◽  
Isospin Breaking ◽  
Left Handed ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
First Time ◽  
Group Effects

Abstract Recently the RBC-UKQCD lattice QCD collaboration presented new results for the hadronic matrix elements relevant for the ratio ε′/ε in the Standard Model (SM) albeit with significant uncertainties. With the present knowledge of the Wilson coefficients and isospin breaking effects there is still a sizable room left for new physics (NP) contributions to ε′/ε which could both enhance or suppress this ratio to agree with the data. The new SM value for the K0 − $$ {\overline{K}}^0 $$ K ¯ 0 mass difference ∆MK from RBC-UKQCD is on the other hand by 2σ above the data hinting for NP required to suppress ∆MK. Simultaneously the most recent results for K+ → $$ {\pi}^{+}\nu \overline{\nu} $$ π + ν ν ¯ from NA62 and for KL → $$ {\pi}^0\nu \overline{\nu} $$ π 0 ν ν ¯ from KOTO still allow for significant NP contributions. We point out that the suppression of ∆MK by NP requires the presence of new CP-violating phases with interesting implications for K → $$ \pi \nu \overline{\nu} $$ πν ν ¯ , KS → μ+μ− and KL → π0ℓ+ℓ− decays. Considering a Z′-scenario within the SMEFT we analyze the dependence of all these observables on the size of NP still allowed by the data on ε′/ε. The hinted ∆MK anomaly together with the εK constraint implies in the presence of only left-handed (LH) or right-handed (RH) flavour-violating Z′ couplings strict correlation between K+ → $$ {\pi}^{+}\nu \overline{\nu} $$ π + ν ν ¯ and KL → $$ {\pi}^0\nu \overline{\nu} $$ π 0 ν ν ¯ branching ratios so that they are either simultaneously enhanced or suppressed relative to SM predictions. An anticorrelation can only be obtained in the presence of both LH and RH couplings. Interestingly, the NP QCD penguin scenario for ε′/ε is excluded by SMEFT renormalization group effects in εK so that NP effects in ε′/ε are governed by electroweak penguins. We also investigate for the first time whether the presence of a heavy Z′ with flavour violating couplings could generate through top Yukawa renormalization group effects FCNCs mediated by the SM Z-boson. The outcome turns out to be very interesting.

scholarly journals The history of the muon (g-2) experiments

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Lee Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Standard Model ◽  
Quantum Electrodynamics ◽  
National Laboratory ◽  
New Physics ◽  
Brookhaven National Laboratory ◽  
Muon Decay ◽  
Higgs Bosons ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time

I discuss the history of the muon (g-2)(g−2) measurements, beginning with the Columbia-Nevis measurement that observed parity violation in muon decay, and also measured the muon gg-factor for the first time, finding g_\mu=2gμ=2. The theoretical (Standard Model) value contains contributions from quantum electrodynamics, the strong interaction through hadronic vacuum polarization and hadronic light-by-light loops, as well as the electroweak contributions from the WW, ZZ and Higgs bosons. The subsequent experiments, first at Nevis and then with increasing precision at CERN, measured the muon anomaly a_\mu = (g_\mu-2)/2aμ=(gμ−2)/2 down to a precision of 7.3 parts per million (ppm). The Brookhaven National Laboratory experiment E821 increased the precision to 0.54 ppm, and observed for the first time the electroweak contributions. Interestingly, the value of a_\muaμ measured at Brookhaven appears to be larger than the Standard Model value by greater than three standard deviations. A new experiment, Fermilab E989, aims to improve on the precision by a factor of four, to clarify whether this result is a harbinger of new physics entering through loops, or from some experimental, statistical or systematic issue.

scholarly journals Nonparametric Estimation of Multivariate Extreme Value Copulas with Known and Unknown Marginal Distributions

2021 ◽  
Vol 2068 (1) ◽  
pp. 012003
Author(s):  
Ayari Samia ◽  
Mohamed Boutahar
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Function ◽  
Empirical Distribution Function ◽  
Extreme Values ◽  
Empirical Distribution ◽  
Extreme Value ◽  
Dependence Function ◽  
Marginal Distributions ◽  
Nonparametric Estimators ◽  
Monte Carlo Experiments ◽  
Multivariate Extreme Values

Abstract The purpose of this paper is estimating the dependence function of multivariate extreme values copulas. Different nonparametric estimators are developed in the literature assuming that marginal distributions are known. However, this assumption is unrealistic in practice. To overcome the drawbacks of these estimators, we substituted the extreme value marginal distribution by the empirical distribution function. Monte Carlo experiments are carried out to compare the performance of the Pickands, Deheuvels, Hall-Tajvidi, Zhang and Gudendorf-Segers estimators. Empirical results showed that the empirical distribution function improved the estimators’ performance for different sample sizes.

Simulation study of Landau damping near the persisting to arrested transition

2017 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander J. Klimas ◽  
Adolfo F. Viñas ◽  
Jaime A. Araneda
Keyword(s):  
Phase Space ◽  
Simulation Study ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Space Distribution ◽  
Landau Damping ◽  
Field Mode ◽  
Low Speed ◽  
Phase Space Distribution ◽  
Saturation Stage ◽  
First Time

A one-dimensional electrostatic filtered Vlasov–Poisson simulation study is discussed. The transition from persisting to arrested Landau damping that is produced by increasing the strength of a sinusoidal perturbation on a background Vlasov–Poisson equilibrium is explored. Emphasis is placed on observed features of the electron phase-space distribution when the perturbation strength is near the transition value. A single ubiquitous waveform is found perturbing the space-averaged phase-space distribution at almost any time in all of the simulations; the sole exception is the saturation stage that can occur at the end of the arrested damping scenario. This waveform contains relatively strong, very narrow structures in velocity bracketing $\pm v_{\text{res}}$ – the velocities at which electrons must move to traverse the dominant field mode wavelength in one of its oscillation periods – and propagating with $\pm v_{\text{res}}$ respectively. Local streams of electrons are found in these structures crossing the resonant velocities from low speed to high speed during Landau damping and from high speed to low speed during Landau growth. At the arrest time, when the field strength is briefly constant, these streams vanish. It is conjectured that the expected transfer of energy between electrons and field during Landau growth or damping has been visualized for the first time. No evidence is found in the phase-space distribution to support recent well-established discoveries of a second-order phase transition in the electric field evolution. While trapping is known to play a role for larger perturbation strengths, it is shown that trapping plays no role at any time in any of the simulations near the transition perturbation strength.

scholarly journals A VARIATIONAL FORMULATION OF SYMPLECTIC NONCOMMUTATIVE MECHANICS

2007 ◽  
Vol 04 (05) ◽  
pp. 789-805 ◽  
Author(s):  
IGNACIO CORTESE ◽  
J. ANTONIO GARCÍA
Keyword(s):  
Dynamical System ◽  
Phase Space ◽  
Variational Principle ◽  
Configuration Space ◽  
Variational Formulation ◽  
Noncommutative Space ◽  
First Order ◽  
Dynamical Properties ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Space Noncommutativity

The standard lore in noncommutative physics is the use of first order variational description of a dynamical system to probe the space noncommutativity and its consequences in the dynamics in phase space. As the ultimate goal is to understand the inherent space noncommutativity, we propose a variational principle for noncommutative dynamical systems in configuration space, based on results of our previous work [18]. We hope that this variational formulation in configuration space can be of help to elucidate the definition of some global and dynamical properties of classical and quantum noncommutative space.

Consideration of Epistemic Uncertainty in Extreme Wave Height Estimation

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryota Wada ◽  
Takuji Waseda
Keyword(s):  
Gulf Of Mexico ◽  
Observational Data ◽  
Wave Height ◽  
Extreme Values ◽  
Epistemic Uncertainty ◽  
Extreme Value Distribution ◽  
Predictive Distribution ◽  
Extreme Value ◽  
Posterior Predictive Distribution ◽  
Value Estimation

Extreme value estimation of significant wave height is essential for designing robust and economically efficient ocean structures. But in most cases, the duration of observational wave data is not efficient to make a precise estimation of the extreme value for the desired period. When we focus on hurricane dominated oceans, the situation gets worse. The uncertainty of the extreme value estimation is the main topic of this paper. We use Likelihood-Weighted Method (LWM), a method that can quantify the uncertainty of extreme value estimation in terms of aleatory and epistemic uncertainty. We considered the extreme values of hurricane-dominated regions such as Japan and Gulf of Mexico. Though observational data is available for more than 30 years in Gulf of Mexico, the epistemic uncertainty for 100-year return period value is notably large. Extreme value estimation from 10-year duration of observational data, which is a typical case in Japan, gave a Coefficient of Variance of 43%. This may have impact on the design rules of ocean structures. Also, the consideration of epistemic uncertainty gives rational explanation for the past extreme events, which were considered as abnormal. Expected Extreme Value distribution (EEV), which is the posterior predictive distribution, defined better extreme values considering the epistemic uncertainty.

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