Impact of Elevated Kevin-Helmholtz Billows on the Atmospheric Boundary Layer

The impact of Kelvin-Helmholtz billows (KHBs) in an elevated shear layer (ESL) on the underlying atmospheric boundary layer (BL) is examined utilizing a group of large-eddy simulations. In these simulations, KHBs develop in the ESL and experience exponential growth, saturation, and exponential decay stages. In response, strong wavy motion occurs in the BL, inducing rotor circulations near the surface when the BL is stable. During the saturation stage, secondary instability develops in the ESL and the wavy BL almost simultaneously, followed by the breakdown of the quasi-two-dimensional KH billows and BL waves into three-dimensional turbulence. Consequently, during and after a KH event, the underlying BL becomes more turbulent with its depth increased and stratification weakened substantially, suggestive of significant lasting impact of elevated KH billows on the atmospheric BL. The eventual impact of KHBs on the BL is found to be sensitive to both the ESL and BL characteristics.

Presenting a sustainable human resources model in the iranian automotive industry using the grounded theory approach

This research aims to provide a model of sustainable human resources in the Iranian automotive industry using the grounded theory approach. To achieve the research objectives using the non-probability snowball sampling method, the opinions of 15 experts in the field of human resources and senior managers of development units of Iran Khodro and Saipa companies were used to the theoretical saturation stage. The present study has been conducted using an experimental mixed research method. During open coding, approximately 129 items were extracted from the text of interviews as initial concepts. The results showed that economic conditions have the highest priority among the causal states, recruitment and retention of the workforce have the highest priority among the contextual conditions, the government has the highest priority among the interventionist conditions, investment in employee competence for current and future scenarios has the highest priority among strategies, and financial benefits and economic growth have the highest priority among outcomes and consequences.

Production, purification, and identification of Glycine, N-(m-anisoyl)-methyl ester from Pseudomonas aeruginosa with antimicrobial and anticancer activities.

The present research is a trial to extract antimicrobial and anticancer substance(s) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The bacterial isolate S1B20 exhibited the highest antimicrobial activity that was identified based on 16S rRNA gene sequence as Pseudomonas aeruginosa MG429777. Extraction of various antimicrobial substance(s) (both proteinous and nonproteinous substances) were carried out. Chloroform was established to be the strongest solvent for extraction of the antimicrobial substance, while the 60% ammonium sulfate saturation stage was the brightest to obtain active bacteriocin fraction. The molecular weight of the refined bacteriocins estimated as 124 kDa. Qualitative and quantitative results of GC-mass spectral analysis and IR spectroscopy of non-proteinous and proteinous antimicrobial agents were Oxime methoxyphenyl and Glycine, N-(m-anisoyl)-methyl ester. The research concerned the proteinous compound and proved to have a distinct antibacterial and antitumor force against three carcinoma cell lines.

Negative CO2 Emissions for Transportation

Negative emission technologies have recently received increasing attention due to climate change and global warming. One among them is bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), but the capture process is very energy intensive. Here, a novel pathway is introduced, based on second-generation biofuels followed by carbon circulation in an indefinitely closed chain, effectively resulting in a sink. Instead of using an energy-intensive conventional CCS process, the application of an on-board solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) running on biofuels in an electric vehicle (FCEV) could result in negative emissions by capturing a concentrated stream of CO2, which is readily stored in a second tank. A CO2 recovery system at the fuel station then takes the CO2 from the tank to be transported to storage locations or to be used for local applications such as CO2-based concrete curing and synthesis of e-fuels. Incorporating CO2 utilization technologies into the FCEVs-SOFC system can close the carbon loop, achieving carbon neutrality through feeding the CO2 in a reverse-logistic to a methanol plant. The methanol produced is also used in SOFCs, leading to an infinite repetition of this carbon cycle till a saturation stage is reached. It is determined this pathway will reach typical Cradle-to-Grave negative emissions of 0.515 ton CO2 per vehicle, and total negative CO2 emission of 138 Mt for all passenger cars in the EU is potentially achievable. All steps comprise known technologies with medium to high technology readiness level (TRL) levels, so principally this system can readily be applied in the mid-term.

Negative CO2 emissions for transportation

Negative emission technologies have recently received increasing attention due to climate change and global warming. One among them is bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), but the capture process is very energy intensive. Here, a novel pathway is introduced, based on second generation biofuels followed by carbon circulation in an indefinitely closed chain, effectively resulting in a sink. Instead of using an energy-intensive conventional CCS process, the application of an on-board solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) running on biofuels in an electric vehicle (FCEV) could result in negative emissions by capturing a concentrated stream of CO2, which is readily stored in a second tank. A CO2 recovery system at the fuel station then takes the CO2 from the tank to be transported to storage locations or to be used for local applications such as CO2-based concrete curing and synthesis of e-fuels. Incorporating CO2 utilization technologies into the FCEVs-SOFC system can close the carbon loop, achieving carbon neutrality through feeding the CO2 in a reverse-logistic to a methanol plant. The methanol produced is also used in SOFC’s, leading to an infinite repetition of this carbon cycle till a saturation stage is reached. It is determined this pathway will reach typical Cradle-to-Grave negative emissions of 0.515 ton CO2 per vehicle, and total negative CO2 emission of 138 Mt for all passenger cars in the EU is potentially achievable. All steps comprise known technologies with medium to high TRL levels, so principally this system can readily be applied in the mid-term.

Cyclic Stress Response Behavior of Near β Titanium Alloy and Deformation Mechanism Associated with Precipitated Phase

The cyclic stress response behavior of Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr alloy with three different microstructures has been systematically studied. The cyclic stress response was highly related to the applied strain amplitude and precipitated phase. At low strain amplitude, the plastic deformation was mainly restricted to soft α phase, and a significant cyclic saturation stage was shown until fracture for all three alloys. At high strain amplitude, three alloys all displayed an initial striking cyclic softening. However, the softening mechanism was obviously difference. Interestingly, a significant cyclic saturation stage was noticed after an initial cyclic softening for alloy aging for 12 h, which could be attributed to the deformation of {332}<113> twin and precipitation of α″ martensite.

Magmatic sulfides in high-potassium calc-alkaline to shoshonitic and alkaline rocks

We investigate the occurrence and chemistry of magmatic sulfides and their chalcophile metal cargo behaviour during the evolution of compositionally different magmas from diverse geodynamic settings both in mineralised and barren systems. The investigated areas are the following: (a) the Miocene Konya magmatic province (hosting the Doğanbey Cu–Mo porphyry and Inlice Au epithermal deposits, representing post-subduction) and (b) the Miocene Usak basin (Elmadag, Itecektepe, and Beydagi volcanoes, the latter associated with the Kişladağ Au porphyry in western Turkey, representing post-subduction). For comparison we also investigate (c) the barren intraplate Plio-Quaternary Kula volcanic field west of Usak. Finally, we discuss and compare all the above areas with the already studied (d) Quaternary Ecuadorian volcanic arc (host to the Miocene Llurimagua Cu–Mo and Cascabel Cu–Au porphyry deposits, representing subduction). The volcanism of the newly studied areas ranges from basalts to andesites–dacites and from high-K calc-alkaline to shoshonitic series. Multiphase magmatic sulfides occur in different amounts in rocks of all investigated areas, and, based on textural and compositional differences, they can be classified into different types according to their crystallisation at different stages of magma evolution (early versus late saturation). Our results suggest that independently of the magma composition, geodynamic setting, and association with an ore deposit, sulfide saturation occurred in all investigated magmatic systems. Those systems present similar initial metal contents of the magmas. However, not all studied areas present all sulfide types, and the sulfide composition depends on the nature of the host mineral. A decrease in the sulfide Ni∕Cu (a proxy for the monosulfide solid solution (mss) to intermediate solid solution (iss) ratio) is noted with magmatic evolution. At an early stage, Ni-richer, Cu-poorer sulfides are hosted by early crystallising minerals, e.g. olivine–pyroxene, whereas, at a later stage, Cu-rich sulfides are hosted by magnetite. The most common sulfide type in the early saturation stage is composed of a Cu-poor, Ni-rich (pyrrhotite mss) phase and one to two Cu-rich (cubanite, chalcopyrite iss) phases, making up ∼84 and ∼16 area % of the sulfide, respectively. Sulfides resulting from the late stage, consisting of Cu-rich phases (chalcopyrite, bornite, digenite iss), are hosted exclusively by magnetite and are found only in evolved rocks (andesites and dacites) of magmatic provinces associated with porphyry Cu (Konya and Ecuador) and porphyry Au (Beydagi) deposits.

iCGPA, IR4.0 and Graduate Employability from the Lens of the Academics

This paper focuses on heated issues in the Malaysian public universities of late. Specifically, the paper uncovers the perceptions of a group of lecturers in a selected public university regarding iCGPA, IR4.0 and Graduate Employability. In eliciting relevant data, series of semi-structured interview were conducted. A total of ten lecturers from a faculty volunteered as participants. In collecting the data through the semi-structured interview, saturation stage was achieved at the end of the 5th participant. Anticipating no new themes could emerge from the subsequent interviews upon the saturation stage, it was decided that the research findings would be derived from the relevant excerpts from the existing five interviews. The interviews were done separately, and each lasted between 45 minutes and an hour. In ensuring the trustworthiness of the research findings interpretations, member-checks and an inter-rater were done. The salient findings include frustration over iCGPA implementation and a vague understanding of IR4.0 among the participants. The findings, however, revealed the participants’ awareness of graduate employability. Most importantly, the findings concluded that though the participants were clear with the importance of graduate employability, they were unsure about iCGPA’s role in enhancing graduate employability and how IR4.0 could be embedded in their syllabus to promote graduate employability. All in all, this paper has confirmed a potential gap between the three main aspects namely; iCGPA, IR4.0 and graduate employability. The implications include the need to revisit the existing curriculum in complementing the training needs of IR4.0 skills, to re-skill lecturers in their teaching approaches and to examine the implementation of iCGPA as a platform to indicate IR4.0 skills and to promote graduate employability. Various parties could benefit from the research findings such as the curriculum developer, the lecturers themselves and most importantly the policymakers. KEYWORDS: iCGPA, IR4.0, Graduate Employability, Higher Education

Nonlinear Effects on the Precessional Instability in Magnetized Turbulence

By means of direct numerical simulations (DNS), we study the impact of an imposed uniform magnetic field on precessing magnetohydrodynamic homogeneous turbulence with a unit magnetic Prandtl number. The base flow which can trigger the precessional instability consists of the superposition of a solid-body rotation around the vertical ( x 3 ) axis (with rate Ω ) and a plane shear (with rate S = 2 ε Ω ) viewed in a frame rotating (with rate Ω p = ε Ω ) about an axis normal to the plane of shear and to the solid-body rotation axis and under an imposed magnetic field that aligns with the solid-body rotation axis ( B ‖ Ω ) . While rotation rate and Poincaré number are fixed, Ω = 20 and ε = 0.17 , the B intensity was varied, B = 0.1 , 0.5 , and 2.5 , so that the Elsasser number is about Λ = 0.1 , 2.5 and 62.5 , respectively. At the final computational dimensionless time, S t = 2 ε Ω t = 67 , the Rossby number Ro is about 0.1 characterizing rapidly rotating flow. It is shown that the total (kinetic + magnetic) energy ( E ) , production rate ( P ) due the basic flow and dissipation rate ( D ) occur in two main phases associated with different flow topologies: (i) an exponential growth and (ii) nonlinear saturation during which these global quantities remain almost time independent with P ∼ D . The impact of a "strong" imposed magnetic field ( B = 2.5 ) on large scale structures at the saturation stage is reflected by the formation of structures that look like filaments and there is no dominance of horizontal motion over the vertical (along the solid-rotation axis) one. The comparison between the spectra of kinetic energy E ( κ ) ( k ⊥ ) , E ( κ ) ( k ⊥ , k ‖ = 1 , 2 ) and E κ ) ( k ⊥ , k ‖ = 0 ) at the saturation stage reveals that, at large horizontal scales, the major contribution to E ( κ ) ( k ⊥ ) does not come only from the mode k ‖ = 0 but also from the k ‖ = 1 mode which is the most energetic. Only at very large horizontal scales at which E ( κ ) ( k ⊥ ) ∼ E 2 D ( κ ) ( k ⊥ ) , the flow is almost two-dimensional. In the wavenumbers range 10 ≤ k ⊥ ≤ 40 , the spectra E ( κ ) ( k ⊥ ) and E ( κ ) ( k ⊥ , k ‖ = 0 ) respectively follow the scaling k ⊥ − 2 and k ⊥ − 3 . Unlike the velocity field the magnetic field remains strongly three-dimensional for all scales since E 2 D ( m ) ( k ⊥ ) ≪ E ( m ) ( k ⊥ ) . At the saturation stage, the Alfvén ratio between kinetic and magnetic energies behaves like k ‖ − 2 for B k ‖ / ( 2 ε Ω ) < 1 .