scholarly journals An Updated Review of the Invasive Aedes albopictus in the Americas; Geographical Distribution, Host Feeding Patterns, Arbovirus Infection, and the Potential for Vertical Transmission of Dengue Virus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian E. Garcia-Rejon ◽  
Juan Carlos Navarro ◽  
Nohemi Cigarroa-Toledo ◽  
Carlos M. Baak-Baak
Keyword(s):  
Dengue Virus ◽  
Vertical Transmission ◽  
Horizontal Transmission ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
The United States ◽  
Host Feeding ◽  
Feeding Patterns ◽  
Cache Valley Virus ◽  
Dengue Disease ◽  
Virus West Nile

The aim of the work was to update the distribution range of Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus Skuse in the Americas, review the blood-feeding patterns and compare the minimum infection rate (MIR) of the dengue virus (DENV) between studies of vertical and horizontal transmission. The current dis-tribution of Ae. albopictus encompasses 21 countries in the Americas. Extensive review has been conducted for the blood-feeding patterns of Ae. albopictus. The results suggest that the mosquito is capable of feeding on 16 species of mammals and five species of avian. Humans, dogs, and rats are the most common host. Eight arboviruses with the potential to infect humans and animals have been isolated in Ae. albopictus. In the United States of America (USA), Eastern equine encephalitis virus, Keystone virus, La Crosse Virus, West Nile virus, and Cache Valley virus were isolated in the Asian mosquito. In Brazil, Mexico, Colombia, and Costa Rica, DENV (all serotypes) has been frequently identified in field-caught Ae. albopictus. Overall, the estimated MIR in Ae. albopictus infected with DENV is similar between horizontal (10.95) and vertical transmission (8.28). However, in vertical transmission, there is a difference in the MIR values if the DENV is identified from larvae or adults (males and females emerged from a collection of eggs or larvae). MIR es-timated from larvae is 14.04 and in adults is 4.04. In conclusion, it has to be highlighted that Ae. albopictus is an invasive mosquito with wide phenotypic plasticity to adapt to broad and new areas, it is highly efficient to transmit the DENV horizontally and vertically, it can participate in the inter-endemic transmission of the dengue disease, and it can spread zoonotic arboviruses across forest and urban settings.

scholarly journals An Updated Review of the Invasive Aedes Albopictus in the Americas; Geographical Distribution, Host Feeding Patterns, Arbovirus Infection, and the Potential for Vertical Transmission of Dengue Virus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian E. Garcia-Rejon ◽  
Juan-Carlos Navarro ◽  
Nohemi Cigarroa-Toledo ◽  
Carlos M. Baak-Baak
Keyword(s):  
Dengue Virus ◽  
Vertical Transmission ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Horizontal Transmission ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
The United States ◽  
Host Feeding ◽  
Feeding Patterns ◽  
Cache Valley Virus ◽  
Dengue Disease

Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus is a mosquito native to Southeast Asia. Currently, it has a wide distribution in America where natural infection with arboviruses of medical and veterinary importance has been reported. In spite of their importance in the transmission of endemic arbovirus, basic information of parameters affecting their vectorial capacity is poorly investigated. The aim of the work was to update the distribution range of Ae. albopictus in the Americas, review the blood-feeding patterns and compare the minimum infection rate (MIR) of the dengue virus (DENV) between studies of vertical and horizontal transmission. The current distribution of Ae. albopictus encompasses 21 countries in the Americas. Extensive review has been conducted for the blood-feeding patterns of Ae. albopictus. The results suggest that the mosquito is capable of feeding on 16 species of mammals and five species of avian. Humans, dogs, and rats are the most common host. Eight arboviruses with the potential to infect humans and animals have been isolated in Ae. albopictus. In the United States of America (USA), Eastern equine encephalitis virus, Keystone virus, La Crosse Virus, West Nile virus, and Cache Valley virus were isolated in the Asian mosquito. In Brazil, Mexico, Colombia, and Costa Rica, DENV (all serotypes) has been frequently identified in field-caught Ae. albopictus. Overall, the estimated MIR in Ae. albopictus infected with DENV is similar between horizontal (10.95) and vertical transmission (8.28). However, in vertical transmission, there is a difference in the MIR values if the DENV is identified from larvae or adults (males and females emerged from a collection of eggs or larvae). MIR estimated from larvae is 14.04 and in adults is 4.04. In conclusion, it has to be highlighted that Ae. albopictus is an invasive mosquito with wide phenotypic plasticity to adapt to broad and new areas, it is highly efficient to transmit the DENV horizontally and vertically, it can participate in the inter-endemic transmission of the dengue disease, and it can spread zoonotic arboviruses across forest and urban settings.

scholarly journals The effects of host availability and fitness on Aedes albopictus blood feeding patterns in New York

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kara M Fikrig ◽  
Elisabeth Martin ◽  
Sharon Dang ◽  
Kimberly St Fleur ◽  
Henry Goldsmith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Aedes Albopictus ◽  
Long Island ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Camera Traps ◽  
Population Variation ◽  
Island Population ◽  
Host Feeding ◽  
Feeding Patterns ◽  
Host Availability

Aedes albopictus is a competent vector of numerous pathogens, representing a range of transmission cycles involving unique hosts. Despite the important status of this vector, variation in its feeding patterns is poorly understood. We examined the feeding patterns of Ae. albopictus utilizing resting collections in Long Island, New York, and contextualized blood meal sources with host availability measured by household interviews and camera traps. We identified 90 blood meals, including 29 human, 22 cat, 16 horse, 12 opossum, 5 dog, 2 goat, and 1 rabbit, rat, squirrel and raccoon. Our study is the first to quantitatively assess Ae. albopictus feeding patterns in the context of host availability of wild animals in addition to humans and domestic animals. Host feeding indices showed that cats and dogs were fed upon disproportionately often compared to humans. Forage ratios suggested a tendency to feed on cats and opossums and to avoid raccoons, squirrels, and birds. This feeding pattern was different from another published study from Baltimore, where Ae. albopictus fed more often on rats than humans. To understand if these differences were due to host availability or mosquito population variation, we compared the fitness of Long Island and Baltimore Ae. albopictus after feeding on rat and human blood. In addition, we examined fitness within the Long Island population after feeding on human, rat, cat, horse, and opossum blood. Together, our results do not show major mosquito fitness differences by blood hosts, suggesting that fitness benefits do not drive Northeastern Ae. albopictus feeding patterns.

scholarly journals A Literature Review of Host Feeding Patterns of Invasive Aedes Mosquitoes in Europe

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 848
Author(s):  
Sonia Cebrián-Camisón ◽  
Josué Martínez-de la Puente ◽  
Jordi Figuerola
Keyword(s):  
Vector Competence ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Vectorial Capacity ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Host Feeding ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Feeding Rates ◽  
Feeding Patterns ◽  
Distribution Ranges

Aedes invasive mosquitoes (AIMs) play a key role as vectors of several pathogens of public health relevance. Four species have been established in Europe, including Aedes aegypti, Aedesalbopictus, Aedes japonicus and Aedes koreicus. In addition, Aedes atropalpus has been repeatedly recorded although it has not yet been established. In spite of their importance in the transmission of endemic (e.g., heartworms) and imported pathogens (e.g., dengue virus), basic information of parameters affecting their vectorial capacity is poorly investigated. The aim of this study is to review the blood feeding patterns of these invasive mosquito species in Europe, summarizing available information from their native and introduced distribution ranges. The feeding patterns of mosquitoes constitute a key parameter affecting the contact rates between infected and susceptible hosts, thus playing a central role in the epidemiology of mosquito-borne pathogens. Our results highlight that these mosquito species feed on the blood of different vertebrate groups from ectotherms to birds and mammals. However, humans represent the most important source of blood for these species, accounting for 36% and 93% of hosts identified for Ae. japonicus and Ae. aegypti, respectively. In spite of that, limited information has been obtained for some particular species, such as Ae. koreicus, or it is restricted to a few particular areas. Given the high vector competence of the four AIM species for the transmission of different emerging arboviruses such as dengue, Chikungunya, Zika or Yellow fever viruses and their high feeding rates on humans, these AIM species may have an important impact on the vectorial capacity for such pathogens on urban and periurban areas. Finally, we propose directions for future research lines based on identified knowledge gaps.

scholarly journals Deteksi transmisi transovarial virus dengue pada Aedes aegypti dengan teknik imunositokimia di Kota Manado

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lidiasani P. Mosesa ◽  
Angle Sorisi ◽  
Victor D. Pijoh
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Dengue Virus ◽  
Vertical Transmission ◽  
Horizontal Transmission ◽  
Research Result ◽  
Transovarial Transmission ◽  
Aedes Mosquito ◽  
Common Occurrence ◽  
Urban Village ◽  
Result Show

Abstract: Capability of Dengue virus to maintain its existence by two mechanism, that is horizontal transmission between veremia vertebrata that contracted by Aedes mosquito and vertical transmission from female mosquito infective to next generation. The most mechanism common occurrence is vertical transmission whereabout of transovarial transmission can be detected by many kind of way, one of way is immunositochemical technic. Immunositochemical is reported to be able detect antigen Dengue virus in low level. This research aims to prove whereabout of transovarial transmission Dengue virus on Aedes aegypti in Manado city. Researche sampel is Aedes aegypti mosquitos from eggs Aedes aegypti that was taken from urban village that is DBD case. This research was held on November 2015 – January 2016. Research result show that Aedes aegypti mosquito antigen positive Dengue are 24 tail of mosquitos from 48 tail of mosquitos that was tested with Index Transmissi Transovarial (ITT) about 39,1% - 70%. Based on research result can be proven that there is transovarial transmission Dengue virus on Aedes aegypti in West Kombos Urban Village, Singkil Distric, Manado City.Keywords: transovarial transmission, dengue virus, aedes aegypti, immunositochemical technicAbstrak: Kemampuan Virus Dengue untuk mempertahankan keberadaannya melalui dua mekanisme yaitu transmisi horizontal antara vertebrata viremia yang ditularkan oleh nyamuk Aedes dan transmisi vertikal (transovarial) yaitu dari nyamuk betina infektif ke generasi berikutnya. Mekanisme yang paling umum terjadi adalah transmisi vertikal (transovarial). Ada tidaknya transmisi transovarial dapat diketahui dengan berbagai cara, salah satunya dengan teknik imunositokimia. Metode imunositokimia dilaporkan dapat mendeteksi antigen virus Dengue dalam kadar yang rendah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan ada tidaknya transmisi transovarial virus Dengue pada Aedes aegypti di kota Manado. Sampel penelitian adalah nyamuk Aedes aegypti yang berasal dari telur Aedes yang diambil dari kelurahan yang terdapat kasus DBD. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan November 2015 – Januari 2016. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nyamuk Aedes aegypti yang positif antigen virus Dengue berjumlah 24 ekor nyamuk dari 48 ekor nyamuk yang diperiksa dengan Index Transmisi Transovarial (ITT) berkisar 39,1% - 70%. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian tersebut, terbukti bahwa adanya transmisi transovarial virus Dengue pada Aedes aegypti di Kelurahan Kombos Barat Kecamatan Singkil, Kota Manado.Kata kunci: transmisi transovarial, virus dengue, aedes aegypti, teknik imunositokimia

scholarly journals Host-Feeding Patterns of the Mosquito Assemblage at Lomas Barbudal Biological Reserve, Guanacaste, Costa Rica

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick L Gilkey ◽  
Diana L Ortiz ◽  
Tia Kowalo ◽  
Adriana Troyo ◽  
Laura K Sirot
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Host Feeding ◽  
Feeding Patterns ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Biological Reserve

Abstract Mosquito-borne pathogens have spread throughout tropical regions of the Western Hemisphere causing increased burden of disease in the region. Outbreaks of dengue fever, yellow fever, chikungunya, West Nile, and Zika have occurred over the past several years. Mosquito blood-feeding patterns need to be assayed to assist in determining which vertebrates could act as hosts of these mosquito-borne pathogens and which mosquito species could act as vectors. We conducted bloodmeal analyses of mosquitoes collected at Lomas Barbudal Biological Reserve, a dry tropical forest reserve in Costa Rica. Mosquitoes were collected using backpack aspirators and light, gravid, and resting traps, and then identified morphologically. Blood-fed mosquitoes underwent DNA extraction, PCR amplification, and sequencing of the vertebrate cytochrome b and cytochrome c oxidase 1 genes to identify vertebrate bloodmeal hosts. Several mosquitoes known to vector pathogens were found including Culex (Melanoconion) erraticus Dyar & Knab (Diptera: Culicidae), Cx. (Mel.) pedroi Sirivanakarn & Belkin, Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus Skuse, Ae. (Ochlerotatus) scapularis Rondani, Ae. (Och.) serratus Theobald, and Ae. (Och.) taeniorhynchus Wiedemann. The most common bloodmeal hosts were basilisk lizards (Basiliscus vittatus) Wiegmann (Squamata: Corytophanidae) in Culex (Linnaeus) species and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) Zimmermann (Artiodactyla: Cervidae) in Aedes (Meigen) species. These results show the diversity of mosquito species in a tropical dry deciduous forest and identify associations between mosquito vectors and potential pathogen reservoir hosts. Our study highlights the importance of understanding interactions between vector species and their hosts that could serve as predictors for the potential emergence or resurgence of mosquito-borne pathogens in Costa Rica.

Horizontal and Vertical Transmission of West Nile Virus by Aedes vexans (Diptera: Culicidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 1614-1618 ◽  
Author(s):  
John F Anderson ◽  
Andrew J Main ◽  
Francis J Ferrandino
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Vertical Transmission ◽  
Horizontal Transmission ◽  
West Nile Virus Infection ◽  
The United States ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Aedes Vexans ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Virus Family ◽  
Virus Exposure

Abstract West Nile virus (family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus) first caused human and veterinary disease, and was isolated from Culex pipiens pipiens L. and Aedes vexans (Meigen) (Diptera: Culicidae) in the United States in 1999. We report that a Connecticut strain of Ae. vexans was competent to transmit West Nile virus both horizontally to suckling mice and vertically to its progeny in the laboratory. Horizontal transmission was first observed on day 6 post-exposure (pe). Daily horizontal transmission rates generally increased with the day post-virus exposure with highest rates of 67–100% recorded on days 28–30 pe. One female vertically transmitted West Nile virus on day 21 pe, but only after it had taken its third bloodmeal. Horizontal and vertical transmission may contribute to West Nile virus infection rates in Ae. vexans in summer, and vertical transmission provides a means of survival of West Nile virus during winter.

scholarly journals Vertical transmission of Mycoplasma wenyonii in cattle, supported by analysis of the ribonuclease P RNA gene — Short communication

2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fumina Sasaoka ◽  
Jin Suzuki ◽  
Toh-Ichi Hirata ◽  
Toshihiro Ichijo ◽  
Kazuhisa Furuhama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Transmission ◽  
Gene Sequence ◽  
Short Communication ◽  
Horizontal Transmission ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Ribonuclease P ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Mycoplasma Wenyonii ◽  
Neonatal Calves ◽  
Ribonuclease P Rna

The vertical transmission of Mycoplasma (M.) wenyonii was investigated in beef cattle raised on a farm in Japan by analysing the ribonuclease P RNA (rnpB) gene sequence using PCR. Peripheral blood samples from 17 dams infected with M. wenyonii and from their neonatal calves were collected and colostrum samples were taken from cows immediately after parturition, and subsequently the blood samples of calves were monitored continuously for three months. At birth on day 0, although no rnpB gene was detected in the colostrum of any of the dams, four (23.5%) of the 17 calves born were positive. At three months after delivery, the number of positive calves decreased to three. Although horizontal transmission by blood-feeding arthropod vectors has been basically accepted as the most common route of haemoplasma infection, these findings suggest that vertical transmission is, at least in part, another most likely route of M. wenyonii infection in cattle.

Blood feeding patterns of Anopheles freeborni and Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae): effects of habitat and host abundance

1997 ◽  
Vol 87 (6) ◽  
pp. 633-641 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Wekesa ◽  
B. Yuval ◽  
R. K. Washino ◽  
A. M. de Vasquez
Keyword(s):  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Feeding Pattern ◽  
Host Feeding ◽  
Culex Tarsalis ◽  
Feeding Patterns ◽  
Host Group ◽  
Host Availability ◽  
Blood Indices ◽  
Blood Meals

AbstractThe blood feeding patterns of Anopheles freeborni Aitken and Culex tarsalis Coquillett were studied, and the effects of host availability on these patterns were assessed in four different habitats within a northern California rice agroecosystem. Resting mosquitoes were collected from June to September of 1991 and 1992. The source of mosquito blood meals was identified with the modified precipitin test. Anopheles freeborni exhibited a ‘specialized’ (fixed) blood feeding pattern, predominantly (99% of the time) feeding on mammalian hosts; leporids and bovids were the major hosts, while equines, suids, and other mammals were minor hosts. Culex tarsalis exhibited a more ‘generalized’ (catholic) blood feeding pattern, taking blood meals from both birds and mammals at a ratio of 3:1 with Passeriformes being the most fed upon host group. Human blood indices were under 3% for both mosquito species, and multiple blood meals were estimated at less than 2%. The host feeding patterns for both mosquito species differed among the four (riparian, rice, pasture and mixed) habitats. The host feeding pattern for C. tarsalis reflected the distribution of both mammalian and avian hosts available. On the contrary, the host feeding patterns for A. freeborni reflected the distribution of mammalian but not the available avian hosts. Overall, host availability may be an important determinant of population size of some mosquito taxa (e.g. A. freeborni) than others (e.g. C. tarsalis) in rice culture agroecosystems.

scholarly journals The IFITM Proteins Mediate Cellular Resistance to Influenza A H1N1 Virus, West Nile Virus, and Dengue Virus

Cell ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 139 (7) ◽  
pp. 1243-1254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abraham L. Brass ◽  
I-Chueh Huang ◽  
Yair Benita ◽  
Sinu P. John ◽  
Manoj N. Krishnan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Dengue Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
H1n1 Virus ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Cellular Resistance ◽  
Influenza A H1n1 ◽  
Virus West Nile

scholarly journals SIR Model for Dengue Disease with Effect of Dengue Vaccination

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pratchaya Chanprasopchai ◽  
I. Ming Tang ◽  
Puntani Pongsumpun
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Dengue Virus ◽  
Numerical Solutions ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Sir Model ◽  
Dengue Vaccine ◽  
Dengue Disease ◽  
Modelling Methods

The dengue disease is caused by dengue virus, and there is no specific treatment. The medical care by experienced physicians and nurses will save life and will lower the mortality rate. A dengue vaccine to control the disease is available in Thailand since late 2016. A mathematical model would be an important way to analyze the effects of the vaccination on the transmission of the disease. We have formulated an SIR (susceptible-infected-recovered) model of the transmission of the disease which includes the effect of vaccination and used standard dynamical modelling methods to analyze the effects. The equilibrium states and their stabilities are investigated. The trajectories of the numerical solutions plotted into the 2D planes and 3D spaces are presented. The main contribution is determining the role of dengue vaccination in the model. From the analysis, we find that there is a significant reduction in the total hospitalization time needed to treat the illness.

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