Critical Equivalent Wind Speeds for Overturning and Roof Blow-off of 2-StoryWooden Houses

4 tornadoes occurred on May 6th, 2012 in the north part of the Kanto area, Japan. Of these, the one that struck Joso city and Tsukuba city in Ibaraki prefecture was the strongest. According to the JapanMeteorological Agency, it was 0.5 km wide, 17 km long, and Fujita scale level 3 [1]. According to local government statistics from Ibaraki prefecture, 1 person was killed, 39 were injured, and 1,133 structures were damaged – 207 destroyed, 258 half destroyed, and 668 damaged [1]. The Wind Engineering Research Center of Tokyo Polytechnic University carried out field investigations in damaged areas onMay 7, 8, 9, and 13. Based on its results, Fujita scale strength was estimated at 4. Based on our damage investigation results, we deduce scenarios and estimate wind speed when the 2 structures this paper focuses on were catastrophically damaged.

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Data Sets

Hurricane Climatology ◽

10.1093/oso/9780199827633.003.0009 ◽

2013 ◽

Author(s):

James B. Elsner ◽

Thomas H. Jagger

Keyword(s):

Model Building ◽

Careful Analysis ◽

Logical Structure ◽

Fortran Program ◽

Data Sets ◽

Data Set ◽

Near Surface ◽

Wind Speeds ◽

The North ◽

The One

Hurricane data originate from careful analysis of past storms by operational meteorologists. The data include estimates of the hurricane position and intensity at 6-hourly intervals. Information related to landfall time, local wind speeds, damages, and deaths, as well as cyclone size, are included. The data are archived by season. Some effort is needed to make the data useful for hurricane climate studies. In this chapter, we describe the data sets used throughout this book. We show you a work flow that includes importing, interpolating, smoothing, and adding attributes. We also show you how to create subsets of the data. Code in this chapter is more complicated and it can take longer to run. You can skip this material on first reading and continue with model building in Chapter 7. You can return here when you have an updated version of the data that includes the most recent years. Most statistical models in this book use the best-track data. Here we describe these data and provide original source material. We also explain how to smooth and interpolate them. Interpolations are needed for regional hurricane analyses. The best-track data set contains the 6-hourly center locations and intensities of all known tropical cyclones across the North Atlantic basin, including the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea. The data set is called HURDAT for HURricane DATa. It is maintained by the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) at the National Hurricane Center (NHC). Center locations are given in geographic coordinates (in tenths of degrees) and the intensities, representing the one-minute near-surface (∼10 m) wind speeds, are given in knots (1 kt = .5144 m s−1) and the minimum central pressures are given in millibars (1 mb = 1 hPa). The data are provided in 6-hourly intervals starting at 00 UTC (Universal Time Coordinate). The version of HURDAT file used here contains cyclones over the period 1851 through 2010 inclusive. Information on the history and origin of these data is found in Jarvinen et al (1984). The file has a logical structure that makes it easy to read with a FORTRAN program. Each cyclone contains a header record, a series of data records, and a trailer record.

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Analisis Peramalan Perubahan Pemanfaatan Lahan di Kota Nganjuk terkait Rencana Lokasi Interchange Jalan Tol Ngawi-Kertosono

JURNAL PEMBANGUNAN WILAYAH & KOTA ◽

10.14710/pwk.v8i2.11569 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 167

Author(s):

Eko Wahyudi

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Delphi Method ◽

Development Planning ◽

The Other ◽

Development Plan ◽

Toll Road ◽

The North ◽

Potential Development ◽

North Part ◽

The One

The study examines the effects of the Ngawi‐Kertosono toll road interchange development planning toland use change in Nganjuk as an agricultural city using Delphi method through exploration of expertopinion. The study forecasted potential development such as housing‐residential, trade‐service andindustry‐warehousing as a result from the development plan. Analysis showed that the plan renderedtwo implications. On the one hand it provided an increase in accesibility south of the toll road makingdevelopment possible, on the other hand the north of the toll road might suffer development challengesdue to loss of accessibility because the interchange was to only accommodate traffic from the south.Because of this, experts think that the north part of the toll road will suffer stagnance. All thisdemonstrate contradictory influence of development planning in the development of a region.Keywords: forecasting, regional activity, land use, toll road interchange

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MBAH HENDRO KUSUMO BIN SYECH AHMAD MUTAMAKKIN: JEJAK SYIAR ISLAM DI WILAYAH PATI

EMPIRISMA ◽

10.30762/empirisma.v27i2.1448 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 27 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Fathimatuz Zahra Dan Abdul Azis

Keyword(s):

Central Region ◽

Marital Relationship ◽

Southern Region ◽

North Coast ◽

The North ◽

Trace Back ◽

Northern Regions ◽

The One

Pati is a region on the north coast, according to the hypothesis of the researcher, the region is divided into three categories. The northern regions are more religious, the central is more plural, while the southern region is in the middle. In the central region there are many relics of tombs believed to be the those of the Muslim proselytizers in the area of Pati. The one that attracts the researcher is a tomb in the Gambiran area, where there are five local Muslim saints buried, one of them belons to mbah Hendro Kusumo, the son of Syech Ahmad Mutamakkin. This article attempts to trace back the spreading of Islam in Pati based on the existence of thetomb of Mbah Hendro Kusumo. It wants to answer question of whethere the existence of his tomb is due to his studying there or marital relationship, and how it relates to the spreading of Islam.Keywords: Mbah Hendro Kusumo, Traces of Islamic Dakwah, Islam

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Bathymetric map of the north part of Great Salt Lake, Utah, 2006

Scientific Investigations Map ◽

10.3133/sim2954 ◽

2006 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Robert L. Baskin ◽

Jane Turner

Keyword(s):

Salt Lake ◽

Great Salt Lake ◽

The North ◽

North Part ◽

Bathymetric Map

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Ketilidian structure and the rapakivi suite between Lindenow Fjord and Kap Farvel, South-East Greenland

Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin ◽

10.34194/ggub.v186.5215 ◽

2000 ◽

pp. 50-59

Author(s):

Brian Chadwick ◽

Adam A. Garde ◽

John Grocott ◽

Ken J.W. McCaffrey ◽

Mike A. Hamilton

Keyword(s):

Coastal Region ◽

Field Work ◽

Natural Environment Research Council ◽

East Greenland ◽

The North ◽

Tectonic Processes ◽

Field Investigations ◽

North Eastern ◽

Bad Weather ◽

North Eastern Part

NOTE: This article was published in a former series of GEUS Bulletin. Please use the original series name when citing this article, for example: Chadwick, B., Garde, A. A., Grocott, J., McCaffrey, K. J., & Hamilton, M. A. (2000). Ketilidian structure and the rapakivi suite between Lindenow Fjord and Kap Farvel, South-East Greenland. Geology of Greenland Survey Bulletin, 186, 50-59. https://doi.org/10.34194/ggub.v186.5215 _______________ The southern tip of Greenland is underlain by the Palaeoproterozoic Ketilidian orogen (e.g. Chadwick & Garde 1996; Garde et al. 1998a). Field investigations in the summer of 1999 were focused on the structure of migmatites (metatexites) and garnetiferous granites (diatexites) of the Pelite Zone in the coastal region of South-East Greenland between Lindenow Fjord and Kap Farvel (Figs 1, 2). Here, we first address the tectonic evolution in the Pelite Zone in that region and its correlation with that in the Psammite Zone further north. Then, the structure and intrusive relationships of the rapakivi suite in the Pelite Zone are discussed, including particular reference to the interpretation of the controversial outcrop on Qernertoq (Figs 2, 8). Studies of the structure of the north-eastern part of the Julianehåb batholith around Qulleq were continued briefly from 1998 but are not addressed here (Fig. 1; Garde et al. 1999). The field study was keyed to an interpretation of the Ketilidian orogen as a whole, including controls of rates of thermal and tectonic processes in convergent settings. Earlier Survey field work (project SUPRASYD, 1992–1996) had as its principal target an evaluation of the economic potential of the orogen (Nielsen et al. 1993). Ensuing plate-tectonic studies were mainly funded in 1997–1998 by Danish research foundations and in 1999 by the Natural Environment Research Council, UK. The five-week programme in 1999 was seriously disrupted by bad weather, common in this part of Greenland, and our objectives were only just achieved. Telestation Prins Christian Sund was the base for our operations (Fig. 2), which were flown with a small helicopter (Hughes MD-500).

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Preaching and Sermons

10.1093/oso/9780199683710.003.0016 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Robert H. Ellison

Keyword(s):

Eighteenth Century ◽

North Atlantic ◽

Religious Revival ◽

Early Nineteenth Century ◽

Denominational Identity ◽

The North ◽

The North Atlantic ◽

The One ◽

The Impact

Prompted by the convulsions of the late eighteenth century and inspired by the expansion of evangelicalism across the North Atlantic world, Protestant Dissenters from the 1790s eagerly subscribed to a millennial vision of a world transformed through missionary activism and religious revival. Voluntary societies proliferated in the early nineteenth century to spread the gospel and transform society at home and overseas. In doing so, they engaged many thousands of converts who felt the call to share their experience of personal conversion with others. Though social respectability and business methods became a notable feature of Victorian Nonconformity, the religious populism of the earlier period did not disappear and religious revival remained a key component of Dissenting experience. The impact of this revitalization was mixed. On the one hand, growth was not sustained in the long term and, to some extent, involvement in interdenominational activity undermined denominational identity; on the other hand, Nonconformists gained a social and political prominence they had not enjoyed since the middle of the seventeenth century and their efforts laid the basis for the twentieth-century explosion of evangelicalism in Africa, Asia, and South America.

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Thinner Sea Ice Contribution to the Remarkable Polynya Formation North of Greenland in August 2018

Advances in Atmospheric Sciences ◽

10.1007/s00376-021-0136-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Xiaoyi Shen ◽

Chang-Qing Ke ◽

Bin Cheng ◽

Wentao Xia ◽

Mengmeng Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sea Ice ◽

Ice Cover ◽

Reanalysis Data ◽

Mean Value ◽

Ocean Model ◽

North Coast ◽

Average Value ◽

The North ◽

Wind Sea ◽

The One

AbstractIn August 2018, a remarkable polynya was observed off the north coast of Greenland, a perennial ice zone where thick sea ice cover persists. In order to investigate the formation process of this polynya, satellite observations, a coupled ice-ocean model, ocean profiling data, and atmosphere reanalysis data were applied. We found that the thinnest sea ice cover in August since 1978 (mean value of 1.1 m, compared to the average value of 2.8 m during 1978–2017) and the modest southerly wind caused by a positive North Atlantic Oscillation (mean value of 0.82, compared to the climatological value of −0.02) were responsible for the formation and maintenance of this polynya. The opening mechanism of this polynya differs from the one formed in February 2018 in the same area caused by persistent anomalously high wind. Sea ice drift patterns have become more responsive to the atmospheric forcing due to thinning of sea ice cover in this region.

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Projected Changes in European and North Atlantic Seasonal Wind Climate Derived from CMIP5 Simulations

Journal of Climate ◽

10.1175/jcli-d-19-0023.1 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 32 (19) ◽

pp. 6467-6490 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Kimmo Ruosteenoja ◽

Timo Vihma ◽

Ari Venäläinen

Keyword(s):

North Atlantic ◽

Climate Models ◽

Global Climate ◽

Arctic Sea Ice ◽

Global Climate Models ◽

Near Surface ◽

Wind Speeds ◽

The North ◽

Seasonal Wind ◽

Projected Changes

Abstract Future changes in geostrophic winds over Europe and the North Atlantic region were studied utilizing output data from 21 CMIP5 global climate models (GCMs). Changes in temporal means, extremes, and the joint distribution of speed and direction were considered. In concordance with previous research, the time mean and extreme scalar wind speeds do not change pronouncedly in response to the projected climate change; some degree of weakening occurs in the majority of the domain. Nevertheless, substantial changes in high wind speeds are identified when studying the geostrophic winds from different directions separately. In particular, in northern Europe in autumn and in parts of northwestern Europe in winter, the frequency of strong westerly winds is projected to increase by up to 50%. Concurrently, easterly winds become less common. In addition, we evaluated the potential of the GCMs to simulate changes in the near-surface true wind speeds. In ocean areas, changes in the true and geostrophic winds are mainly consistent and the emerging differences can be explained (e.g., by the retreat of Arctic sea ice). Conversely, in several GCMs the continental wind speed response proved to be predominantly determined by fairly arbitrary changes in the surface properties rather than by changes in the atmospheric circulation. Accordingly, true wind projections derived directly from the model output should be treated with caution since they do not necessarily reflect the actual atmospheric response to global warming.

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