Pembuatan Biodiesel Dari Minyak Biji Alpukat (Persea americana) Melalui Proses Transesterifikasi Langsung

Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan kondisi optimum pembuatan biodiesel dari minyak biji alpukat melalui proses transesterifikasi langsung. Variasi yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah variasi waktu reaksi 8, 12, 16 dan 20 jam serta variasi perbandingan campuran heksana-metanol 1:2 dan 1:5. Katalis yang digunakan adalah H2SO4 sebesar 20% berat yang diimpregnasi ke dalam serbuk biji alpukat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kondisi optimum pembuatan biodiesel dari biji alpukat adalah pada waktu reaksi 16 jam dengan perbandingan campuran heksana-metanol 1:5. Volume akhir biodiesel yang didapatkan sebesar 1,6 mL dengan densitas sebesar 910,7 kg m-3, viskositas kinematik sebesar 3,3051 cSt dan bilangan asam 1,9418 mg KOH g-1 lemak. Berdasarkan analisis GC-MS produk biodiesel dari kondisi optimum yang berhasil terkonversi adalah metil palmitat Kata kunci: biji alpukat, biodiesel, metil ester, transesterifikasi langsung Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the optimum conditions of making biodiesel from avocado seed oil through a direct transesterification process. The variations used in this study were reaction time of 8, 12, 16 and 20 hours and hexane-methanol mixture of 1:2 and 1:5. The catalyst used was H2SO4 of 20% (wt) that has been impregnated into avocado seed powder. The results showed that the optimum conditions for making biodiesel from avocado seeds were at the reaction time of 16 hours with a hexane-methanol mixture ratio of 1:5. The final volume of biodiesel was 1.6 mL with a density of 910.7 kg m-3, kinematic viscosity of 3.3051 cSt and acid number 1.9418 mg KOH g_1. Based on GC-MS analysis of biodiesel products from the optimum conditions the resulted of fatty acid methyl ester is methyl palmitate. Keywords: avocado seeds, biodiesel, direct transesterification, methyl ester.

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Pembuatan Biodiesel dari Ulat Jerman (Zophobas morio L.) dengan Metode Transesterifikasi Langsung Menggunakan Pelarut N-Heksana Metanol

JRSKT - Jurnal Riset Sains dan Kimia Terapan ◽

10.21009/jrskt.081.04 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 29-36

Author(s):

Oktaviani Cahyaningtyas ◽

Zulmanelis Zulmanelis ◽

Darsef Darsef

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Methyl Ester ◽

Kinematic Viscosity ◽

Reaction Times ◽

Acid Number ◽

Optimal Time ◽

Direct Transesterification ◽

Potential Condition ◽

Optimum Reaction ◽

Transesterification Method

Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui waktu reaksi optimum pembuatan biodiesel dari ulat jerman (Zophobas morio L.) menggunakan katalis H2SO4 dengan metode transesterifikasi langsung. Variasi yang dilakukan adalah waktu reaksi 8, 12, 16, dan 20 jam pada dua kondisi berbeda (perbandingan pelarut n-heksana metanol 1:2 dan 1:5). Hasil dari penelitian inimenunjukkan belum ditemukan waktu optimum pada kedua kondisi. Ditemukan kondisi produk biodiesel paling berpotensi yang telah memenuhi dua dari tiga parameter standar biodiesel yaitu pada kondisi perbandingan pelarut n-heksana metanol 1:5 dengan waktu reaksi 20 jam menghasilkan 20mL biodiesel, densitas 0,8950 g mL-1, viskositas kinematik 12,17 cSt, dan bilangan asam 0,41 mg KOH/g sampel. Berdasarkan uji GC-MS pada biodiesel paling berpotensi didapatkan 4 jenis metil ester yaitu metil palmitat, metil palmitoleat, metil linoleat dan metil stearat. Kata kunci: Biodiesel, metil ester, transesterifikasi langsung, ulat jerman Abstract The aims for this studies was to determine the optimum reaction time of biodiesel from superworm (Zophobas morio L.) using H2SO4 catalyst by direct transesterification method. Reaction times 8, 12, 16, and 20 hours in two different conditions (comparison of hexane-methanol solvents 1:2 and 1:5) were investigated. The results of this study have not yet found optimal time in both conditions. It was found that the most potential condition of biodiesel products had fulfilled two of the three standard biodiesel parameters, was the condition of the comparison of hexane-methanol 1:5 solvents with a reaction time of 20 hours producing 20 mL biodiesel, density 0.8950 g mL-1, kinematic viscosity 12.17 cSt, and acid number 0,41 mg KOH/g sample. The GC-MS result showed the methyl ester from biodiesel product are contains methyl palmitate, methyl palmitoleate, methyl linoleic, and methyl stearat Keywords: Biodiesel, direct transesterification, methyl ester, superworm

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Process optimization for biodiesel production from neutralized waste cooking oil and the effect of this biodiesel on engine performance

CT&F - Ciencia Tecnología y Futuro ◽

10.29047/01225383.99 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 121-127 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Tanzer Eryilmaz

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Methyl Ester ◽

Reaction Temperature ◽

Direct Injection ◽

Engine Performance ◽

Waste Cooking Oil ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Phase Reaction ◽

Optimum Conditions ◽

Cooking Oils

In this study, the methyl ester production process from neutralized waste cooking oils is optimized by using alkali-catalyzed (KOH) single-phase reaction. The optimization process is performed depending on the parameters, such as catalyst concentration, methanol/oil ratio, reaction temperature and reaction time. The optimum methyl ester conversion efficiency was 90.1% at the optimum conditions of 0.7 wt% of potassium hydroxide, 25 wt% methanol/oil ratio, 90 min reaction time and 60°C reaction temperature. After the fuel characteristics of the methyl ester obtained under optimum conditions were determined, the effect on engine performance, CO and NOx emissions of methyl ester was investigated in a diesel engine with a single cylinder and direct injection. When compared to diesel fuel, engine power and torque decreased when using methyl ester, and specific fuel consumption increased. NOx emission increases at a rate of 18.4% on average through use of methyl ester.

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Optimization of Esterification and Transesterification Reactions for Biodiesel Production from Crude Coconut Oil Using RSM Techniques

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.723.610 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 723 ◽

pp. 610-615 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Natta Pimngern ◽

Vittaya Punsuvon

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Reaction Time ◽

Acid Methyl Ester ◽

Coconut Oil ◽

Raw Material ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Quadratic Model ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Optimum Conditions ◽

Model Equations

Crude coconut oil with high free fatty acid (FFA) content was used as a raw material to produce biodiesel. In this work, the esterification followed by transesterification of crude coconut oil with methanol is studied. The response surface methodology (RSM) with 5-level-3-factor central composite design (CCD) was applied to study the effect of different factors on the FFA content of esterification and the percentage of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) conversion of transesterification. The FAME conversion was detected by proton magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectrometer. As a result, the optimum conditions for esterification were 6:1 of methanol-to-oil molar ratio, 0.75wt% of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) concentration and 90 min of reaction time. The optimum conditions for transesterification were 8.23:1 of methanol-to-oil molar ratio, 0.75wt% of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentration and 80 min of reaction time. Quadratic model equations were obtained describing the relationships between dependents and independent variables to minimize the FFA content and maximize the FAME conversion. Fuel properties of the crude coconut oil biodiesel were also examined followed ASTM and EN standards. The results showed that all properties met well with both standards.

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Cu2+ Montmorillonite K10 Clay Catalyst as a Green Catalyst for Production of Stearic Acid Methyl Ester: Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

BULLETIN OF CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING AND CATALYSIS ◽

10.9767/bcrec.13.1.1397.187-195 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 187 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Enas A. Almadani ◽

Farah W. Harun ◽

Salina M. Radzi ◽

Syamsul K. Muhamad

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Methyl Ester ◽

Stearic Acid ◽

Response Surface ◽

Reaction Temperature ◽

Acid Methyl Ester ◽

Montmorillonite K10 ◽

Acid Methyl ◽

Stearic Acid Methyl Ester ◽

Clay Catalyst

Clay catalyst has received much attention to replace the homogeneous catalysts in the esterification reaction to produce fatty acid methyl ester as the source of biodiesel as it is low cost, easily available, as well as environmental friendly. However, the use of unmodified clay, in particular montmorillonite K10 (MMT K10), for the esterification of fatty acids showed that the acid conversion was less than 60% and this is not preferable to the production of biodiesel. In this study, synthesis of stearic acid methyl ester using Cu2+-MMT K10 (Cu-MMT K10) was successfully optimized via response surface methodo-logy (RSM) based on 3-variable of Box-Behnken design (BB). The parameters were; reaction time (5-180 minutes), reaction temperature (80-120 oC) and concentration of Cu2+ in MMT K10 (0.25-1 M). The use of RSM in optimizing the conversion of stearic acid was successfully developed as the actual experimental conversion of stearic acid was found similar to the actual values under the optimum conditions. The model equation predicted that the following conditions would generate the maximum conversion of stearic acid (87.05 %reaction time of 62 minutes, a reaction temperature of 80 oC and catalyst used is 1.0 M Cu-MMT K10. This finding can be considered as green catalytic process as it worked at moderate reaction temperature using low cost clay catalyst with a short reaction time. Copyright © 2018 BCREC Group. All rights reservedReceived: 26th July 2017; Revised: 13rd January 2018; Accepted: 13rd January 2018; Available online: 22nd January 2018; Published regularly: 2nd April 2018How to Cite: Almadani, E.A., Harun, F.W., Radzi, S.M., Muhamad, S.K. (2018). Cu2+ Montmorillonite K10 Clay Catalyst as a Green Catalyst for Production of Stearic Acid Methyl Ester: Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis, 13 (1): 187-195 (doi:10.9767/bcrec.13.1.1397.187-195)

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Optimization of Biodiesel Production Using Nanomagnetic CaO-Based Catalysts with Subcritical Methanol Transesterification of Rubber Seed Oil

Energies ◽

10.3390/en12020230 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 230 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Veronica Winoto ◽

Nuttawan Yoswathana

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Seed Oil ◽

Acid Methyl Ester ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Catalyst Loading ◽

Optimum Conditions ◽

Rubber Seed Oil ◽

Box Behnken Design ◽

Rubber Seed

The molar ratio of methanol to rubber seed oil (RSO), catalyst loading, and the reaction time of RSO biodiesel production were optimized in this work. The response surface methodology, using the Box–Behnken design, was analyzed to determine the optimum fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield. The performance of various nanomagnetic CaO-based catalysts—KF/CaO-Fe3O4, KF/CaO-Fe3O4-Li (Li additives), and KF/CaO-Fe3O4-Al (Al additives)—were compared. Rubber seed biodiesel was produced via the transesterification process under subcritical methanol conditions with nanomagnetic catalysts. The experimental results indicated that the KF/CaO-Fe3O4-Al nanomagnetic catalyst produced the highest FAME yield of 86.79%. The optimum conditions were a 28:1 molar ratio of methanol to RSO, 1.5 wt % catalyst, and 49 min reaction time. Al additives of KF/CaO-Fe3O4 nanomagnetic catalyst enhanced FAME yield without Al up to 18.17% and shortened the reaction time by up to 11 min.

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OBTENCIÓN DE BIODIESEL POR TRANSESTERIFICACIÓN ALCALINA A PARTOR DE ACEITES VEGETALES RESIDUAL EN LIMA

Revista TECNIA ◽

10.21754/tecnia-26012016.11 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 107

Author(s):

Linda N. Zavaleta Palomino

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Potassium Hydroxide ◽

Kinematic Viscosity ◽

Acid Number ◽

Optimum Conditions ◽

Reaction Conditions ◽

Maximum Conversion ◽

Optimum Reaction ◽

Optimum Production ◽

Do So

RESUMEN El objetivo de esta investigación es conocer el proceso de producción óptimo para generar biodiesel, por transesterificación alcalina, a partir de aceites vegetales residuales de los restaurantes del distrito de San Borja, Lima- Perú. Para ello, se analizó el aceite vegetal residual recolectado, se determinó la concentración de metanol (%v/v), la concentración de hidróxido de potasio (%p/p), el tiempo de reacción óptimo, y por último se determinó la calidad del biodiesel producido.Los resultados mostraron que es posible realizar biodiesel con el aceite recolectado, ya que su grado de acidez (1,56%) fue inferior al 3%. Las condiciones óptimas para lograr la máxima conversión de la reacción se obtuvieron cuando se usó una concentración de metanol del 30%, una concentración de hidróxido de potasio del 0,4% respecto al peso del aceite y un tiempo de reacción de 3 hrs 30 min a una temperatura constante de 60°C. Bajo estas condiciones se obtuvo un rendimiento de biodiesel del 85,97%. Al biodiesel obtenido bajo las mejores condiciones de reacción se le analizaron cuatro propiedades del combustible, encontrándose que la viscosidad cinemática fue 5,5 cSt, el número de acidez fue 0,68 mgKOH/g, la ceniza sulfatada fue 0,0478 % y el carbón conradson fue 0,142%.Palabras claves.- Transesterificación alcalina, grado de acidez, máxima conversión número de acidez, viscosidad cinemática, ceniza sulfatada, carbón conradson y postratamiento del biodiesel. ABSTRACT In this paper, it is presented an experiment carried out with the objective of knowing the optimum production process in order to generate bio diesel by alkaline transesterification, from residual vegetable oils from the Restaurants in San Borja. In order to do so, first of all of the residual vegetal oil collected was analyzed, then it was determined the concentration of methanol (%v/v), the concentration of potassium hydroxide (%p/p) and the optimum reaction time, and lastly, it was determined the bio diesel quality produced.The results showed that it is possible to generate biodiesel from the collected oil, due to its grade of acidity (1,56%) was lower than 3%. The optimum conditions to get the maximum conversion of the reaction were achieved when it was used a methanol concentration of 30%, a concentration of potassium hydroxide of 0,4% regarding the weight of the oil and a reaction time of 3:30 minutes at a constant temperature of 60%. Under these conditions it was obtained a performance of biodiesel of 85,97%. Biodiesel obtained under the best reaction conditions will be analyzed four fuel properties, finding that the kinematic viscosity was 5,5 cSt, the acid number was 0,68 mg KOH / g, the sulfated ash was 0,0478% and Conradson Carbon was 0,142%. Key Words.- Alkaline Transesterification, grade of acidity, maximum conversion, number of acidity, kinematic viscosity, sulfated ash, conradson carbon and after treatment of biodiesel

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Modeling and Analysis of Manufacturing Variables in the Transesterification Process for Refined Biodiesel Fuels

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.472-475.2133 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 472-475 ◽

pp. 2133-2136

Author(s):

Tsair Wang Chung ◽

Yi Jen Chen ◽

Kuan Ting Liu

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Methyl Ester ◽

Acid Methyl Ester ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Biodiesel Fuel ◽

Plant Oil ◽

Modeling And Analysis ◽

Interaction Factor ◽

Biodiesel Fuels ◽

Main Factor

In this study, the factorial design and response surface methodology (RSM) was used to find the influence of manufacturing variables on the transesterification of plant oil into fatty acid methyl ester (i.e. biodiesel fuel) and to observe the variation of the degree of effect for each variable in the transesterification process with refined procedure. A second-order model was obtained to predict the viscosity and the yield of biodiesel fuel as a function of the reaction time, the mass fraction of catalyst in methanol and the molar ratio of methanol to plant oil. The experimental data of the yield and the viscosity of refined biodiesel fuels in different manufacturing variables are discussed in this study. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was also applied to discuss the main factor and interaction factor effects of the manufacturing variables on the responses of the yield of biodiesel fuels. As shown in this study, the amount of catalyst affects the viscosity and the yield of biodiesel fuels. The yield of methyl ester is proportional to the amounts of methanol in the reaction. The factor of reaction time affects the viscosity and the yield of the biodiesel fuel slightly.

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Optimization of biodiesel production from Chlorella protothecoides oil via ultrasound assisted transesterification

Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly ◽

10.2298/ciceq160306051o ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 23 (3) ◽

pp. 367-375 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Didem Özçimen ◽

Ömer Gülyurt ◽

Benan İnan

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Methyl Ester ◽

Potassium Hydroxide ◽

Acid Methyl Ester ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Chlorella Protothecoides ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Microalgal Biomass ◽

Ultrasound Assisted

There is a growing interest in biodiesel as an alternative fuel for diesel engines because of the high oil prices and environmental issues related to massive greenhouse gas emissions. Nowadays, microalgal biomass has become a promising biodiesel feedstock. However, traditional biodiesel production from microalgae consumes a lot of energy and solvents. It is necessary to use an alternative method that can reduce the energy and alcohol consumption and save time. In this study, biodiesel production from Chlorella protothecoides oil by ultrasound assisted transesterification was conducted and effects of reaction parameters such as methanol:oil ratio, catalyst/oil ratio and reaction time on fatty acid methyl ester yields were investigated. The transesterification reactions were carried out by using methanol as alcohol and potassium hydroxide as the catalyst. The highest methyl ester production was obtained under the conditions of 9:1 methanol/oil mole ratio, 1.5% potassium hydroxide catalyst in oil, and for reaction time of 40 min. It was also found that catalyst/oil molar ratio was the most effective parameter on methyl ester yield according to statistical data. The results showed that ultrasound-assisted transesterification may be an alternative and cost effective way to produce biodiesel efficiently.

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PROCESS OPTIMIZATION OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM CRUDE COCONUT SEEDS OIL USING CAO/AL2O3 AS HETEROGENEOUS CATALYST

Science Proceedings Series ◽

10.31580/sps.v2i1.1266 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 92-97

Author(s):

Jamilu Usman ◽

Bashar Abdullahi Hadi ◽

Buhari Idris ◽

Umar Musa Tanko ◽

Bashar Usman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Methyl Ester ◽

Catalyst Concentration ◽

Acid Methyl Ester ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Incipient Wetness Impregnation ◽

Impregnation Method ◽

Promising Alternative ◽

Animal Fats

Biodiesel is an alternative diesel fuel consisting of the alkyl monoesters of fatty acids from vegetable oils or animal fats. Biodiesel is a promising alternative fuel derived from animal fats or vegetable oil through transesterification with methanol. Base catalyzed transesterification is the most commonly used technique as it is the most economical process. Presently, a lot of heterogeneous catalysts have been formulated that are more effective than the homogeneous catalysts. CaO/Al2O3 was synthesized using incipient wetness impregnation method. The biodiesel was developed and optimized using Box-behnken response surface methodology (RSM) design provided using MINITAP-17 statistical software. The four independent variables considered are: reaction time, methanol to oil ratio, reaction temperature and catalyst concentration. The response chosen was fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yields which were obtained from the reaction. The result from analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a satisfactory result. Moreover, the input variables showed greater significance on the response which are reaction time and temperature base on F and P-value. The statistical models developed for predicting biodiesel yield revealed a significant agreement between the experimental and predicted values (R = 0.9686). An optimum methyl ester yield of 93.29 % was achieved with optimal conditions of methanol/oil molar ratio of 6:1, temperature of 600C, reaction time of 120 min and catalyst concentration of 1.0 wt%. The properties of the biodiesel produced also falls within the range prescribed by ASTM standard

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