scholarly journals Pembuatan Biodiesel dari Ulat Jerman (Zophobas morio L.) dengan Metode Transesterifikasi Langsung Menggunakan Pelarut N-Heksana Metanol

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-36
Author(s):  
Oktaviani Cahyaningtyas ◽  
Zulmanelis Zulmanelis ◽  
Darsef Darsef
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Kinematic Viscosity ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Optimal Time ◽  
Direct Transesterification ◽  
Potential Condition ◽  
Optimum Reaction ◽  
Transesterification Method

Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui waktu reaksi optimum pembuatan biodiesel dari ulat jerman (Zophobas morio L.) menggunakan katalis H2SO4 dengan metode transesterifikasi langsung. Variasi yang dilakukan adalah waktu reaksi 8, 12, 16, dan 20 jam pada dua kondisi berbeda (perbandingan pelarut n-heksana metanol 1:2 dan 1:5). Hasil dari penelitian inimenunjukkan  belum ditemukan waktu optimum pada kedua kondisi. Ditemukan kondisi produk biodiesel paling berpotensi yang telah memenuhi dua dari tiga parameter standar biodiesel yaitu pada kondisi perbandingan pelarut n-heksana metanol 1:5 dengan waktu reaksi 20 jam menghasilkan 20mL biodiesel, densitas 0,8950 g mL-1, viskositas kinematik 12,17 cSt, dan bilangan asam 0,41 mg KOH/g sampel. Berdasarkan uji GC-MS pada biodiesel paling berpotensi didapatkan 4 jenis metil ester yaitu metil palmitat, metil palmitoleat, metil linoleat dan metil stearat. Kata kunci: Biodiesel, metil ester, transesterifikasi langsung, ulat jerman Abstract The aims for this studies was to determine the optimum reaction time of biodiesel from superworm (Zophobas morio L.) using H2SO4 catalyst by direct transesterification method. Reaction times 8, 12, 16, and 20 hours in two different conditions (comparison of hexane-methanol solvents 1:2 and 1:5) were investigated. The results of this study have not yet found optimal time in both conditions. It was found that the most potential condition of biodiesel products had fulfilled two of the three standard biodiesel parameters, was the condition of the comparison of hexane-methanol 1:5 solvents with a reaction time of 20 hours producing 20 mL biodiesel, density 0.8950 g mL-1, kinematic viscosity 12.17 cSt, and acid number 0,41 mg KOH/g sample. The GC-MS result showed the methyl ester from biodiesel product are contains methyl palmitate, methyl palmitoleate, methyl linoleic, and methyl stearat Keywords: Biodiesel, direct transesterification, methyl ester, superworm

scholarly journals Pembuatan Biodiesel Dari Minyak Biji Alpukat (Persea americana) Melalui Proses Transesterifikasi Langsung

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-28
Author(s):  
Shafira Dwita Purnama Putri Shafira ◽  
Zulmanelis Zulmanelis ◽  
Darsef Darsef
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Persea Americana ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Mixture Ratio ◽  
Direct Transesterification ◽  
Methanol Mixture ◽  
Avocado Seed

Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan kondisi optimum pembuatan biodiesel dari minyak biji alpukat melalui proses transesterifikasi langsung. Variasi yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah variasi waktu reaksi 8, 12, 16 dan 20 jam serta variasi perbandingan campuran heksana-metanol 1:2 dan 1:5. Katalis yang digunakan adalah H2SO4 sebesar 20% berat yang diimpregnasi ke dalam serbuk biji alpukat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kondisi optimum pembuatan biodiesel dari biji alpukat adalah pada waktu reaksi 16 jam dengan perbandingan campuran heksana-metanol 1:5. Volume akhir biodiesel yang didapatkan sebesar 1,6 mL dengan densitas sebesar 910,7 kg m-3, viskositas kinematik sebesar 3,3051 cSt dan bilangan asam 1,9418 mg KOH g-1 lemak. Berdasarkan analisis GC-MS produk biodiesel dari kondisi optimum yang berhasil terkonversi adalah metil palmitat Kata kunci: biji alpukat, biodiesel, metil ester, transesterifikasi langsung Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the optimum conditions of making biodiesel from avocado seed oil through a direct transesterification process. The variations used in this study were reaction time of 8, 12, 16 and 20 hours and hexane-methanol mixture of 1:2 and 1:5. The catalyst used was H2SO4 of 20% (wt) that has been impregnated into avocado seed powder. The results showed that the optimum conditions for making biodiesel from avocado seeds were at the reaction time of 16 hours with a hexane-methanol mixture ratio of 1:5. The final volume of biodiesel was 1.6 mL with a density of 910.7 kg m-3, kinematic viscosity of 3.3051 cSt and acid number 1.9418 mg KOH g_1. Based on GC-MS analysis of biodiesel products from the optimum conditions the resulted of fatty acid methyl ester is methyl palmitate. Keywords: avocado seeds, biodiesel, direct transesterification, methyl ester.

OBTENCIÓN DE BIODIESEL POR TRANSESTERIFICACIÓN ALCALINA A PARTOR DE ACEITES VEGETALES RESIDUAL EN LIMA

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 107
Author(s):  
Linda N. Zavaleta Palomino
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Potassium Hydroxide ◽  
Kinematic Viscosity ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Maximum Conversion ◽  
Optimum Reaction ◽  
Optimum Production ◽  
Do So

RESUMEN El objetivo de esta investigación es conocer el proceso de producción óptimo para generar biodiesel, por transesterificación alcalina, a partir de aceites vegetales residuales de los restaurantes del distrito de San Borja, Lima- Perú. Para ello, se analizó el aceite vegetal residual recolectado, se determinó la concentración de metanol (%v/v), la concentración de hidróxido de potasio (%p/p), el tiempo de reacción óptimo, y por último se determinó la calidad del biodiesel producido.Los resultados mostraron que es posible realizar biodiesel con el aceite recolectado, ya que su grado de acidez (1,56%) fue inferior al 3%. Las condiciones óptimas para lograr la máxima conversión de la reacción se obtuvieron cuando se usó una concentración de metanol del 30%, una concentración de hidróxido de potasio del 0,4% respecto al peso del aceite y un tiempo de reacción de 3 hrs 30 min a una temperatura constante de 60°C. Bajo estas condiciones se obtuvo un rendimiento de biodiesel del 85,97%. Al biodiesel obtenido bajo las mejores condiciones de reacción se le analizaron cuatro propiedades del combustible, encontrándose que la viscosidad cinemática fue 5,5 cSt, el número de acidez fue 0,68 mgKOH/g, la ceniza sulfatada fue 0,0478 % y el carbón conradson fue 0,142%.Palabras claves.- Transesterificación alcalina, grado de acidez, máxima conversión número de acidez, viscosidad cinemática, ceniza sulfatada, carbón conradson y postratamiento del biodiesel. ABSTRACT In this paper, it is presented an experiment carried out with the objective of knowing the optimum production process in order to generate bio diesel by alkaline transesterification, from residual vegetable oils from the Restaurants in San Borja. In order to do so, first of all of the residual vegetal oil collected was analyzed, then it was determined the concentration of methanol (%v/v), the concentration of potassium hydroxide (%p/p) and the optimum reaction time, and lastly, it was determined the bio diesel quality produced.The results showed that it is possible to generate biodiesel from the collected oil, due to its grade of acidity (1,56%) was lower than 3%. The optimum conditions to get the maximum conversion of the reaction were achieved when it was used a methanol concentration of 30%, a concentration of potassium hydroxide of 0,4% regarding the weight of the oil and a reaction time of 3:30 minutes at a constant temperature of 60%. Under these conditions it was obtained a performance of biodiesel of 85,97%. Biodiesel obtained under the best reaction conditions will be analyzed four fuel properties, finding that the kinematic viscosity was 5,5 cSt, the acid number was 0,68 mg KOH / g, the sulfated ash was 0,0478% and Conradson Carbon was 0,142%. Key Words.- Alkaline Transesterification, grade of acidity, maximum conversion, number of acidity, kinematic viscosity,    sulfated ash, conradson carbon and after treatment of biodiesel

OBTENCIÓN DE BIODIESEL POR TRANSESTERIFICACIÓN ALCALINA A PARTOR DE ACEITES VEGETALES RESIDUAL EN LIMA

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 107
Author(s):  
Linda N. Zavaleta Palomino ◽  
Jean Pierre A. Suavo Carrión
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Potassium Hydroxide ◽  
Kinematic Viscosity ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Maximum Conversion ◽  
Optimum Reaction ◽  
Optimum Production ◽  
Do So

RESUMEN El objetivo de esta investigación es conocer el proceso de producción óptimo para generar biodiesel, por transesterificación alcalina, a partir de aceites vegetales residuales de los restaurantes del distrito de San Borja, Lima- Perú. Para ello, se analizó el aceite vegetal residual recolectado, se determinó la concentración de metanol (%v/v), la concentración de hidróxido de potasio (%p/p), el tiempo de reacción óptimo, y por último se determinó la calidad del biodiesel producido.Los resultados mostraron que es posible realizar biodiesel con el aceite recolectado, ya que su grado de acidez (1,56%) fue inferior al 3%. Las condiciones óptimas para lograr la máxima conversión de la reacción se obtuvieron cuando se usó una concentración de metanol del 30%, una concentración de hidróxido de potasio del 0,4% respecto al peso del aceite y un tiempo de reacción de 3 hrs 30 min a una temperatura constante de 60°C. Bajo estas condiciones se obtuvo un rendimiento de biodiesel del 85,97%. Al biodiesel obtenido bajo las mejores condiciones de reacción se le analizaron cuatro propiedades del combustible, encontrándose que la viscosidad cinemática fue 5,5 cSt, el número de acidez fue 0,68 mgKOH/g, la ceniza sulfatada fue 0,0478 % y el carbón conradson fue 0,142%.Palabras claves.- Transesterificación alcalina, grado de acidez, máxima conversión número de acidez, viscosidad cinemática, ceniza sulfatada, carbón conradson y postratamiento del biodiesel. ABSTRACT In this paper, it is presented an experiment carried out with the objective of knowing the optimum production process in order to generate bio diesel by alkaline transesterification, from residual vegetable oils from the Restaurants in San Borja. In order to do so, first of all of the residual vegetal oil collected was analyzed, then it was determined the concentration of methanol (%v/v), the concentration of potassium hydroxide (%p/p) and the optimum reaction time, and lastly, it was determined the bio diesel quality produced.The results showed that it is possible to generate biodiesel from the collected oil, due to its grade of acidity (1,56%) was lower than 3%. The optimum conditions to get the maximum conversion of the reaction were achieved when it was used a methanol concentration of 30%, a concentration of potassium hydroxide of 0,4% regarding the weight of the oil and a reaction time of 3:30 minutes at a constant temperature of 60%. Under these conditions it was obtained a performance of biodiesel of 85,97%. Biodiesel obtained under the best reaction conditions will be analyzed four fuel properties, finding that the kinematic viscosity was 5,5 cSt, the acid number was 0,68 mg KOH / g, the sulfated ash was 0,0478% and Conradson Carbon was 0,142%. KeyWords.- Alkaline Transesterification, grade of acidity, maximum conversion, number of acidity, kinematic viscosity,sulfated ash, conradson carbon and after treatment of biodiesel.

scholarly journals Activation of Soluble Polysaccharides with 1-Cyano-4-Dimethylaminopyridine Tetrafluoroborate (CDAP) for Use in Protein–Polysaccharide Conjugate Vaccines and Immunological Reagents. III Optimization of CDAP Activation

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 777
Author(s):  
Andrew Lees ◽  
Jackson F. Barr ◽  
Samson Gebretnsae
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Optimal Time ◽  
Conjugate Vaccines ◽  
Maximal Activation ◽  
Optimum Reaction ◽  
Rapid Reaction ◽  
The Stability ◽  
High Level

CDAP (1-cyano-4-dimethylaminopyridine tetrafluoroborate) is employed in the synthesis of conjugate vaccines as a cyanylating reagent. In the published method, which used pH 9 activation at 20 °C (Vaccine, 14:190, 1996), the rapid reaction made the process difficult to control. Here, we describe optimizing CDAP activation using dextran as a model polysaccharide. CDAP stability and reactivity were determined as a function of time, pH and temperature. While the rate of dextran activation was slower at lower pH and temperature, it was balanced by the increased stability of CDAP, which left more reagent available for reaction. Whereas maximal activation took less than 2.5 min at pH 9 and 20 °C, it took 10–15 min at 0 °C. At pH 7 and 0 °C, the optimal time increased to >3 h to achieve a high level of activation. Many buffers interfered with CDAP activation, but DMAP could be used to preadjust the pH of polysaccharide solutions so that the pH only needed to be maintained. We found that the stability of the activated dextran was relatively independent of pH over the range of pH 1–9, with the level of activation decreased by 40–60% over 2 h. The use of low temperature and a less basic pH, with an optimum reaction time, requires less CDAP, improving activation levels while making the process more reliable and easier to scale up.

Optimization of Methyl Ester Production from Waste Palm Oil Using Activated Carbon Supported Calcium Oxide Catalyst

2018 ◽  
Vol 280 ◽  
pp. 346-352
Author(s):  
Zuraida Wan ◽  
Bassim H. Hameed ◽  
N. Mohammad Nor ◽  
Nur Alwani Ali Bashah
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Calcium Oxide ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Solid Base ◽  
Catalyst Amount ◽  
Optimum Reaction ◽  
Waste Cooking Palm Oil

In this study, methyl ester (ME) was produced by transesterification of waste cooking palm oil (WPO) using activated carbon supported calcium oxide as a solid base catalyst (CaO/AC). Process optimization using response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to study the effect of reaction time, molar ratio of methanol to oil, reaction temperature and catalyst amount to produce highest ME content. The optimum reaction condition was at 5.5 wt% catalyst amount, 170 °C temperature, 15:1 methanol to oil molar ratio and 2 h 22 min reaction time. The predicted and experimental ME content were found to be 80.02% and 77.32%, respectively.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Waktu Reaksi Terhadap Yield dan Kandungan Metil Ester Sintesis Biodiesel Ampas Tahu Metode Elektrokatalitik

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-64
Author(s):  
Elli Prastyo ◽  
Dian Farkhatus S ◽  
Puji Astuti Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Synthesis Method ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Energy Separation ◽  
Homogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis ◽  
Time Variables

Abstrak Sintesis biodiesel umumnya melalui proses transesterifikasi suhu tinggi menggunakan katalis homogen yang membutuhkan energi cukup besar, pemisahan katalis yang cukup sulit dan terbuang sebagai limbah. Sintesis biodiesel metode elektrokatalitik memberi keuntungan efisiensi lebih daripada transesterifikasi suhu tinggi. Pada penelitian ini, sintesis biodiesel metode elektrokatalitik dilakukan menggunakan elektroda grafit suhu 28oC dan tegangan konstan 18,2 Volt. Variabel waktu reaksi selama 60 menit, 120 menit, dan 180 menit, rasio molar minyak – metanol 1:9, katalis BaO/CaO 2% b/b terimpregnasi dengan berat katalis 5% b/b terhadap minyak digunakan untuk mengevaluasi biodiesel yang dihasilkan. Produk biodiesel berupa metil ester asam lemak bebas dianalisis menggunakan GC-MS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan yield yang dihasilkan dengan waktu reaksi 60 menit, 120 menit, dan 180 menit berturut – turut sebesar 88%, 94%, dan 90 dengan waktu reaksi optimum 120 menit. Dan terdapat empat kandungan utama metil ester di semua waktu reaksi yaitu: metil palmiat, metil oleat, metil linoleat, metil stearat. Karakteristik biodiesel yang dihasilkan dilihat dari nilai densitas, viskositas, dan bilangan asam memenuhi kualifikasi SNI Biodiesel 04-7182-2006. Abstract Synthesis of biodiesel generally uses a transesterification process at high temperature with homogeneous catalyst that requires a large amount of energy, separation of the catalyst is quite, and is wasted as waste. Electrocatalytic biodiesel synthesis method gives more advantages in high temperature transesterification. The reaction time variables were 60 minutes, 120 minutes, and 180 minutes, the oil-methanol molar ratio was 1: 9, the BaO / CaO 2% w / w catalyst was impregnated with a catalyst weight of 5% w / w to the oil used for the resulting biodiesel. The results showed that the results with a reaction time of 60 minutes, 120 minutes, and 180 minutes were 88%, 94%, and 90 minutes respectively with an optimal reaction time of 120 minutes. It showed that there were four main ingredients of methyl ester at all reaction times, namely: methyl palmyate, methyl oleate, methyl linoleate, methyl stearate. The characteristics of the resulting biodiesel seen from the density, viscosity, and acid number have met the SNI Biodiesel 04-7182-2006 qualifications.

scholarly journals Optimization and blends study of heterogeneous acid catalyst-assisted esterification of palm oil industry by-product for biodiesel production

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 191592
Author(s):  
Shehu-Ibrahim Akinfalabi ◽  
Umer Rashid ◽  
Imededdine Arbi Nehdi ◽  
Thomas Shean Yaw Choong ◽  
Hassen Mohamed Sbihi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Iodine Value ◽  
Kinematic Viscosity ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Fuel Properties ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Heterogeneous Acid Catalyst

The optimum conditions to produce palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD)-derived-methyl esters via esterification have been demonstrated with the aid of the response surface methodology (RSM) with central composite rotatable design in the presence of heterogeneous acid catalyst. The effect of four reaction variables, reaction time (30–110 min), reaction temperature (30–70°C), catalyst concentration (1–3 wt.%) and methanol : PFAD molar ratio (3 : 1–11 : 1), were investigated. The reaction time had the most influence on the yield response, while the interaction between the reaction time and the catalyst concentration, with an F -value of 95.61, contributed the most to the esterification reaction. The model had an R 2 -value of 0.9855, suggesting a fit model, which gave a maximum yield of 95%. The fuel properties of produced PFAD methyl ester were appraised based on the acid value, iodine value, cloud and pour points, flash point, kinematic viscosity, density, ash and water contents and were compared with biodiesel EN 14214 and ASTM D-6751 standard limits. The PFAD methyl ester was further blended with petro-diesel from B0, B3, B5, B10, B20 and B100, on a volumetric basis. The blends were characterized by TGA, DTG and FTIR. With an acid value of 0.42 (mg KOH g −1 ), iodine value of 63 (g.I 2 /100 g), kinematic viscosity of 4.31 (mm 2 s −1 ), the PFAD methyl ester has shown good fuel potential, as all of its fuel properties were within the permissible international standards for biodiesel.

A modified chromium-reducible sulfur method for reduced inorganic sulfur: optimum reaction time for acid sulfate soil

Soil Research ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 729 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Sullivan ◽  
R. T. Bush ◽  
D. M. McConchie
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Rock Sample ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Acid Sulfate Soil ◽  
Acid Sulfate ◽  
Inorganic Sulfur ◽  
Modified Method ◽  
Optimum Reaction

Reaction times for 16 acid sulfate soil materials analysed using a modified chromium-reducible sulfur method varied between 10 and 15 min, regardless of whether the samples had been dried and ground prior to analysis or were analysed without pretreatment. The reaction time for a ground (<63 mm) pyritic rock sample was 20 min. An optimum reaction time of 20 min is recommended for analysing acid sulfate soil using the modified method; this reaction time is much less than the 1 h reaction time used in previous methods.

scholarly journals Comparative analyses of biodiesel produced from neem and jatropha seed oil

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-143
Author(s):  
I.S. Ibrahim ◽  
I.T. Abdullahi ◽  
F.Y. Muhammad
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Jatropha Oil ◽  
Jatropha Seed ◽  
Astm D6751

Biodiesel is derived from triglycerides by transesterification reaction with alcohol (ethanol or methanol), and has classified as a renewable, biodegradable, and nontoxic fuel. Several methods for biodiesel production have been developed, among which transesterification using alkali-catalysis gives high levels of conversion of triglycerides to their corresponding methyl esters in short reaction times. This study was conducted to extract the neem and Jatropha oil for the production of biodiesel using alkali-catalyzed reaction The samples were subjected to reaction with sodium hydroxide (NaOH), 0.2:1 w/v methanol (MeOH) to oil mole ratio, reaction temperature of 6°C, and 30 min reaction time. The final biodiesel yield obtained was 47.5% and 45.5% from the neem and the jaropha oil sample respectively. The basic physicochemical properties of the jatropha methyl ester produced from both jatropha oil samples were found to be within the ASTM D6751 specified limits.

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