scholarly journals Investigation of Live-Stock Animals Seroprevalence to West Nile Virus in the Territory of the Saratov Region

2020 ◽  
pp. 97-102
Author(s):  
E. V. Kazorina ◽  
T. Yu. Krasovskaya ◽  
A. V. Kazantsev ◽  
S. A. Shcherbakova ◽  
A. A. Chastov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Test System ◽  
Agricultural Cooperatives ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
West Nile Fever ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Saratov Region ◽  
Private Households ◽  
Live Stock

Aim – to determine the intensity of West Nile virus circulation in anthropogenic biotopes in the territory of the Saratov Region between 2012 and 2017. Materials and methods. 1454 blood serum samples from animals of private households and agricultural cooperatives in 14 districts of the Region were investigated: 1111 samples from horses and 343 samples from the cattle. Sera were examined for the presence of total antibodies to WNV using a test system registered in the Russian Federation to detect antibodies to this virus by a competitive enzyme immunoassay «ID Screen West Nile Competition Multi-species» («ID. Vet», France). Results and discussion. The share of resistant to WNV cohort of live-stock animals in the territory of the Saratov Region over the whole period of study was (14.0±0.9) %, particularly in horses – (15.9±1.1) %, and in the cattle – (7.9±1.5) %. The highest values were observed for horses. High level of resistance in live-stock animals was registered in the districts located on the left bank of the river Volga: central ones – Engels (36.4±5.5), Fedorovsky (29.0±4.6), and Sovetsky (20.0±3.7); southern districts – Rovensky (74.3±5.3 %) and Krasnokutsky (15.7±4.4), which confirms the assumption about the initial introduction of the virus from neighboring territories of the Volgograd Region into the territory of the Left Bank where there are characteristic near-water biotopes and active circulation of the agent takes place. The data obtained on the detection of the resistant live-stock animal cohort testify to the spread of West Nile virus in the territory of the surveyed districts of the Saratov Region and, in particular, anthropogenic biotopes which further points to the formation of persistent natural and natural-anthropourgic foci of West Nile fever.

scholarly journals WEST NILE FEVER IN THE SARATOV REGION IN 2013-2015

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 219-226
Author(s):  
E. V. Kazorina ◽  
T. Yu. Krasovskaya ◽  
A. V. Kazantsev ◽  
E. V. Naydenova ◽  
I. N. Sharova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
West Nile Fever ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Saratov Region ◽  
Stable Domain ◽  
Field Samples ◽  
Live Stock ◽  
Regional Population ◽  
The City

West Nile virus (WNV) circulation in the territory of Saratov region and its role in the infectious pathology were investigated. For this purpose, in studies conducted in 2013-2015, suspensions of bloodsucking arthropods, organs of birds and small mammals were analyzed for the presence of WNV markers (antigens and/or RNA). The seroprevalence level in live-stock animals and population of the region was evaluated; clinical samples from patients with symptoms compatible with West Nile fever (WNF) were analyzed. As a result of the investigations, WNV markers were detected in field samples gathered in natural biotopes and in the city of Saratov. Immunity to WNV was detected in horses. A stable domain of persons with immunity to this agent was revealed among regional population. Patients with WNF have been annually registered in the region since 2012. The obtained results confirm active circulation of WNF in the Saratov region, as well as formation of stable natural and anthropourgic foci.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence and risk factors of West Nile virus infection in veterinarians and horses in Northern Palestine

2021 ◽  
pp. 1241-1245
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Alzuheir ◽  
Adnan Fayyad ◽  
Nasr Jalboush ◽  
Rosemary Abdallah ◽  
Sameeh Abutarbush ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
West Nile Virus Infection ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
West Nile Fever ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
West Nile ◽  
And Control

Background and Aim: West Nile fever (WNF) is a neurotropic, mosquito-borne disease affecting humans and domesticated animals, caused by a member of the genus Flavivirus. Over the last decades, this virus has been responsible for several cases of illness in humans and animals. The current epidemiological status of WNF in horses is insufficient, and in veterinarians, as an occupational hazard is unknown. This study aimed to investigate and determine the seroprevalence and risk factors for WNF in veterinarians and horses in Palestine. Materials and Methods: In this study, serum samples from 100 veterinarians and 87 horses were collected between August 2020 and September 2020 from different cities of Northern Palestine. West Nile virus (WNV) antibodies were detected using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Our results showed that 60.9% of the horse serum samples were positive in all investigated cities. In horses, location is a risk factor for the seropositivity for WNF, whereas age, sex, breed, and intended use of the horses, were not associated with increased WNF seropositivity. In veterinarians, 23.0% of the serum samples were positive. Positive samples were detected in all locations, age groups, experience length, and work sectors. However, the seropositivity for WNF was not influenced by these variables. Conclusion: The results revealed that WNV circulates in most regions of Palestine. Our results will help determine the risk of infection in animals and humans and control WNV transmission. Surveillance studies on humans, vectors, and animals are needed to better define endemic areas.

scholarly journals The study of the area of distribution of west nile virus in the territory of the European part of Russia; the results of seroepidemiological research. report 1: Astrakhan region, Krasnodar region, Stavropol region, Saratov region

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 244-252
Author(s):  
Alina A. Kozlova ◽  
A. M Butenko ◽  
V. F Larichev ◽  
A. R Azarian ◽  
A. P Grishanova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Neutralization Test ◽  
European Part ◽  
Research Report ◽  
West Nile Fever ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Saratov Region ◽  
European Part Of Russia ◽  
Stavropol Region ◽  
Krasnodar Region

Sera of inhabitants of the European part of Russia, collected in 2010-2013 were studied with the use of ELISA and neutralization test. Antibodies to West Nile virus were detected in 19.6% of cases in the Astrakhan region, 4.5% - in the Krasnodar region, 0.9% - in the Saratov region and 5.4% - in the Stavropol region. The coincidence of the results of the examination of sera in ELISA-IgG and neutralization test accounted of 80.7% in the Astrakhan region, 72.2% - in the Krasnodar region and 69.2% - in the Saratov region. The presented results correlate with the incidence and duration of known epidemiological activity of West Nile fever in the territories of these regions. Analysis of our data, as well as statistics of the morbidity rate of West Nile fever in the Volgograd and Rostov regions and Dagestan confirm endemic and expanding foci of this infection in the southern regions of Russia, currently including Astrakhan, Volgograd, Rostov, Saratov, Krasnodar and Stavropol regions and Dagestan. The most active and stable foci are located on the territory of Astrakhan, Volgograd and Rostov regions.

scholarly journals Increase in human West Nile and Usutu virus infections, Austria, 2018

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (43) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan W. Aberle ◽  
Jolanta Kolodziejek ◽  
Christof Jungbauer ◽  
Karin Stiasny ◽  
Judith H. Aberle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Blood Donors ◽  
Blood Donation ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
West Nile Fever ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Usutu Virus ◽  
Neuroinvasive Disease ◽  
Human West Nile Virus ◽  
Imported Cases

Between 28 June and 17 September 2018, 27 cases of human West Nile virus infections were recorded in Austria; four cases of West Nile neuroinvasive disease, 11 cases of West Nile fever, six infections detected by blood donation screening and six imported cases. In addition, 18 cases of human Usutu virus infections (all blood donors) were recorded. This is the highest number of annual infections recorded in Austria since the introduction of both viruses.

scholarly journals Human cases of West Nile Virus Infection in north-eastern Italy, 15 June to 15 November 2010

2011 ◽  
Vol 16 (33) ◽  
Author(s):  
L Barzon ◽  
M Pacenti ◽  
R Cusinato ◽  
M Cattai ◽  
E Franchin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
West Nile Virus Infection ◽  
West Nile Fever ◽  
Antibody Prevalence ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
West Nile ◽  
The Third ◽  
Neuroinvasive Disease ◽  
Northern Areas ◽  
North Eastern

In 2010, for the third consecutive year, human cases of West Nile virus (WNV) infection, including three confirmed cases of neuroinvasive disease and three confirmed cases of West Nile fever, were identified in north-eastern Italy. While in 2008 and 2009 all human cases of WNV disease were recorded in the south of the Veneto region, cases of WNV disease in 2010 additionally occurred in two relatively small northern areas of Veneto, located outside those with WNV circulation in the previous years. WNV IgG antibody prevalence in blood donors resident in Veneto was estimated as ranging from 3.2 per 1,000 in areas not affected by cases of WNV disease to 33.3 per 1,000 in a highly affected area of the Rovigo province. No further autochthonous human cases of WNV disease were notified in Italy in 2010. The recurrence of human cases of WNV infection for the third consecutive year strongly suggests WNV has become endemic in north-eastern Italy.

Vectorial Competence Potential of Culex Quinquefasciatus (Say, 1923) from the Amazon Region to Transmit West Nile Virus Isolated in Brazil

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lúcia Aline Moura Reis ◽  
Eliana Vieira Pinto da Silva ◽  
Maria Nazaré Oliveira Freitas ◽  
Rossela Damasceno Caldeira ◽  
Pedro Arthur da Silva Araújo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Amazon Region ◽  
West Nile Fever ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Potential Vector ◽  
Brazilian Strain ◽  
Vectorial Competence ◽  
Viral Titers

Abstract The West Nile virus is characterized as a neurotropic pathogen that causes the West Nile fever. It is transmitted by mosquitoes, mainly of the Culex genus. In 2018, the Evandro Chagas Institute carried out the first isolation of WNV strain from a horse brain sample and in 2021 the same institute also isolated the WNV in a pool of mosquitoes of the Culex spp. from the Carajás region (Pará). Thus, this study aimed to determine the vectorial competence of Culex quinquefasciatus from the Amazon region of Brazil for transmission the WNV Brazilian strain. Oral infection of Cx. quinquefasciatus females belonging to F1 generation was performed with infected blood with WNV. Subsequently, analysis of infection, dissemination and transmission rates was performed, as well as verification of viral titers in the samples. The study demonstrated that Cx. quinquefasciatus can act as a potential vector of WNV in Brazil, since it was found that the Brazilian strain was able to overcome the host's anatomical barriers and spread to various regions, among them in saliva, in which, despite the low viral titers identified, it had a transmission rate of 100% on the 21st day after infection.

scholarly journals West Nile Virus and Related Flavivirus in European Wild Boar (Sus scrofa), Latium Region, Italy: A Retrospective Study

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 494
Author(s):  
Angela Petruccelli ◽  
Tiziana Zottola ◽  
Gianmarco Ferrara ◽  
Valentina Iovane ◽  
Cristina Di Russo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Wild Boar ◽  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
European Wild Boar

Background: A retrospective sero-survey for evidence of West Nile virus (WNV) infection in European wild boar (Sus scorfa) was conducted in the Latium region, Italy, on stored serum samples of the period November 2011 to January 2012. Methods: Sera were collected from 168 European wild boars and screened for antibodies to WNV and other Flaviviruses by competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA). All sera positive for Flavivirus antibodies by cELISA were further examined by virus neutralization test (VNT). To test the presence of Flavivirus RNA in samples, an RT-PCR was performed using a pan-Flavivirus primers pair. Results: Thirteen wild boars (7.73%) were seropositive for Flaviviruses. The hemolysis of serum samples limited the interpretation of the VNT for 7 samples, confirming the presence of specific antibody against WNV in a single European wild boar serum sample. The presence of ELISA positive/VNT negative samples suggests the occurrence of non-neutralizing antibodies against WNV or other antigen-related Flaviviruses. No samples resulted positive for Flavivirus by RT-PCR assay. Conclusion: Although a moderately high percentage of animals with specific antibody for WNV has been detected in wild boar in other surveillance studies in Europe, this has not been reported previously in Italy. Together, these data indicate that European wild boar are exposed to WNV and/or other related-Flavivirus in central Italy and confirm the usefulness of wild ungulates, as suitable Flavivirus sentinels.

scholarly journals Serum Neutralization Assay Can Efficiently Replace Plaque Reduction Neutralization Test for Detection and Quantitation of West Nile Virus Antibodies in Human and Animal Serum Samples

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 1460-1462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annapia Di Gennaro ◽  
Alessio Lorusso ◽  
Claudia Casaccia ◽  
Annamaria Conte ◽  
Federica Monaco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Neutralization Test ◽  
Neutralization Assay ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Plaque Reduction Neutralization Test ◽  
Serum Neutralization ◽  
Human Sera

ABSTRACTA serum neutralization assay (SN) was compared with the official plaque reduction neutralization test for the quantitation of West Nile virus antibodies. A total of 1,348 samples from equid sera and 38 from human sera were tested by these two methods. Statistically significant differences were not observed, thus supporting the use of SN for routine purposes.

scholarly journals Occurrence of West Nile Virus Antibodies in Wild Birds, Horses, and Humans in Poland

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jowita Samanta Niczyporuk ◽  
Elżbieta Samorek-Salamonowicz ◽  
Sylvie Lecollinet ◽  
Sławomir Andrzej Pancewicz ◽  
Wojciech Kozdruń ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Japanese Encephalitis ◽  
Wild Bird ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Cross Reactions ◽  
Lymphocytic Meningitis ◽  
Positive Results

Serum samples of 474 wild birds, 378 horses, and 42 humans with meningitis and lymphocytic meningitis were collected between 2010 and 2014 from different areas of Poland. West Nile virus (WNV) antibodies were detected using competition enzyme linked immunosorbent assays: ELISA-1 ID Screen West Nile Competition, IDvet, ELISA-2 ID Screen West Nile IgM Capture, and ELISA-3 Ingezim West Nile Compac. The antibodies were found in 63 (13.29%) out of 474 wild bird serum samples and in one (0.26%) out of 378 horse serum samples. Fourteen (33.33%) out of 42 sera from patients were positive against WNV antigen and one serum was doubtful. Positive samples obtained in birds were next retested with virus microneutralisation test to confirm positive results and cross-reactions with other antigens of the Japanese encephalitis complex. We suspect that positive serological results in humans, birds, and horses indicate that WNV can be somehow closely related with the ecosystem in Poland.

scholarly journals Induction of Epitope-Specific Neutralizing Antibodies against West Nile Virus

2007 ◽  
Vol 81 (21) ◽  
pp. 11828-11839 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore Oliphant ◽  
Grant E. Nybakken ◽  
S. Kyle Austin ◽  
Qing Xu ◽  
Jonathan Bramson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Human Serum ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Immunoglobulin M ◽  
Late Time ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
West Nile ◽  
E Protein ◽  
Low Levels

ABSTRACT Previous studies have established that an epitope on the lateral ridge of domain III (DIII-lr) of West Nile virus (WNV) envelope (E) protein is recognized by strongly neutralizing type-specific antibodies. In contrast, an epitope against the fusion loop in domain II (DII-fl) is recognized by flavivirus cross-reactive antibodies with less neutralizing potential. Using gain- and loss-of-function E proteins and wild-type and variant WNV reporter virus particles, we evaluated the expression pattern and activity of antibodies against the DIII-lr and DII-fl epitopes in mouse and human serum after WNV infection. In mice, immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to the DIII-lr epitope were detected at low levels at day 6 after infection. However, compared to IgG responses against other epitopes in DI and DII, which were readily detected at day 8, the development of IgG against DIII-lr epitope was delayed and did not appear consistently until day 15. This late time point is notable since almost all death after WNV infection in mice occurs by day 12. Nonetheless, at later time points, DIII-lr antibodies accumulated and comprised a significant fraction of the DIII-specific IgG response. In sera from infected humans, DIII-lr antibodies were detected at low levels and did not correlate with clinical outcome. In contrast, antibodies to the DII-fl were detected in all human serum samples and encompassed a significant percentage of the anti-E protein response. Our experiments suggest that the highly neutralizing DIII-lr IgG antibodies have little significant role in primary infection and that the antibody response of humans may be skewed toward the induction of cross-reactive, less-neutralizing antibodies.

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