scholarly journals Model Pembelajaran Inkuiri Terbimbing dan Pengaruhya terhadap Keterampilan Proses Sains Siswa (Guided Inquiry Learning Model and Its Effect on Student Science Process Skills)

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 101
Author(s):  
Mega Fauziyah Adirahayu ◽  
Fitria Eka Wulandari
Keyword(s):  
Inquiry Learning ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
T Test ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Process Skills ◽  
Guided Inquiry ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Science Process Skills ◽  
Equivalent Control

The purpose of this study is to find out whether there is an influence of the learning model Guided inquiry on the learning outcomes of science process skills of students at SMP Negeri 2 Wonoayu. The design of this study is the non-equivalent control group design. The samples used in this study were 2 classes with sampling techniques. Where from the two classes, one class is used as the experimental class, which is given treatment by using the guided inquiry learning model, while the next class is used as the control class by using the learning model that is usually used in the class. The research instrument used was a matter of science process skills with data collection techniques using the test method in the form of pre-test and post-test questions. Data analysis techniques are carried out using the "t" test. From the "t" test, the results show that there is a significant influence between the guided inquiry learning model on science process skills.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Model Pembelajara Inkuiri Terbimbing Berbantuan Simulasi PhET Terhadap Keterampilan Proses Sains Peserta Didik SMAN 1 Tanjung Tahun Ajaran 2019/2020

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 353
Author(s):  
Veza Aulia ◽  
Hairunisyah Sahidu ◽  
Gunawan Gunawan
Keyword(s):  
Inquiry Learning ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
T Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Guided Inquiry ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Equivalent Control ◽  
Academic Year

This research is aimed to determine the effect of guided-inquiry learning model using PhET simulation on creativity at SMAN 1 Tanjung of academic year 2019/2020. This research is quasi-experimental with non-equivalent control group design. The population of this research is all student of grade XI SMAN 1 Tanjung of academic year 2019/2020, while the sampling technique used purposive sampling, while the sampling are the student of grade XI MIPA 2 as the experimental group and the student of grade XI MIPA 1 as control group. Creativity data be measured on creativity test which the type test used 7 essay. The research hypothesis was tested using t-test independent. The result of t-test show that tobtained>ttable. It means that there is the effect of guided-inquiry learning model using PhET simulation on creativity at SMAN 1 Tanjung of academic year 2019/2020.

scholarly journals Application of the Guided Inquiry Model to Improve Science Process Skills High School Students

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 612-616
Author(s):  
Ade Rahayu Fadhilla ◽  
Muhibbuddin Muhibbuddin ◽  
Muhammad Syukri
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
Inquiry Learning ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Process Skills ◽  
Guided Inquiry ◽  
School Students ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Science Process Skills ◽  
Significant Difference

This study aims to improve students' science process skills by applying a guided inquiry learning model to the concept of work and energy learning physics. The research design used was a quasi-experimental control group design. The population in this study was all class X MIA SMA Negeri 5 Banda Aceh, which consisted of five parallel classes who took the science program in the even semester of 2020/2021 with a total of 139 students. Two classes as the research sample were selected by purposive sampling by taking into account the average value of physics for each class. Meanwhile, the determination of the experimental and control classes in this study was carried out randomly. Data on science process skills in both classes was obtained through observation sheets filled out by two observer teachers. The results of data analysis show that, in general, there is a significant difference between the improvement of science process skills in the experimental class and the control class for the indicators of observing, predicting, measuring, communicating, and concluding. However, for classifying indicators, the results were not significantly different. The improvement of science process skills in the experimental class in general for all of these indicators certainly cannot be separated from each step of the guided inquiry learning model they carry out. The positive results of the implementation of physical learning through the inquiry model on students' science process skills can be used as a reference and support for teacher implementation in carrying out the teaching and learning process of physics, especially on the concept of business and energy

scholarly journals KEMAMPUAN PEMECAHAN MASALAH FISIKA PESERTA DIDIK MELALUI MODEL PEMBELAJARAN INKUIRI TERBIMBING BERBANTUAN POST ORGANIZER

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 243
Author(s):  
Arini Rizqa ◽  
Ahmad Harjono ◽  
Wahyudi Wahyudi
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Inquiry Learning ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
T Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Guided Inquiry ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Problem Solving Skills ◽  
Equivalent Control

ABSTRAKPendidikan bertujuan mendidik individu yang dapat menyelesaikan masalah dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Kemampuan pemecahan masalah dapat dilatih dengan membiasakan peserta didik menyelesaikan sebanyak mungkin masalah melalui penerapan model pembelajaran yang tepat di kelas. Penelitian ini dirancang untuk mengintegrasikan model pembelajaran inkuiri terbimbing dengan bantuan post organizer dalam rangka meningkatkan kemampuan pemecahan masalah fisika peserta didik. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh model pembelajaran inkuiri terbimbing berbantuan post organizer terhadap kemampuan pemecahan masalah fisika peserta didik. Jenis penelitian ini adalah eksperimen semu dengan non-equivalent control group design. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di SMAN 1 Gerung dengan populasi seluruh peserta didik kelas XI MIPA tahun ajaran 2019/2020. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik purposive sampling yaitu kelas XI MIPA 4 sebagai kelas eksperimen dan XI MIPA 7 sebagai kelas kontrol. Indikator pemecahan masalah yang dinilai adalah useful description, specific application of physics, dan mathematical procedures. Uji hipotesis menggunakan uji-t dua pihak dengan rumus t-test polled varians pada taraf signifikansi 5%. Simpulan penelitian ini adalah terdapat pengaruh model pembelajaran inkuiri terbimbing berbantuan post organizer terhadap kemampuan pemecahan masalah fisika peserta didik. Kata kunci: inkuiri terbimbing; post organizer; kemampuan pemecahan masalah fisika. ABSTRACTEducation aims to educate individuals who can solve problems in daily life. Problem solving skills can be trained by getting students to settle as many problems as possible through the application of appropriate learning models in the classroom. This research was designed to integrate the guided inquiry learning model with a post organizer in order to improve students' physics problem solving skills. The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of guided inquiry learning model assisted by the post organizer on students' physics problem solving skills. This research used quasi-experimental with non-equivalent control group design. This research was conducted at SMAN 1 Gerung with a population of all students of class XI MIPA in the academic year 2019/2020. The sampling technique uses purposive sampling technique, namely class XI MIPA 4 as an experimental class and XI MIPA 7 as a control class. Indicators of problem solving assessed were useful description, specific application of physics, and mathematical procedures. Hypothesis testing used two-party t-test with the formula of t-test polled variance at a significance level of 5%. The conclusion of this research indicatd that there was an influence of the guided inquiry learning model assisted by the post organizer on the students' physics problem-solving skills. Keywords: guided inquiry; post organizer; physics problem-solving skills.

scholarly journals The effect of the group investigation-guided inquiry (GI-GI) learning model to improve students’ collaboration and science process skills

2021 ◽  
Vol 2104 (1) ◽  
pp. 012027
Author(s):  
Indrawati ◽  
I K Mahardika ◽  
J Prihatin ◽  
Supeno ◽  
S Astutik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Schools ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Process Skills ◽  
Guided Inquiry ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Science Process Skills ◽  
Group Design ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Quasi Experimental

Abstract The GI-GI learning model is a combination of the Group Investigation and the Guided Inquiry model. The research aimed to examine the effect of the GI-GI learning model on collaboration and students’ science process skills. The type of research carried out was Quasi-Experimental and used a post-test only control group design and purposive sampling covering four high schools in the Besuki Residency, two classes as the experimental class and the control class. The research instrument used tests, observations, and documentation. The results showed a significant effect of the GI-GI learning model on collaboration and students’ science process skills. This research implies that the GI-GI learning model can condition students to research in groups to interact actively with friends and educators to exchange opinions, knowledge, or experiences, find and solve problems, and hypothesize through investigation, exploration, and discussion outside or inside in class.

scholarly journals Experiential learning model with mind mapping on fungi: how to improve science process skills?

Biosfer ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Desi Indriani ◽  
Ixora Sartika Mercuriani
Keyword(s):  
Experiential Learning ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
T Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Process Skills ◽  
Mind Mapping ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Science Process Skills ◽  
School Year ◽  
Tenth Grade

This research aimed to find out the effectiveness of experiential learning (EL) model with mind mapping to improve the science process skills (SPS) on fungi materials. It was quasi-experiment research by using pre-test post-test control group design. The population of the study was all of the tenth-grade students of Kalasan State 1 Senior High School amount of 127 students in the odd semester in 2018/2019 of the school year. Sample techniques were cluster random sampling. The sample consisted of 26 students (10 students male and 16 students female) as the experiment class by implementing EL model with mind mapping and 26 students (9 students male and 17 students female) as control class by using 5M (observing, asking, collecting, associating, communicating) learning model. The used instrument was ten essay questions. The data of the research were analyzed by using t-test (independent sample t-test). Based on the result of the normalized gain score, it showed that there was an improve of SPS about 0,85 in the experiment class higher than that in the control class about 0,70. Besides, it also showed a significant value (2-tailed) that was 0,000 (<0,05). It meant that there was a difference in science process skills between the experiment class and control class, so the learning process through EL learning model with mind mapping proved useful to improve the students’ science process skills.

scholarly journals Implementasi Model Pembelajaran Inkuiri Terbimbing Terhadap Penguasaan dan Keberlanjutan Pemahaman Konsep Peserta Didik pada Materi Sistem Pernapasan Manusia

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Muhammad Rezky Firdaus ◽  
Maya Istyadji ◽  
S Sauqina
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Understanding ◽  
Inquiry Learning ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Guided Inquiry ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Concept Understanding ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Equivalent Control ◽  
Class Viii

Telah dilakukan penelitian untuk mengimplementasi model inkuiri terbimbing terhadap penguasaan konsep dan keberlanjutan pemahaman konsep pada materi sistem pernapasan manusia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh implementasi model pembelajaran inkuiri terbimbing terhadap analisis penguasaan konsep dan keberlanjutan pemahaman konsep peserta didik pada materi sistem pernapasan manusia di SMP Negeri 26 Banjarmasin. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimen semu dengan desain penelitian menggunakan Non Equivalent Control Group Design. Sampel penelitian ini yaitu peserta didik kelas VIII A sebagai kelas eksperimen berjumlah 30 orang dan peserta didik kelas VIII B sebagai kelas kontrol berjumlah 30 orang. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan random sampling classroom dilihat dari rata-rata nilai kelas pada hasil ulangan akhir semester. Pengumpulan data sampel menggunakan tes soal pilihan ganda tes pre-test/post-test, angket atau kuesioner, dan dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data menggunakan uji analisis statistik desktiptif, uji N-Gain dan uji hipotesis statistik menggunakan uji-t. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa (1) Implementasi model pembelajaran inkuiri terbimbing dapat mempengaruhi peningkatan penguasaan konsep dengan hasil yaitu mendapatkan rata-rata sebesar 0,6%, sedangkan penguasaan konsep menggunakan model ekspositori mendapatkan rata-rata sebesar 0,5%; (2) Implementasi model pembelajaran inkuiri terbimbing keberlanjutan pemahaman konsep kelompok eksperimen pada data pretest dan posttest mendapatkan hasil total sebesar 4% dengan kriteria kurang sekali menjadi 76% dengan kriteria baik dari 300 total keberlanjutan pemahaman konsep, sedangkan keberlanjutan pemahaman konsep menggunakan model ekspositori kelompok kontrol pada data pretest dan posttest mendapatkan hasil total sebesar 12% dengan kriteria kurang sekali menjadi 21% dengan kategori kurang dari 300 total keberlanjutan pemahaman konsep; dan (3) Uji T mendapatkan hasil perhitungan T Hitung yaitu 3.14 > T Tabel yaitu 2.00 dengan taraf signifikan 0.05 maka Ha diterima. Berarti terdapat perbedaan penguasaan konsep dan keberlanjutan konsep siswa yang mengimplementasikan model inkuiri terbimbing dan model ekspositori. Research has been carried out to implement a guided inquiry model for mastery of concepts and sustainability of conceptual understanding on the material of the human respiratory system. This study aims to determine the effect of the implementation of the guided inquiry learning model on the analysis of concept mastery and the sustainability of students' conceptual understanding on the human respiratory system material at SMP Negeri 26 Banjarmasin. This study used a quasi-experimental method with a research design using Non Equivalent Control Group Design. The sample of this research is the students of class VIII A as the experimental class totaling 30 people and students of class VIII B as the control class totaling 30 people. The sampling technique used was classroom random sampling, seen from the average class value on the results of the Final Semester Test. The sample data was collected using multiple choice test, pre-test/post-test, questionnaires, and visual documentation. The data analysis technique used descriptive statistical analysis test, N-Gain test and statistical hypothesis testing using t-test. The results showed that (1) the implementation of the guided inquiry learning model can affect the increase in mastery of concepts with the result that it gets an average of 0.6%, while the mastery of concepts using the expository model gets an average of 0.5%; (2) The implementation of the guided inquiry learning model for the sustainability of conceptual understanding of the experimental group in the pretest and posttest data obtained a total result of 4% with the criteria of being less than 76% with good criteria of 300 total sustainability of concept understanding, while the sustainability of understanding the concept used the expository model of the control group. the pretest and posttest data get a total result of 12% with the criteria being less than 21% with a category of less than 300 total sustainability of concept understanding; and (3) The T test shows that Tcalc > T tab (3.14 > 2.00), which with a significant level of 0.05 means that Ha is accepted. This study conclude that there are differences in the mastery of concepts and the sustainability of the concepts of students who implement the guided inquiry model and the expository model.  

scholarly journals PENGARUH MODEL PEMBELAJARAN INKUIRI TERBIMBING TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN MENGENAL BENTUK GEOMETRI KELOMPOK B

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayu Putu Puspa Ariyani . ◽  
Prof. Dr. Anak Agung Gede Agung,M.Pd . ◽  
Dr. Putu Aditya Antara, S.Pd., M.Pd. .
Keyword(s):  
Inquiry Learning ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
T Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Entire Group ◽  
Guided Inquiry ◽  
Geometric Shapes ◽  
Equivalent Control ◽  
Group B ◽  
Quasi Experiment

Pada kenyataannya perkembangan kognitif anak dalam mengenal bentuk geometri gugus VII Singaraja masih sangat rendah, dilihat dari rata-rata 51,50%. Hal ini disebabkan kurangnya penggunaan model pembelajaran inkuiri terbimbing yang belum efektif, sehingga kualitas proses pembelajaran kurang optimal terutama dalam kemampuan mengenal bentuk geometri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh model pembelajaran inkuiri terbimbing terhadap kemampuan mengenal bentuk geometri. Penelitian ini tergolong quasi experiment dengan rancangan non equivalent control group desigs”. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh kelompok B di Taman Kanak-kanak Gugus VII Singaraja pada tahun 2017/2018 yang berjumlah 286 orang. Sampel penelitian ini adalah TK Diponegoro Singaraja dengan jumlah 21 orang sebagai kelompok eksperimen dan TK Weda Purana Singaraja dengan jumlah 15 orang sebagai kelompok kontrol. Data penelitian ini dikumpulkan dengan metode observasi dan dokumentasi. Dari hasil uji normalitas dan homogenitas varians, diketahui bahwa sampel berdistribusi normal dan varian populasi homogen maka untuk menguji hipotesis digunakan uji-t dengan taraf signifikan 5%. Hasil perhitungan uji-t diperoleh thitung = 3.140 dan ttabel =2.032 pada taraf signifikan 5% dengan dk= 34, dengan membandingkan hasil thitung dengan ttabel dapat disimpulkan bahwa thitung > ttabel, maka H0 ditolak H1 diterima, sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan model pembelajaran inkuiri terbimbing terhadap kemampuan mengenal bentuk geometri kelompok B di Taman Kanak-kanak Gugus VII Singaraja tahun ajaran 2017/2018. Kata Kunci : anak usia dini, mengenal bentuk geometri, inkuiri terbimbing. In fact, the cognitive development of children in recognizing geometric shapes in the Singaraja Gugus VII is still very low, seen from an average of 51.50%. This is due to the lack of use of guided inquiry learning model that has not been effective, so the quality of learning process is not optimal, especially in the ability to recognize geometry shapes. This study aims to determine the effect of guided inquiry learning model on the ability to recognize geometric shapes. This research is classified as quasi-experiment with non-equivalent control group design ". The population in this study is the entire group B in Kindergartens of Gugus VII Singaraja in 2017/2018 which is 286 people. The sample of this research is Diponegoro Singaraja Kindergarten with 21 people as experimental group and Vedana Tana Singaraja with 15 people as control group. The data of this research is collected using observation and documentation method. From normality test result and homogeneity of variance, it is known that samples are normally distributed and homogenous population variant, hence, to test hypothesis used t-test with 5% significant level. The result of t-test is obtained tct = 3.140 and ttable = 2.032 at 5% significant level with dk = 34, by comparing tcount result with ttable it can be concluded that tct> ttable, then H0 rejected and H1 accepted, so it can be concluded that there is significant effect to the inquiry learning model is guided towards the ability to recognize the geometry of group B in kindergartens of Gugus VII Singaraja of academic year 2017/2018.keyword : early childhood, crecognizing geometry, guided inquiry.

scholarly journals PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN LABORATOIUM VIRTUAL DALAM PEMBELAJARAN INKUIRI TERBIMBING TERHADAP PENGUASAAN KONSEP KALOR PESERTA DIDIK

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hermansyah Hermansyah ◽  
Gunawan Gunawan ◽  
Ahmad Harjono
Keyword(s):  
Inquiry Learning ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
T Test ◽  
Virtual Laboratory ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Guided Inquiry ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Group Design ◽  
And Control ◽  
Experimental Group

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of using virtual laboratory in guided inquiry learning on students’ mastery concept of heat material.  This study is quasi experiments with posttest only control group design. There were 58 respondents in this study which were divided into two group; experimental group and control group. The data were analyzed by using t-test. The results showed that experimental groups’ mastery concepts significantly differed from the control group. It can be concluded that the use of virtual laboratory in guided inquiry learning model affects students’ mastery concepts of heat material.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Process Oriented Guided Inquiry Learning Berbantuan Media Mind Mapping Terhadap Kompetensi Pengetahuan IPA

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 270
Author(s):  
Era Evangelisa ◽  
I G A Agung Sri Asri ◽  
I Wayan Sujana
Keyword(s):  
Inquiry Learning ◽  
T Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Guided Inquiry ◽  
Mind Mapping ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Group Design ◽  
Equivalent Control ◽  
Process Oriented ◽  
Quasi Experiment

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan yang signifikan kompetensi pengetahuan IPA antara kelompok siswa yang dibelajarkan melalui model pembelajaran Process Oriented Guided Inquiry Learning berbantuan Mind Mapping dengan kelompok siswa yang dibelajarkan melalui pembelajaran konvensional pada kelas V SD Negeri Gugus Kapten Japa Tahun Ajaran 2019/2020. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan Quasi Experiment (eksperimen semu). Bentuk rancangan yang di gunakan adalah Non Equivalent Control Group Design. Seluruh siswa kelas V SDN Gugus Kapten Japa terdiri dari 13 kelas dengan total sebanyak 456 orang menjadi populasi. Kelas VA SD Negeri 17 dauh Puri sebanyak 40 orang siswa dan kelas V SD Negeri 4 Dauh Puri sebanyak 35 orang siswa terpilih sebagai sampel. Setelah semua populasi dinyatakan setara melalui uji beda mean (t-test), maka pengambilan sampel dengan cara pengundian secara acak bisa dilakukan. Dalam proses pengumpulan data, pemilihan metode tes digunakan sebagai instrument yang berbentuk tes pilihan ganda dengan jumlah soal valid sebanyak 40 butir. Uji-t digunakan dalam analisis data penelitian ini dengan teknik analisis inferensial.  Perolehan yang didapat melalui uji beda mean (t-test) yakni thitung = 8.08. Harga tersebut kemudian dibandingkan dengan harga ttabel dengan dk = 40 + 35 – 2 = 73 dan taraf signifikansi 5% sehingga diperoleh harga ttabel = 1,99, karena thitung > ttabel   (8.08 > 1,99) maka Ho ditolak. Hal ini berarti terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan kompetensi pengetahuan IPA kelompok siswa yang dibelajarkan dengan model pembelajaran Process Oriented Guided Inquiry Learning berbantuan Mind Mapping dengan kelompok siswa yang dibelajarkan melalui pembelajaran konvensional pada kelas V SDN Gugus Kapten Japa.

scholarly journals The Effect of Guided Inquiry Learning Model on Process Skills Science and Students' Higher-Level Thinking Skills on Heat and Transfer Themes of Class V SD Negeri 104260 Melati

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 901-910
Author(s):  
Ahmad Marwan ◽  
Hasruddin Hasruddin ◽  
Yusnadi Yusnadi
Keyword(s):  
Inquiry Learning ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
High Order ◽  
Process Skills ◽  
Guided Inquiry ◽  
Higher Order Thinking Skills ◽  
Science Process Skills ◽  
Average Value ◽  
High Order Thinking

This research aims to determine the effect of guided inquiry learning models on science process skills and higher order thinking skills on the theme of heat and its displacement in grade V SD Negeri 104260 Melati. The research instrument included observation of science process skills and tests of higher order thinking skills. This study uses the analysis of the Independent Sample Test (t test).The average value of science process skills in the guided inquiry class was 81.62 and the direct instruction learning model class was 79.02. A significant influence on students' science process skills in the learning process on the theme of heat and its displacement, with a score of tcount (2.384)> ttable (2.004) for n = 56, α = 0.05 and sig. 2 tailed (0.021) <α = 0.05, so that H₀rejected. then Ho was rejected and Ha accepted. The average value of high-order thinking skills in the guided inquiry class is 75.57 and in the class of direct instruction learning model. A total of 67.43. The results of the analysis of high-order thinking skills have tcount (3.597)> ttable (2.004) for n = 56, α = 0.05 and sig. 2 tailed (0.001) <α = 0.05, so that H₀rejected and Ha accepted. Guided inquiry learning model affects science process skills and high-order thinking skills of students on the theme of heat and its displacement in grade V SD Negeri 104260 Melati.

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