scholarly journals Kemapanan Burung Bentet Kelabu (Lanius schach) Asal Yogyakarta di Pulau Salibabu / The Establishment of Gray Bentet Bird (Lanius schach) from Yogyakarta in Salibabu Island

Buletin Palma ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
FREDY LALA
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Release Site ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Reproductive Period ◽  
Single Female ◽  
Predatory Bird ◽  
Population Dispersal ◽  
North Sulawesi ◽  
New Generation

<p>The Gray Bentet bird (Lanius schach) is one of the potential predators as biological agents against grasshopper pests. As many as 30 males and 10 females of the Gray Bentet birds had been introduced from Yogyakarta to Salibabu Island, Talaud Islands Regency, North Sulawesi Province, for controlling coconut pest namely Sexava nubila grasshopper.  The establishment, development, and biology of the Gray Bentet birds were studied at District of Moronge in Salibabu Island, from August 2011 to July 2012. Establishment of the Gray Bentet bird was indicated by its population, dispersal, and the resulted new generation. Results showed that the Gray Bentet bird was very successfully established and well developed in Salibabu Island. At 3 months after release as many as 20 birds were rediscovered and they had dispersed as far as 6 – 15 km away from the release site. The new generation of as many as 2 birds were discovered at 9 months after releasing of their parents. Biology of the Gray Bentet birds in Salibabu Island was similar with that in their origin in Yogyakarta. A single female produced 4 eggs per reproductive period for 3-4 days, with sex ratio of 3 males : 1 female. Producing eggs frequency was twice per year. The first mating occurred when the Gray Bentet birds was at 9 months old. The Gray Bentet bird belonged to  insectivorous group, diurnal birds, and it attacks moving preys. The predatory bird developed well in Salibabu Island and it was a promising biological control agent against the pest of S. nubila.</p><p align="center"><strong>ABSTRAK</strong></p><p>Burung Bentet kelabu <em>Lanius schach </em>merupakan salah satu predator yang berpotensi sebagai agens hayati hama belalang. Sebanyak 30 ekor burung jantan dan 10 ekor betina telah diintroduksikan dari Yogyakarta ke Pulau Salibabu, Kabupaten Kepulauan Talaud, Provinsi Sulawesi Utara, untuk pengendalian hama kelapa, belalang <em>Sexava</em> <em>nubila</em>. Kemapanan, perkembangan, dan biologi burung ini dikaji<em> </em>di Kecamatan Moronge, Pulau Salibabu, sejak bulan Agustus 2011 sampai Juli 2012. Kemapanan burung <em>L. schach</em> diukur berdasarkan populasi, pemencaran, dan generasi baru. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa burung <em>L. schach</em>  berhasil mapan dan berkembang dengan baik di Pulau Salibabu. Pada tiga bulan sesudah pelepasan sebanyak 20 ekor ditemukan kembali dan telah memencar sejauh 6-15 km dari tempat pelepasan. Burung generasi baru sebanyak 2 ekor ditemukan pada saat 9 bulan setelah pelepasan induknya. Biologi <em>L.</em> s<em>chach</em> di Pulau Salibabu mirip dengan di daerah asalnya Yogyakarta. Seekor betina bertelur sebanyak 4 butir/periode bertelur. Masa bertelur selama 3-4 hari. Frekuensi bertelur  dua kali per tahun. Sex ratio 3 jantan : 1 betina. Burung <em>L. schach</em> kawin pertama kali saat berumur sekitar 9 bulan. Burung<em> </em>ini termasuk golongan pemakan serangga, aktif pada siang hari, dan memburu mangsa yang bergerak. Burung predator ini berkembang dengan baik dan merupakan agens pengendalian hayati yang menjanjikan terhadap hama <em>S. nubila</em> di Pulau Salibabu.<span style="text-decoration: line-through;"><br /></span></p>

scholarly journals THE POTENTIAL OF SPODOPTERA PECTINICORNIS IN CONTROLLING WATER LETTUCE (Pistia stratiotes) IN FIELD

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-16
Author(s):  
Lyswiana Aphrodyanti ◽  
Helda Orbani Rosa ◽  
Samharinto Samharinto
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Release Site ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Pistia Stratiotes ◽  
Target Area ◽  
Water Lettuce ◽  
Great Hope ◽  
High Level ◽  
State Of The Environment

Spodoptera pectinicornis is a biological control agent that has a great potential to control water lettuce weeds. Its existence in nature however is still limited, so a mass propagation is needed by rearing S. pectinicornis imagoes to produce eggs and to hatch them into larvae of 4 days old. The 4-year larvae were then released by putting water lettuces that contained active larvae into the target area. Observation results on the percentage of damage in the watershed location for 5 times of observation consecutively was 25%, 50%, 50%, 75% and 90%. The magnitude of damage showed that S. pectinicornis was able to adapt well, so it could perform eating activities and cause damage to the water lettuces. Meanwhile, at the release site of rice field, the percentage of damage was 0%, 25%, 35%, 25% and 10%. The downward trend in the level of S. pectinicornis attacks was due to its inability to keep pace with the growth and development of water lettuces. High level of rainfall caused the water lettuces to increase its size and the number of its tillers so that they could colonize these waters. The fact that S. pectinicornis still has the ability to destroy the water lettuces gives great hope to the control efforts. However, thorough evaluation and assessment are required on all aspects, such as the biological control agents, weed targets, organisms associated with them, and the state of the environment so as to minimize the possibility of failure in the field.

scholarly journals Influência do Fotoperíodo no Parasitismo de Trichogramma galloi Zucchi (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) em Ovos de Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-167
Author(s):  
Danilo Renato Santiago Santana ◽  
Patricia Paula Bellon ◽  
Elmo Ponte de Melo ◽  
Harley Nonato de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Glass Tube ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Alternative Host ◽  
Important Group ◽  
Diatraea Saccharalis ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Number Of Individuals

As espécies de Trichogramma constituem um importante grupo de parasitóides que atacam, principalmente, ovos de lepidópteros. A qualidade e o desempenho desse inimigo natural podem ser influenciados por alguns fatores, como hospedeiro alternativo utilizado nas criações massais, temperatura e diferenças de fotoperíodo. Nesse sentido, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o número de ovos parasitados, % de fêmeas que parasitaram, % emergência, razão sexual e número de indivíduos de Trichogramma galloi Zucchi em os ovos de Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius), na presença e ausência de luminosidade. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado com dois tratamentos (claro e escuro) com 60 repetições, cada uma dessas foi constituída por 40 ovos de D. saccharalis que foram colocados em tubo de vidro com uma fêmea de T. galloi com 24 horas de idade, previamente alimentadas com mel. O experimento foi conduzido à 25º C ± 2º C e 70 ± 10% umidade relativa. Em cada um dos tratamentos, o parasitoide foi removido após 12 horas. O maior número de ovos parasitados (12,9) e % de fêmeas que parasitaram (83,3%) foi observado no período com luz. Em relação à emergência, razão sexual e número de indivíduos por ovo, não houve diferença estatística. Os resultados demonstraram que a presença de luminosidade é essencial para esse agente de controle biológico. Influence of Photoperiod on Parasitism of Trichogramma galloi Zucchi (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) on Eggs of Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) Abstract. Trichogramma species are an important group of parasitoids that attack especially lepidopteran eggs. The quality and performance of this natural enemy may be influenced by factors such as alternative host used in the massal rearing, and differences in the temperature and photoperiod. Based on this, this study aimed to evaluate the number of parasitized eggs, % of females that parasitized, % emergence, sex ratio and number of individuals of Trichogramma galloi Zucchi per egg of Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) in the presence and absence of light. The experimental design was completely randomized with two treatments (light and dark) and 60 replications, being each experimental unit composed by 40 eggs of D. saccharalis which were placed in a glass tube with one female of T. galloi with age of 24 hours, previously fed with honey. The experiment was carried out at 25 ± 2 °C and 70 ± 10% relative humidity. In each one of the treatments, the parasitoid was removed from the tube after 12 hours. The highest number of parasitized eggs (12.9) and % of females that parasitized (83.3%) was observed during the period with light. For the emergence, sex ratio and number of individuals per egg, there was no statistical difference. The results showed that the presence of light is essential for this biological control agent.

scholarly journals Novel release method proves successful the gum leaf skeletoniser parasitoid Cotesia urabae establishes in two new locations

2014 ◽  
Vol 67 ◽  
pp. 328-328
Author(s):  
B.A. Gresham ◽  
T.M. Withers ◽  
G.A. Avila ◽  
L.A. Berndt
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Release Site ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Eucalypt Plantations ◽  
Initial Release ◽  
New Locations ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Braconid Wasp ◽  
Release Method

The Australian braconid wasp Cotesia urabae was first released in New Zealand in 2011 as a biological control agent for the gum leaf skeletoniser Uraba lugens (Lepidoptera Nolidae) The larvae of this moth predominantly attack Eucalyptus spp (Class Symphyomyrtus) and since its predicted future geographic range is extensive there is concern it could become a serious pest of eucalypt plantations in New Zealand Initial releases of C urabae using adult parasitoids were made in Auckland at three separate sites between January and June 2011 Cotesia urabae established at each site and preliminary monitoring has revealed that the wasps have naturally dispersed to six other sites ranging up to 6 km from an initial release site In January 2012 C urabae were released in Whangarei and Tauranga trialling a novel method using parasitoidattacked host larvae rather than adult parasitoids This method proved to be successful with establishment now confirmed in both of these locations and also provided greater flexibility The two latest releases were made using the same method in Nelson (October 2013) and Napier (February 2014) but it is not yet known if the parasitoid has successfully established in these locations

Body size as an indicator of parasitoid quality in male and female Anagyrus kamali (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)

2001 ◽  
Vol 91 (5) ◽  
pp. 363-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.A. Sagarra ◽  
C. Vincent ◽  
R.K. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Hind Tibia ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Large Male ◽  
Mating Preference ◽  
Small Female ◽  
Maconellicoccus Hirsutus ◽  
Anagyrus Kamali ◽  
Tibia Length

AbstractThe parasitoid Anagyrus kamali Moursi was recently introduced into the Caribbean as a biological control agent against the hibiscus mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus Green. In the laboratory, parasitoid size, as measured by left hind tibia length, was positively correlated several indicators of the parasitoid‘s fitness: longevity, mating preference, fecundity, reproductive longevity, progeny emergence and sex-ratio. When fed ad libidum with honey drops, large male parasitoids lived significantly longer (29.1 ± 6.5 days) than small ones ± 5.7 days). Large females also lived significantly longer (35.4 ± 10 days) than small females (27.9 ± 9.6 days). Females showed no significant mating preference between large and small males. Lifetime fecundity was positively correlated with the size of adult females ranged from 37 ± 21 eggs for small females to 96 ± 43 eggs for large ones. The reproductive longevity, daily oviposition rate, and number of progeny were also higher among large parasitoids. The sex ratio of progeny from small female parasitoids was higher (0.76 ± than that of large individuals (0.47 ± 0.18).

Confined field release of Laricobius nigrinus (Coleoptera: Derodontidae), a predator of the hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae (Hemiptera: Adelgidae), in Virginia

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 369-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
A B Lamb ◽  
S M Salom ◽  
L T Kok ◽  
D L Mausel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Release Site ◽  
Hemlock Woolly Adelgid ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Adelges Tsugae ◽  
Adult Survival ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Laricobius Nigrinus ◽  
Field Release

Laricobius nigrinus Fender is a specialist predator of the hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA), Adelges tsugae Annand (Hemiptera: Adelgidae), a lethal pest of hemlock (Tsuga spp.) in the eastern United States. A release was conducted in 2003 in Virginia to evaluate survival and oviposition of L. nigrinus adults, egg development in the field, and their impact on HWA density. In March, April, and May, groups of zero, one, two, or three L. nigrinus females were caged on 64 hemlock branches. After 10 days, half the branches were removed to determine L. nigrinus adult survival, total eggs laid, and oviposition location with respect to prey abundance. Beetles on branches remaining in the field were recovered and recaged on new branches every 10 days. The estimated 10 344 eggs laid on branches left in the field represent the first field release of L. nigrinus in the eastern United States. The density of L. nigrinus adults affected the total eggs laid per female and oviposition site selection. Branches caged with L. nigrinus had lower densities of HWA than branches without predators. Although F1 adults were not recovered from this release site in fall 2003, F2 adults were recovered in fall 2004. Laricobius nigrinus shows promise as a biological control agent for HWA in the eastern United States.

Seed Wasp on Multiflora Rose, Rosa multiflora, in Virginia

1988 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Warren T. Mays ◽  
Loke-Tuck Kok
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Rosa Multiflora ◽  
Severe Winter ◽  
Winter Temperatures ◽  
Weed Distribution ◽  
Multiflora Rose ◽  
Chalcid Wasp

Multiflora rose is a major weed in pastures, highway embankments, and recreational areas. A chalcid wasp, Megastigmus aculeatus (Swederus) (Hymenoptera: Torymidae), which feeds on the multiflora rose seeds, is a potential biological control agent for this weed. Distribution of multiflora rose and the seed wasp was studied from 1983 to 1986 in Virginia. Multiflora achenes collected from 58 sites in 51 counties showed that M. aculeatus was present in all but one of the counties surveyed; female:male sex ratio was high (94:1), indicating parthenogenesis. Infestation rates of the achenes averaged 26.5% in 1985 and 23.9% in 1986. Severe winter temperatures appear to affect the wasp population adversely.

The Effects of Photoperiod on Diapause Induction in Hypena opulenta (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), a Biological Control Agent Against Invasive Swallow-Worts in North America

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 580-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian M Jones ◽  
Martin Lukas Seehausen ◽  
Robert S Bourchier ◽  
Sandy M Smith
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
North America ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Release Site ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Diapause Induction ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Critical Threshold ◽  
Optimal Time

Abstract Many insects exhibit a short-day diapause response, whereby diapause is induced when daylength falls below a critical threshold. This response is an adaptation to ensure synchrony between periods of insect activity, and the availability of resources, but it can cause problems when organisms are moved to new locations, where early or late-induced diapause can prove a barrier to establishment. We explored the role of photoperiod in diapause induction in Hypena opulenta, a recently introduced classical biological control agent for invasive swallow-worts in North America. We conducted four experimental cage releases as well as a growth chamber experiment to determine the threshold photoperiod for diapause induction in H. opulenta. We determined that the critical photoperiod for inducing diapause in 50% of H. opulenta is 15 h 35 min, which the moth only experiences in the Ottawa release site around summer solstice. This may lead to univoltinism, premature diapause, and poor establishment at some North American release sites. Our results can inform practical aspects of the biological control program for H. opulenta, such as fine-tuning methodologies for stockpiling diapausing pupae in the laboratory and narrowing down the optimal time window for releases at a given location. Additionally, our results will be important for the development of a temperature-based phenology model to more accurately predict voltinism in H. opulenta across the invasive range of swallow-worts in North America.

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