State Management of National Resources at the Conceptual Level - Images and Meanings of State Symbols

This article is a further continuation of the work on the review of the basics of state management of national resources (state and use), in relation to its system - forming function-state policy and political symbols (the conceptual level of management). From the system positions of the general theory of classification and systematization, the functions of state management of national resources are considered and the role and place of each of them in a single universal management circuit is determined. The role and place of political symbols (a sub-function of the conceptual-strategic level) are considered on the basis of the proposed invariant structure of the typical contour of state management of the state of national resources (operational-tactical level). From the modern state symbols of the Russian Federation, the iconic image two - headed eagle is selected and its prototypes and the origins of their origin, which are located in ancient times, are considered. To consider the evolution of the iconic images of state symbols of modern Russia, it is proposed to systematize and analyze them at different historical stages, to this end, systematize and analyze the following Old Testament images of power (state symbols) of various countries of the world: non-predatory bird, bird of prey, griffin, two-headed eagle, systematize and analyze the sacred images of power double-headed eagle and griffin in the symbolism of the countries of the world with the identification of their sacred meanings-binary (binary). Conclusions are drawn about the common origins of the origin and distribution of these Old Testament images of state symbols in the countries of the Indo-European community, the systematization and analysis of the Old Testament images of power (state symbols) of various countries of the world: non-predatory bird, bird of prey, griffon, double - headed eagle allows us to trace the evolution of the origin and formation of the main state symbol of Russia double-headed eagle, at the heart of the Old Testament images of power griffin and double-headed eagle in the symbolism of the countries of the world lie the sacred meanings of the universal and fundamental principle of reality (world, reality, being) - the duality (duality) of opposite, proportionate and balanced entities.

Urban fox squirrels exhibit habituation to humans but respond to stimuli from natural predators

Animals in urban areas that experience frequent exposure to humans often behave differently than those in less urban areas, such as less vigilance or anti-predator behavior. These behavioral shifts may be an adaptive response to urbanization and caused by habituation to humans. A possible negative consequence is cross-habituation to natural predators where urban animals exhibit reduced anti-predator behavior in the presence of humans but also to their natural predators. We tested the hypothesis that habituation to humans in urban populations of fox squirrels (Sciurus niger) causes cross-habituation to stimuli from two possible predators (hawks and domestic dogs). We exposed squirrels in multiple urban and less urban sites to acoustic playbacks of a control stimulus (non-predatory bird calls), a natural predator (hawk), and dogs and recorded their vigilance and three different anti-predator behaviors when a human approached them while either broadcasting one of these three playbacks or no playbacks at all. In trials with no playbacks, urban squirrels exhibited reduced vigilance and anti-predator behavior compared to those in less urban areas but there was little evidence that urbanization altered the correlations among the different behaviors we quantified. Urban squirrels exhibited increased vigilance and anti-predator behavior when exposed to a human paired with hawk playbacks compared to the control playbacks. This indicates that urban squirrels did perceive and assess risk to the natural predator appropriately despite exhibiting habituation to humans. There is currently little evidence that habituation to humans causes animals to lose their fear of natural predators.

Componenţa sistematică şi diversitatea mamiferelor din nivelul paleolitic (III) de locuire umană a staţiunii paleolitice Brânzeni I

The article presents the characteristic of the systematic composition and diversity of skeletal remains of mammals in the third level of human habitation of the Paleolithic site in the cave of Brânzeni I, Edinet district. The archaeological and paleontological remains discovered here are attributed to a new archaeological culture for Europe – Brânzeni. The inhabitants of this site hunted horses, reindeer, bison, deer, rhino, mammoth, hares, marmot and other mammals, that met in thesite area and were the main source of food for tribal members. The bones of small animal species (insectivores, rodents etc.) discovered in the inhabiting level of the Palaeolithic site originated from the decomposition of predatory bird pellets and of the feces of carnivores living in the cave while it was temporarily abandoned by the Paleolithic hunters. The archaeological and paleontological materials presented in this information are of interest for the knowledge of the peculiarities of geological history, fauna of paleogeography and the human society of the given area, have instructive, cognitive and ecotouristic value.

DETECTION OF FOCI OF TULAREMIA USING ENZYME IMMUNOASSAY FOR THE PREDATORY BIRD PELLETS

The results of identifying tularemia foci using the predatory bird pellets in the central part of Russia using the example of the Republic of Mordovia are presented. The efficacy of tularemia detection in pellets compared with other biomaterials has been shown. The average content of the tularemia microbe antigen from the predatory bird pellets was 9,4%. The greatest number of registrations of the causative agent of tularemia in the pellets was observed in Eagle Owl (29,2%). To a lesser extent, the pathogen was detected in the Ural Owl (14,7%). The tularemia pathogen was detected more often in the bird predator pellets than in the biomaterial from rodents. The largest share of positive samples was recorded in the riverine districts. The dynamics of identifying the causative agent of tularemia should be noted in 2015, 2017 and 2018, which are characterized by high values of the indicator.

Escape distance and escape latency following simulated rapid bird attacks in an Andean lizard, Phymaturus williamsi

Predatory birds represent the greatest risk for many lizard species. However, little is known about the functional relationship between the escape distance and escape latency of lizards during a rapid bird attack. We hypothesised that escape latency and distance in the Andean lizard species Phymaturus williamsi would increase proportionally, but vary according to the means of escape. Over a three-year period we observed seven types of antipredatory behaviour in 98% P. williamsi lizards on simulated predatory bird attacks. Escape distance and latency were positively correlated. 65% of lizards emerged from their refuge within 2 min of an attack. All of these behaviours were positively correlated with escape latency and distance, although we found the former to be more precise. This study contributes to a better understanding of the general antipredatory behaviour in this species of Andean lizard, and will assist in future decisions concerning its conservation.

Kemapanan Burung Bentet Kelabu (Lanius schach) Asal Yogyakarta di Pulau Salibabu / The Establishment of Gray Bentet Bird (Lanius schach) from Yogyakarta in Salibabu Island

<p>The Gray Bentet bird (Lanius schach) is one of the potential predators as biological agents against grasshopper pests. As many as 30 males and 10 females of the Gray Bentet birds had been introduced from Yogyakarta to Salibabu Island, Talaud Islands Regency, North Sulawesi Province, for controlling coconut pest namely Sexava nubila grasshopper. The establishment, development, and biology of the Gray Bentet birds were studied at District of Moronge in Salibabu Island, from August 2011 to July 2012. Establishment of the Gray Bentet bird was indicated by its population, dispersal, and the resulted new generation. Results showed that the Gray Bentet bird was very successfully established and well developed in Salibabu Island. At 3 months after release as many as 20 birds were rediscovered and they had dispersed as far as 6 – 15 km away from the release site. The new generation of as many as 2 birds were discovered at 9 months after releasing of their parents. Biology of the Gray Bentet birds in Salibabu Island was similar with that in their origin in Yogyakarta. A single female produced 4 eggs per reproductive period for 3-4 days, with sex ratio of 3 males : 1 female. Producing eggs frequency was twice per year. The first mating occurred when the Gray Bentet birds was at 9 months old. The Gray Bentet bird belonged to insectivorous group, diurnal birds, and it attacks moving preys. The predatory bird developed well in Salibabu Island and it was a promising biological control agent against the pest of S. nubila.</p><p align="center"><strong>ABSTRAK</strong></p><p>Burung Bentet kelabu <em>Lanius schach </em>merupakan salah satu predator yang berpotensi sebagai agens hayati hama belalang. Sebanyak 30 ekor burung jantan dan 10 ekor betina telah diintroduksikan dari Yogyakarta ke Pulau Salibabu, Kabupaten Kepulauan Talaud, Provinsi Sulawesi Utara, untuk pengendalian hama kelapa, belalang <em>Sexava</em> <em>nubila</em>. Kemapanan, perkembangan, dan biologi burung ini dikaji<em> </em>di Kecamatan Moronge, Pulau Salibabu, sejak bulan Agustus 2011 sampai Juli 2012. Kemapanan burung <em>L. schach</em> diukur berdasarkan populasi, pemencaran, dan generasi baru. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa burung <em>L. schach</em> berhasil mapan dan berkembang dengan baik di Pulau Salibabu. Pada tiga bulan sesudah pelepasan sebanyak 20 ekor ditemukan kembali dan telah memencar sejauh 6-15 km dari tempat pelepasan. Burung generasi baru sebanyak 2 ekor ditemukan pada saat 9 bulan setelah pelepasan induknya. Biologi <em>L.</em> s<em>chach</em> di Pulau Salibabu mirip dengan di daerah asalnya Yogyakarta. Seekor betina bertelur sebanyak 4 butir/periode bertelur. Masa bertelur selama 3-4 hari. Frekuensi bertelur dua kali per tahun. Sex ratio 3 jantan : 1 betina. Burung <em>L. schach</em> kawin pertama kali saat berumur sekitar 9 bulan. Burung<em> </em>ini termasuk golongan pemakan serangga, aktif pada siang hari, dan memburu mangsa yang bergerak. Burung predator ini berkembang dengan baik dan merupakan agens pengendalian hayati yang menjanjikan terhadap hama <em>S. nubila</em> di Pulau Salibabu.<span style="text-decoration: line-through;"><br /></span></p>