Shoulder Range of Motion and Strength Characteristics in Circus Acrobats

OBJECTIVES: To begin to establish normative data for shoulder range of motion (ROM) and strength in the circus acrobats and to compare these values based on age, sex, hand dominance, and acrobatic subgroup. METHODS: Active (AROM) and passive (PROM) of the full shoulder complex and PROM of the isolated glenohumeral joint were measured in 193 circus acrobats using standardized techniques for anterior elevation (flexion), posterior elevation (extension), lateral elevation (abduction), and external and internal rotation. Shoulder strength was measured using a hand-held dynamometer in all planes of motion. Measurements were taken twice and averaged. Mixed ANOVA were performed. One-sample t-tests were used to compare with general population. RESULTS: Several significant differences were noted between dominant and non-dominant sides, but not between the sex or age groups tested. Acrobats who did both aerial and ground acrobatics had significantly greater full shoulder complex flexion AROM than the aerial group, and AROM extension than the ground group. Circus acrobats had significantly greater AROM full shoulder complex extension, abduction, internal and external rotation, and shoulder strength than the general population. CONCLUSION: Overall, results from this cross-sectional study revealed that circus acrobats had greater shoulder strength and ROM than the general population, which could affect the way these patients should be treated in a clinical setting. Age and sex seemed to have minimal effects, but there was clearly an effect of hand dominance. Acrobats who train both aerial and ground acrobatics may have greater ROM in certain planes than those who train in only one type of discipline.

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Acute Effects of 2 Consecutive Simulated Badminton Matches on the Shoulder Range of Motion and Isometric Strength of Elite Youth Players

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.2020-0659 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Jaime Fernandez-Fernandez ◽

Alejandro Lopez-Valenciano ◽

Jose Vicente Garcia-Tormo ◽

David Cabello-Manrique ◽

Juan García-López

Keyword(s):

Range Of Motion ◽

External Rotation ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Shoulder Range Of Motion ◽

Recovery Strategies ◽

Before And After ◽

Shoulder Strength ◽

Shoulder Range ◽

Dominant Side

Purpose: To analyze the influence of playing 2 consecutive prolonged badminton matches on the shoulder strength and range of motion (ROM) of young players. Methods: Sixteen elite junior badminton players (12 males and 4 females; mean (SD): age 16.2 [0.8] years, body mass 63.5 [6.6] kg, height 173.2 [6.3] cm) participated in a cross-sectional study. Shoulder internal (IR)/external rotation (ER) ROM and IR/ER strength measures were conducted before and after 2 consecutive prolonged (ie, 35 min) matches and 12 hours after the second match. Results: After consecutive matches, IR strength of the dominant side and ER strength of the dominant and nondominant sides (effect size [ES] = 0.20–0.57) were reduced. Shoulder total ROM of the dominant side was decreased (ES = 0.80), while on the nondominant side, IR (ES = 0.66) was also decreased. After 12 hours, results showed decreased values in the IR/ER strength of the dominant side (ES = 0.36–1.00), as well as ER of both dominant and nondominant sides (ES = 0.30–0.59). IR ROM of the nondominant side (ES = 0.69) was also decreased. Conclusion: Present results showed that 2 consecutive matches on the same day with brief rest periods led to significant impairments in shoulder strength and ROM levels. These data can potentially elucidate the need for shoulder-specific training and recovery strategies prior to or during competitions.

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Effectiveness of arthroscopic management of idiopathic shoulder stiffness: A meta-analysis

Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation ◽

10.3233/bmr-200267 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Ya-Dong Wang ◽

Yu-Xiang Ming ◽

Yong-Hua Pang ◽

Wei-Nan Chen ◽

Xu-Hua Zong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Range Of Motion ◽

External Rotation ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Eligibility Criteria ◽

Shoulder Stiffness ◽

Capsular Release ◽

Shoulder Range Of Motion ◽

Arthroscopic Capsular Release ◽

Shoulder Range

BACKGROUND: Persisting shoulder stiffness adversely affects quality of life by causing pain and motion restrictions especially in patients with diabetes. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of arthroscopic capsular release in patients with idiopathic shoulder stiffness. METHOD: A literature search was conducted in electronic databases and studies were selected by following precise eligibility criteria. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed to estimate the changes at latest follow-up in scores of the Constant, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES), and University of California at Los Angelis (UCLA) scales, Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and shoulder range of motion. RESULTS: Nineteen studies were included. The follow-up duration was 42 months [95% confidence interval (CI): 32, 51]. Improvements in scores of the Constant, ASES, UCLA scales, and VAS were 48.3 [95% CI: 38.0, 58.6], 44.6 [95% CI: 24.6, 64.6], 19.3 [95% CI: 16.6, 22.0], and -6.1 [95% CI: -6.9, -5.4] respectively (P< 0.05 all). Improvements in the shoulder range of motion were: abduction 82.0 [95% CI: 65.0, 98.9]; forward flexion 75.9 [95% CI: 59.7, 92.1]; external rotation 43.2 [95% CI: 37.5, 49.0]; and internal rotation 25.4 [95% CI: 15.2, 35.5] degrees; P< 0.05 all). CONCLUSION: Arthroscopic capsular release effectively improves shoulder function in patients with idiopathic shoulder stiffness.

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Flexibility, Position, and Strength of the Shoulder Complex in Pediatric and Adult Amateur Tennis Athletes

Journal of Sport Rehabilitation ◽

10.1123/jsr.2020-0331 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Germanna M. Barbosa ◽

Larissa P. Ribeiro ◽

Ana B. Nasser ◽

Gretchen D. Oliver ◽

Paula R. Camargo

Keyword(s):

At Risk ◽

Outcome Measures ◽

External Rotation ◽

Posterior Capsule ◽

Serratus Anterior ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Shoulder Range Of Motion ◽

Cutoff Values ◽

Shoulder Complex ◽

Dominant Side

Context: Understanding the musculoskeletal adaptations in the shoulder complex of varying ages of tennis athletes may suggest preventive protocols and conditioning and rehabilitation programs to this population. This study aimed to generate a bilateral descriptive profile of shoulder flexibility, scapular and clavicular position, and muscle strength in pediatric and adult amateur tennis athletes. The outcome measures were compared between groups and sides. The number and percentage of athletes “at risk” according to cutoff values for shoulder range of motion (ROM) were also analyzed. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: 36 pediatric and 28 adult amateur tennis athletes were tested. Outcome measures were ROM of shoulder flexion, abduction, internal and external rotation, posterior capsule tightness, pectoralis minor index (PMI), scapular upward rotation, clavicular elevation, and strength of the external rotators, serratus anterior, and lower trapezius of the dominant/nondominant sides. Results: Pediatric athletes had greater dominant side external rotation (P = .01) and total ROM (P = .04), increased Low Flexion test (P = .01), and decreased PMI (P = .01) compared with the adults. Bilaterally, the pediatric athletes had greater dominant side external rotation ROM (P < .01) and decreased PMI (P = .002) as compared with their nondominant side, whereas the adults displayed lower values on posterior capsule tightness (P = .01) and decreased PMI (P = .02) on their dominant side compared with their nondominant side. For the remaining outcomes, no interaction effects were observed. The cutoff values for shoulder ROM showed that several athletes were “at risk” of shoulder problems. Conclusion: Upper extremity adaptations at the shoulder are present in both pediatric and adult tennis athletes. These data can assist clinicians in better understanding the biomechanical adaptations in the shoulder of amateur tennis athletes in different age groups.

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Influence of a Pre-throwing Protocol on Range of Motion and Strength in Baseball Athletes

International Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1055/a-1214-6278 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Jessica Downs ◽

Kyle Wasserberger ◽

Gretchen D. Oliver

Keyword(s):

Range Of Motion ◽

External Rotation ◽

Isometric Strength ◽

Intervention Teams ◽

Shoulder Range Of Motion ◽

Hip Range Of Motion ◽

Control Team ◽

Overhand Throwing ◽

Intervention Team ◽

Shoulder Range

AbstractThough chronic overhand throwing is known to result in range of motion and strength adaptations, there is limited research regarding interventions for maintenance of these characteristics. Therefore, the purposes of this study were to explore the use of a pre-throwing protocol focusing on lumbopelvic-hip complex musculature in high school baseball players and examine its effects on shoulder and hip range of motion and isometric strength over the course of a season. Four exercises were added to the intervention team’s warm-up routine. The control and intervention teams’ passive bilateral hip and shoulder range of motion and isometric strength were assessed pre/post-season. A multivariate analysis of variance revealed significant differences in delta scores between the teams for multiple shoulder and hip range of motion and isometric strength variables. Key results were the intervention team lost significantly more stride hip external rotation but gained more isometric strength than the control team. The intervention team was also able to better maintain shoulder range of motion than the control team. Practitioners should use the results of this study and consider incorporating exercises that target lumbopelvic-hip complex musculature into their current training program.

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The Relationship Between Shoulder Range of Motion and Arm Stress in College Pitchers: A MOTUS Baseball Study

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1177/2325967120s00401 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (7_suppl6) ◽

pp. 2325967120S0040

Author(s):

Caleb Gulledge ◽

Toufic Jildeh ◽

Joseph Tramer ◽

Fabien Meta ◽

Kevin Taylor ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Range Of Motion ◽

Upper Extremity ◽

Internal Rotation ◽

External Rotation ◽

Outcome Measurement ◽

Overhead Athletes ◽

Shoulder Range Of Motion ◽

Patient Reported ◽

The Relationship ◽

Shoulder Range

Objectives: Overuse injuries in overhead athletes are becoming more prevalent, with an unclear relationship between shoulder biomechanics and medial elbow symptoms and injury. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of shoulder range of motion to torque across the medial elbow in college pitchers using a validated MOTUS sensor baseball sleeve. Methods: Pitchers were recruited from three local university baseball teams. Exclusion criteria included injury or restricted activity due to pain. They were evaluated in the preseason, within two weeks before their first game of the season. Pitchers completed workload questionnaires and patient reported outcome measurement information system (PROMIS) pain interference (PI), physical function (PF), and upper extremity (UE) surveys. Shoulder range of motion and upper extremity lengths were measured bilaterally. After adequate warm-up, pitchers were fitted with a MOTUS sensor baseball sleeve (Motus Global, Massapequa, NY) and instructed to throw 5 fastballs in a standardized manner off the mound at game-speed effort. The sensor placed at the medial elbow reported elbow torque, arm speed, arm slot, and shoulder rotation for each pitch, while a radar gun measured peak ball velocity. The primary outcome was to evaluate the relationship between shoulder range of motion and increased stress across the medial elbow. Additional outcomes evaluated pitcher characteristics, demographics, and outcome scores. Outcomes were assessed via a multivariable model, which controlled for possible covariates. Results: Twenty-eight pitchers were included in the preseason analysis with an average (SD) age of 20.1 (1.3) years and playing experience of 15.3 (1.8) years, 2.5 (1.2) of those years at collegiate level. The dominant shoulder demonstrated decreased internal rotation (54.5+/-10.6 vs 65.8+/-9.1) and increased external rotation (ER, 94.1+/-10.4 vs 88.4+/-9.2) relative to the non-dominant side (p < 0.001), while total rotational range of motion (TRROM) was significantly decreased in the dominant arm (148.6+/-12.4 vs 154.1+/-10.6, p < 0.001). The average glenohumeral internal rotation deficiency (GIRD) was 11.3 (9.87) and average external rotation gain (ERG) was 5.71 (8.8). External rotation was found to be a predictor of arm stress, with an increase in 0.35 Nm of elbow torque for every degree increase in ER (beta = 0.35+/-0.06, p = 0.003); there was moderate correlation between ER and arm stress (r = .45, P<.001). Pitchers demonstrated significantly greater arm stress with the following shoulder ROM measurements: GIRD < 20 as compared to greater than 20 degrees (46.6 +/- 0.5 versus 43.5 +/- 1.1, P=.011), ERG greater than 5 as compared to < 5 degrees (47.4 +/- 0.7 versus 45.1 +/- 0.6, P=.014), and loss of total rotational ROM less than 5 as compared to > 5 degrees (46.6 +/- 0.5 versus 43.6 +/- 1.1, P=.013). Multivariate analysis demonstrated significant predictors of PROMIS PF and UE scores were arm stress, ERG, and GIRD (p<0.05), while increased PROMIS PI scores were predicted by increased ERG and GIRD (p<0.05). Conclusion: We found medial elbow stress, arm speed, arm slot, and shoulder rotation as measured by the MOTUS baseball sensor sleeve were influenced by rotational adaptations of the pitching shoulder in collegiate throwing athletes prior to their season. Likewise, arm stress and shoulder rotational adaptations were reflected as predictors of PROMIS PF, UE, and PI scores.

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Correlation of 3-Dimensional Shoulder Kinematics to Function in Subjects With Idiopathic Loss of Shoulder Range of Motion

Physical Therapy ◽

10.1093/ptj/85.7.636 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 85 (7) ◽

pp. 636-647 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Peter J Rundquist ◽

Paula M Ludewig

Keyword(s):

Range Of Motion ◽

Multiple Regression ◽

External Rotation ◽

Regression Equation ◽

Multiple Regression Equation ◽

3 Dimensional ◽

Shoulder Range Of Motion ◽

Shoulder Kinematics ◽

And Function ◽

Shoulder Range

AbstractBackground and Purpose. People with idiopathic loss of shoulder range of motion (ROM) have difficulty completing activities of daily living. This investigation was performed to determine the association between active glenohumeral ROM and function and to develop a multiple regression equation to explain variation in function in people with idiopathic loss of shoulder motion. Subjects and Methods. This was a comparative study of 21 subjects (18 female, 3 male), using measurements of shoulder kinematics and administration of the Shoulder Rating Questionnaire (SRQ). Electromagnetic tracking sensors monitored the 3-dimensional position of the scapula and humerus throughout active shoulder motions. Correlations were performed between the active ROMs of interest and various demographic factors and the SRQ. A multiple regression equation was generated. Results. A multiple regression equation including scapular-plane abduction, external rotation at the side, external rotation at 90 degrees of abduction, and weight explained 69% of the variation in the SRQ scores. Discussion and Conclusion. The results suggest that active ROM can be used to predict function in people with idiopathic loss of shoulder ROM.

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Infraspinatus Cross-Sectional Area and Shoulder Range of Motion Change Following Live-Game Baseball Pitching

Journal of Sport Rehabilitation ◽

10.1123/jsr.2017-0158 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 28 (3) ◽

pp. 236-242 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Brett S. Pexa ◽

Eric D. Ryan ◽

Elizabeth E. Hibberd ◽

Elizabeth Teel ◽

Terri Jo Rucinski ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Range Of Motion ◽

Athletic Training ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

External Rotation ◽

Cross Sectional Area ◽

Sectional Area ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Shoulder Range Of Motion ◽

Posterior Shoulder ◽

Before And After

Context: Following a baseball pitching bout, changes can occur to glenohumeral range of motion that could be linked to injury. These effects are in part due to the posterior shoulder’s eccentric muscle activity, which can disrupt muscle contractile elements and lead to changes in muscle cross-sectional area (CSA), as measured by ultrasound. Objective: To assess changes in muscle CSA, and range of motion immediately before and after pitching, and days 1 to 5 following pitching. Design: Repeated measures. Setting: Satellite athletic training room. Patients: Ten elite college baseball pitchers participating in the fall season (age: 18.8 [1.2] y, height: 189.2 [7.3] cm, mass: 93.1 [15.3] kg, 8 starters, 2 long relievers). Intervention: A pitching bout of at least 25 pitches (63.82 [17.42] pitches). Main Outcome Measures: Dominant and nondominant infraspinatus CSA, as measured by ultrasound, and glenohumeral range of motion including internal rotation (IRROM), external rotation (ERROM), and total rotation range of motion (TROM) before pitching, after pitching, and days 1 to 5 following the pitching bout. Results: Dominant limb CSA significantly increased day 1 after pitching, and returned to baseline on day 2 (P < .001). Dominant and nondominant TROM did not change until day 5 (4.4°, P < .001) and day 3 (4.5°, P < .001), respectively, where they increased. Dominant IRROM was significantly decreased for 3 days (day 1: 1.9°, P < .001; day 2: 3.1°, P < .001; day 3: 0.3°, P < .001) following pitching and returned to baseline on day 4, with no such changes in the nondominant limb. Dominant external rotation significantly increased immediately post pitching (4.4°, P < .001) but returned to baseline by day 1. Conclusions: The results of the study demonstrate that infraspinatus CSA does not recover until 2 days following pitching, and IRROM does not recover until 4 days following pitching. Baseball pitching elicits damage to the posterior shoulder muscle architecture, resulting in changes to physical characteristics that last up to 4 days following pitching.

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Shoulder-Rotator Strength, Range of Motion, and Acromiohumeral Distance in Asymptomatic Adolescent Volleyball Attackers

Journal of Athletic Training ◽

10.4085/1062-6050-51.12.04 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 51 (9) ◽

pp. 733-738 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Gulcan Harput ◽

Hande Guney ◽

Ugur Toprak ◽

Tunca Kaya ◽

Fatma Filiz Colakoglu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Range Of Motion ◽

High Performance ◽

Glenohumeral Joint ◽

External Rotation ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Shoulder Injuries ◽

Adolescent Athletes ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Acromiohumeral Distance ◽

External Rotator

Context: Sport-specific adaptations at the glenohumeral joint could occur in adolescent athletes because they start participating in high-performance sports in early childhood. Objective: To investigate shoulder-rotator strength, internal-rotation (IR) and external-rotation (ER) range of motion (ROM), and acromiohumeral distance (AHD) in asymptomatic adolescent volleyball attackers to determine if they have risk factors for injury. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: University laboratory. Participants: Thirty-nine adolescent high school-aged volleyball attackers (22 boys, 17 girls; age = 16.0 ± 1.4 years, height = 179.2 ± 9.0 cm, mass = 67.1 ± 10.9 kg, body mass index = 20.7 ± 2.6 kg/m2). Main Outcome Measure(s): Shoulder IR and ER ROM, total-rotation ROM, glenohumeral IR deficit, AHD, and concentric and eccentric strength of the shoulder internal and external rotators were tested bilaterally. Results: External-rotation ROM was greater (t38 = 4.92, P < .001), but IR ROM (t38 = −8.61, P < .001) and total ROM (t38 = −3.55, P = .01) were less in the dominant shoulder, and 15 athletes had a glenohumeral IR deficit (IR ROM loss > 18°). We observed greater concentric internal-rotator (t38 = 2.89, P = .006) and eccentric external-rotator (t38 = 2.65, P = .01) strength in the dominant than in the nondominant shoulder. The AHD was less in the dominant shoulder (t38 = −3.60, P < .001). Conclusions: Adolescent volleyball attackers demonstrated decreased IR ROM, total ROM, and AHD and increased ER ROM in their dominant shoulder. Therefore, routine screening of adolescent athletes and designing training programs for hazardous adaptive changes could be important in preventing shoulder injuries.

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Assessment of Shoulder Range of Motion Using a Wireless Inertial Motion Capture Device—A Validation Study

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s19081781 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (8) ◽

pp. 1781 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Rigoni ◽

Gill ◽

Babazadeh ◽

Elsewaisy ◽

Gillies ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Range Of Motion ◽

Electronic Device ◽

External Rotation ◽

Secondary Analysis ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Preliminary Evidence ◽

Rater Reliability ◽

Shoulder Range Of Motion ◽

Technological Advances ◽

Shoulder Range

(1) Background: Measuring joint range of motion has traditionally occurred with a universal goniometer or expensive laboratory based kinematic analysis systems. Technological advances in wearable inertial measurement units (IMU) enables limb motion to be measured with a small portable electronic device. This paper aims to validate an IMU, the ‘Biokin’, for measuring shoulder range of motion in healthy adults; (2) Methods: Thirty participants completed four shoulder movements (forward flexion, abduction, and internal and external rotation) on each shoulder. Each movement was assessed with a goniometer and the IMU by two testers independently. The extent of agreement between each tester’s goniometer and IMU measurements was assessed with intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) and Bland-Altman 95% limits of agreement (LOA). Secondary analysis compared agreement between tester’s goniometer or IMU measurements (inter-rater reliability) using ICC’s and LOA; (3) Results: Goniometer and IMU measurements for all movements showed high levels of agreement when taken by the same tester; ICCs > 0.90 and LOAs < ±5 degrees. Inter-rater reliability was lower; ICCs ranged between 0.71 to 0.89 and LOAs were outside a prior defined acceptable LOAs (i.e., > ±5 degrees); (4) Conclusions: The current study provides preliminary evidence of the concurrent validity of the Biokin IMU for assessing shoulder movements, but only when a single tester took measurements. Further testing of the Biokin’s psychometric properties is required before it can be confidently used in routine clinical practice and research settings.

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