scholarly journals Challenges for Trade Liberalization and WTO Rules: The Case of Macedonia

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Sc. Fisnik Muça
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Market Liberalization ◽  
Social Challenges ◽  
Rules And Principles ◽  
Democratic Systems ◽  
Legislative Changes ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Domestic Companies

The collapse of communist systems in the Former Soviet Union and former Yugoslavia led the way for the states of these systems to the democratic systems of governance and market liberalization. Membership of the former communist bloc countries in the Euro-Atlantic alliances and international organizations of various characters has been accompanied by political, economic and social challenges. The reforms which should be realized by the governments, aimed at meeting the standards that are imposed as conditions for membership, these reforms in the field of economy and trade, accompanied by the cost that the state, domestic companies, and the population had paid to the membership process. Through this research, we aim to highlight the challenges with which it was faced the Macedonian State and Government during the process of market liberalization, with emphasis on the costs associated with and during the World Trade Organization (WTO) membership process. Following the analysis of the official reports of the WTO and the Macedonian Statistical Office, as well as the interviews with Macedonian officials, we conclude that the WTO rules and principles have had an impact on the reduction of revenues from customs, domestic businesses and legislative changes in terms of foreign trade.

scholarly journals Challenges for Trade Liberalization and WTO Rules: The Case of Macedonia

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Sc. Fisnik Muça
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Market Liberalization ◽  
Social Challenges ◽  
Rules And Principles ◽  
Democratic Systems ◽  
Legislative Changes ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Domestic Companies

The collapse of communist systems in the Former Soviet Union and former Yugoslavia led the way for the states of these systems to the democratic systems of governance and market liberalization. Membership of the former communist bloc countries in the Euro-Atlantic alliances and international organizations of various characters has been accompanied by political, economic and social challenges. The reforms which should be realized by the governments, aimed at meeting the standards that are imposed as conditions for membership, these reforms in the field of economy and trade, accompanied by the cost that the state, domestic companies, and the population had paid to the membership process. Through this research, we aim to highlight the challenges with which it was faced the Macedonian State and Government during the process of market liberalization, with emphasis on the costs associated with and during the World Trade Organization (WTO) membership process. Following the analysis of the official reports of the WTO and the Macedonian Statistical Office, as well as the interviews with Macedonian officials, we conclude that the WTO rules and principles have had an impact on the reduction of revenues from customs, domestic businesses and legislative changes in terms of foreign trade.

scholarly journals State and Nation Building Policies and the New Trends in Migration in the Former Soviet Union

2003 ◽  
pp. 78
Author(s):  
Andrei Korobkov
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
The Political ◽  
Democratic Transitions ◽  
Federal States ◽  
Cultural Heterogeneity ◽  
Market Economic ◽  
Independent States ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Newly Independent States

Democratic transitions are especially complex in federal states and countries with multinational populations and compact, ethnic minority settlements; the increasing ethnic, linguistic, religious, and cultural heterogeneity of a society complicates the achievement of political compromises. In this sense, the post-Soviet newly independent states (NIS) face an especially complex transition pattern. Roman Szporluk, for example, enumerates three different transformations: the dissolution of the imperial structure and the resulting formation of independent states, the transition from a centralized to a market economic system, and the transition from authoritarianism to (at least ideally) a political democracy, with all three "combined or fused in the chaotic and extremely difficult process of formation and transformation of states and nations. " Thus the transition in the NIS is marked by simultaneous developments in the political, economic, social, religious, ideological, and cultural spheres, including the creation or re-creation of ethnic and other identities.

Gender, Labor, and Emotion in a Global Economy

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexia Bloch
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Women Entrepreneurs ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Global Capitalism ◽  
Emotion Work ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Political Economic

This chapter considers how shuttle traders, or small-scale entrepreneurs in the wholesale garment business, move merchandise from Turkey to locations across the former Soviet Union and are part of a broader transformation of intimate practices and affective states brought about by gendered mobility in the region. Featuring the accounts of three women entrepreneurs from Russia, the chapter reflects on how particular political-economic formations generate their own distinctive affective states. The chapter considers the emotion work required of women as men contend with shame about no longer being primary breadwinners, and as women widely reflect on their shame associated with becoming traders. Overall, the chapter analyzes how ideals around gender and labor are renegotiated as global capitalism encompasses former socialists.

Russia and Belarus: Economic Linkage in a Patron-Client Relationship

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-26
Author(s):  
Randall Newnham
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Russian Market ◽  
Sphere Of Influence ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Near Abroad ◽  
Client Relations

Abstract President Putin has embarked on a program of restoring Russia to world-power status. A key facet of his effort has been to establish a sphere of influence in the ‘Near Abroad,’ the countries of the former Soviet Union. While the world has focused on the dramatic events in Ukraine since 2013, much less attention has been paid to the vital role of Belarus in Putin’s plans. Belarus has long had closer relations with Russia than any other former Soviet state, dating back to the Yeltsin years. This paper will show that Russia has devoted considerable resources to Belarus, showering the country with a variety of economic inducements, including access to the Russian market, subsidized oil and gas, and outright grants and loans. In return, Belarus has tightened its political, economic, and military ties to Moscow. Yet, surprisingly, Belarus also has some bargaining power in this relationship. Its quixotic leader, Alexander Lukashenko, is well aware of his importance to the Kremlin, and uses it to gain even greater economic rewards – thus cementing his own power. This case thus can make an valuable contribution to extending the literature on patron-client relations in International Relations, showing that a client can stand up to its patron in certain circumstances.

scholarly journals Migration pattern and mortality of ethnic German migrants from the former Soviet Union: a cohort study in Germany

BMJ Open ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. e019213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Kaucher ◽  
Andreas Deckert ◽  
Heiko Becher ◽  
Volker Winkler
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Poisson Regression ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Migration Pattern ◽  
German Population ◽  
Federal States ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
Retrospective Cohort Studies ◽  
Legislative Changes

ObjectiveWe aimed to investigate all-cause and cause-specific mortality among ethnic German migrants from the former Soviet Union by different immigration periods to describe associations with migration pattern and mortality.DesignWe used pooled data from three retrospective cohort studies in Germany.ParticipantsEthnic German migrants from the former Soviet Union (called resettlers), who immigrated to Germany since 1990 to the federal states North Rhine-Westphalia and Saarland and to the region of Augsburg (n=59 390).OutcomeAll-cause and cause-specific mortality among resettlers in comparison to the general German population, separated by immigration period.MethodsImmigration periods were defined following legislative changes in German immigration policy (1990–1992, 1993–1995, 1996+). Resettlers’ characteristics were described accordingly. To investigate mortality differences by immigration period, we calculated age-standardised mortality rates (ASRs) and standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) of resettlers in comparison to the general German population. Additionally, we modelled sex-specific ASRs with Poisson regression, using age, year and immigration period as independent variables.ResultsThe composition of resettlers differed by immigration period. Since 1993, the percentage of resettlers from the Russian Federation and non-German spouses increased. Higher all-cause mortality was found among resettlers who immigrated in 1996 and after (ASR 628.1, 95% CI 595.3 to 660.8), compared with resettlers who immigrated before 1993 (ASR 561.8, 95% CI 537.2 to 586.4). SMR analysis showed higher all-cause mortality among resettler men from the last immigration period compared with German men (SMR 1.11, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.19), whereas resettlers who immigrated earlier showed lower all-cause mortality. Results from Poisson regression, adjusted for age and year, corroborated those findings.ConclusionsMortality differences by immigration period suggest different risk-factor patterns and possibly deteriorated integration opportunities. Health policy should guard the consequences of immigration law alterations with respect to changing compositions of migrant groups and their health status.

scholarly journals Research Package Efficiency General Cargo

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 6880-6884 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Feasibility Studies ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Packaged Goods ◽  
General Cargo ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Technical And Economic Indicators ◽  
The Given ◽  
Special Meaning

The main reasons of the countries of the former Soviet Union lagging behind economically developed countries in the field of delivery of packaged goods is the lack of feasibility studies and specific organizational measures for the introduction of packaged transportation. Both of these circumstances acquire a special meaning and significance in the conditions of developing a market economy in the country. The purpose of the article is to show that the delivery of packaged goods is influenced by various factors, such as the size of vehicles, type of transport containers, methods of stacking cargo units on transport containers, etc., which are described in the article. The study applies economic criteria and principles of transport logistics and defines the areas of application of transport packaging for the delivery of packaged goods on the basis of specific technical and economic indicators. As a result of the study, the fields of application of transport packaging are determined to depend on the given parameters of packaging cargo. The necessity of a full feasibility study of packaged transportation is shown, as well as the costs of using transport packaging, as well as the cost of forming a transport package should be taken into account.

The Political and Historical Implications of Koreans in the Former Soviet Union: Their Social Historic Dynamics with Turkic People

2021 ◽  
pp. 002190962199907
Author(s):  
Se Hyun Ahn
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Soviet Society ◽  
Korean People ◽  
Turkish People ◽  
Political Economic

This account of Koreans in the former Soviet Union describes important discoveries concerning a key hidden story of the Korean people and identity. The paper describes important aspects of Korean life in Central Asia that have been relatively undermined by many scholars in international relations and anthropology. This paper presents a detailed analysis of the history and meaning of the settlement of Korean people in Russia and Central Asia from a multitude of perspectives. Despite the size of the Korean population and its significant contributions to the building of Soviet society, very little has been written about Koreans in the former Soviet Union. In fact, the ethnic Korean group has been one of the largest minority groups in the former Soviet Union, representing an important element of both Soviet and post-Soviet political, social, ethnic, and economic history. This study revealed, once again, the tragic story of Stalin’s deportation of Kan people in Russia and explored an intriguing analysis of the re-encounter of Korean and Turkish people after a millennium and their long, intimate cultural bond. In particular, this study demonstrated that the historical and cultural affinities between Koreans and Central Asians existed long before Stalin’s deportation. Political, economic, social, and linguistic exchanges between Korean people and Turkic people are deeply rooted in the same mythology of Dangun, the legendary founder of the first Korean kingdom of Gojoseon. This reflects the dynamics of success of the Korean people in the former Soviet Union as well as their mutual interest in enhancing relations between Korea and the Turkic states and Siberian region.

Brucellosis

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Zinsstag ◽  
E. Schelling ◽  
J. Solera ◽  
J. M. Blasco ◽  
I. Moriyón
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
New Antibiotics ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Technical Capacity ◽  
National Governments

Brucellosis has been successfully controlled and eliminated in a number of countries by effective, well managed vaccination and test-slaughter strategies. Their cost was essentially borne by national governments including the cost of acceptable compensation for culled animals. Brucellosis is, however, endemically persisting in livestock and causing human disease in the Mediterranean region, Africa, the Near East and Central America and is re-emerging as a major preventable disease in countries of the former Soviet Union and Mongolia. There has been significant progress in knowledge of the molecular biology of Brucellosis and with new antibiotics for the treatment of human cases. Significantly more efficacious and safe animal vaccines in terms of reduction of transmission are still lacking. Control strategies that have been successful in Western countries are not directly applicable to low income and transition countries because their national governments do not have the finance to compensate farmers and lack the technical capacity for effective control campaigns. However, new staged control approaches in developing economies are proving effective.

scholarly journals IDEOLOGY AND ECONOMICS: POST-SOVIET PERSPECTIVE

InterConf ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 14-32
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Niftiyev
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
State Building ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Traditional Courses ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Political Economic

As the fifteen former soviet economies progress in their political, economic, institutional, and state-building development, the role of the ideology among them is being neglected. It is assumed that as the USSR collapsed, the role of socialistic or communistic ideologies is no more in the mind of the politicians and decision-makers or even citizens. However, for 70 years these countries used ideology, and only ideology to guide their societies. Complete deviation from the traditional courses of the state, or institutions among the former Soviet Union countries should be hard to ignore even today. In this light, the connections between ideology as a non-scientific factor that impacts economics seems to be relevant in the case of the former Soviet Union countries. Consequently, a set of questions arise: are the post-Soviet countries post-Soviet, or the legacy of the USSR is still present? How exactly an ideology must be pinpointed among the former Soviet countries? What is the overall situation related to the connection between the economic development and ideological situation among the ex-Soviet countries? This paper discusses the concept of ideology in the context of the Soviet economies, by briefly considering country examples, referring to the permanent importance of the notion of ideology in daily life, politics, and economics.

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