Impact of Multi-Branched Ionic Liquid on Shale Swelling and Hydration for High Temperature Drilling Applications

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rizwan Ahmed Khan ◽  
Hafiz Mudaser Ahmad ◽  
Mobeen Murtaza ◽  
Abdulazeez Abdulraheem ◽  
Muhammad Shahzad Kamal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Contact Angle ◽  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Hot Rolling ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Wellbore Stability ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Swell Index ◽  
Clay Surface ◽  
Shale Recovery

Abstract Shale swelling and hydration during the drilling operation have adverse effects on the stability of a wellbore. Hydrophilic interactions of shale results in swelling and disintegration of the shale formation. This paper discusses wettability changes and hydration characteristics of shale to improve the wellbore stability. The use of multibranched ionic liquid as drilling fluid for high temperature applications was investigated. The novel multibranched ionic liquid (Trihexyltetradecyl phosphonium bis (2,4,4-trimethyl pentyl) phosphinate, denoted as Tpb-P) water-based drilling fluid was prepared by mixing different concentrations of ionic liquid and other additives such as filtration controller, rheological modifier, and pH controller. The wettability of bentonite powder was determined using a contact angle in the presence of various concentrations of ionic liquids. Several other experimental techniques, such as linear swelling, hot rolling recovery, and bentonite swell index, were used to examine the inhibition performance of ionic liquid. The rheology and filtration properties of ionic liquid-based drilling fluid were also examined. Various concentrations of multibranched ionic liquid were used to formulate the drilling fluids ranging from (0.1 to 0.5 wt.%), and their performances were compared with the base drilling fluid prepared without ionic liquid. The hydrophobicity of the shale surface was determined by measuring the contact angle, and results showed that drilling fluid having 0.1 wt.% concentration of ionic liquid has a maximum contact angle indicating the highly hydrophobic shale surface. The hot rolling shale recovery experiment was conducted at 150°F, and it was observed that adding ionic liquid improved the shale recovery (24.4%) compared to the base fluid recovery (12.8%). The linear swelling was evaluated over the time of 24 hours, and the least swelling of bentonite was noticed with 0.1 wt.% ionic liquid (98.1%) compared to linear swelling in deionized water (125%). The results suggested that the ionic liquid in the drilling fluid chemically interacted with the clay surface and reduced the hydrophilicity of clay, which restricts the exchange of water onto the clay surface.

scholarly journals Experimental Investigation of the Rheological Behavior of an Oil-Based Drilling Fluid with Rheology Modifier and Oil Wetter Additives

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (16) ◽  
pp. 4877
Author(s):  
Mobeen Murtaza ◽  
Sulaiman A. Alarifi ◽  
Muhammad Shahzad Kamal ◽  
Sagheer A. Onaizi ◽  
Mohammed Al-Ajmi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Zeta Potential ◽  
Hot Rolling ◽  
Emulsion Stability ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Temperature Tolerance ◽  
Fluid Loss ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Rheology Modifier

Drilling issues such as shale hydration, high-temperature tolerance, torque and drag are often resolved by applying an appropriate drilling fluid formulation. Oil-based drilling fluid (OBDF) formulations are usually composed of emulsifiers, lime, brine, viscosifier, fluid loss controller and weighting agent. These additives sometimes outperform in extended exposure to high pressure high temperature (HPHT) conditions encountered in deep wells, resulting in weighting material segregation, high fluid loss, poor rheology and poor emulsion stability. In this study, two additives, oil wetter and rheology modifier were incorporated into the OBDF and their performance was investigated by conducting rheology, fluid loss, zeta potential and emulsion stability tests before and after hot rolling at 16 h and 32 h. Extending the hot rolling period beyond what is commonly used in this type of experiment is necessary to ensure the fluid’s stability. It was found that HPHT hot rolling affected the properties of drilling fluids by decreasing the rheology parameters and emulsion stability with the increase in the hot rolling time to 32 h. Also, the fluid loss additive’s performance degraded as rolling temperature and time increased. Adding oil wetter and rheology modifier additives resulted in a slight loss of rheological profile after 32 h and maintained flat rheology profile. The emulsion stability was slightly decreased and stayed close to the recommended value (400 V). The fluid loss was controlled by optimizing the concentration of fluid loss additive and oil wetter. The presence of oil wetter improved the carrying capacity of drilling fluids and prevented the barite sag problem. The zeta potential test confirmed that the oil wetter converted the surface of barite from water to oil and improved its dispersion in the oil.

Borehole Temperature Modelling in High Temperature Drilling Environment Based on Heat Transfer Laws

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhijeet D. Chodankar ◽  
Cheng-Xian Lin
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Drill String ◽  
Wellbore Stability ◽  
Heat Transfer Analysis ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Concentric Cylinder ◽  
Composite Wall ◽  
Borehole Temperature

Abstract High temperature drilling environment has a drastic effect on drilling fluids, wellbore stability, and drilling system components. It has been observed that drilling fluids displace conventional halide based fluids in High Pressure and High Temperature (HPHT) wells leading to corrosion and environmental hazards, while wellbore strengthens further as a result of an increase in fracture initiation pressure in high temperature environment. However, it seriously damages the downhole tools like sensors, elastomer dynamic seals, lithium batteries, electronic component and boards leading to increases in cost and non-productive time. The main objective of this paper is to present an analytical borehole temperature model based on classical heat transfer laws in a high temperature drilling environment. The borehole is modelled using two approaches: composite wall and concentric cylinders. The composite wall and concentric cylinder approaches consist layers of geological formations, drilling fluids outside the drill string, drill string, and drilling fluid inside the drill string. Temperature, heat transfer coefficient, and heat transfer variations along the borehole layers are determined using the derived analytical solutions and tested for different drilling fluid types, air drilling environment, and different drill string materials. The results of composite wall and concentric cylinder models are obtained by using the input field temperatures data in the geological formation and inner annulus of drill pipe to determine the borehole temperature profile in HPHT wells. Therefore, a thorough borehole heat transfer analysis will help in wellbore stability, drilling fluid selection, corrosion control, and optimal placement and material selection of drilling components in HPHT drilling environments.

First Use of Novel High Temperature Water-Based Reservoir Drilling Fluid to Access Depleted Deepwater Reserves

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Clare Morrison ◽  
Conan King ◽  
Kevin Rodrigue
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Synthetic Polymer ◽  
Wellbore Stability ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Fluid Loss ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Flow Loop ◽  
Loss Control

Abstract A combination of divalent base brine and high wellbore temperature presents significant challenges for high density aqueous reservoir drilling fluids. Such systems traditionally use biopolymers as viscosifiers; however, they are subject to degradation at elevated temperatures. Non-aqueous drilling fluids are thermally stable but complete removal of the filtercake is challenging and this can lead to formation damage. This paper describes the qualification and first deepwater drilling application of a unique aqueous reservoir drilling fluid at temperatures above 320°F. A high-temperature divalent brine-based reservoir drilling fluid (HT-RDF) and a solids-free screen running fluid (SF-SRF) were designed, both utilizing the same novel synthetic polymer technology. Calcium bromide brine was selected for use to minimize the total amount of acid-soluble solids in the drilling fluid. A comprehensive qualification was undertaken examining parameters such as rheology performance across a range of temperatures, long-term stability, fluid loss under expected and stress conditions (16 hours at 356°F), production screen test (PST), and various fluid-fluid compatibility tests. Return permeability tests were conducted on the final formulations to validate their suitability for use. The synthetic polymer technology provided excellent rheology, suspension, and fluid loss control in the fluid systems designed in the laboratory. To prepare for field execution multiple yard mixes were performed to verify the laboratory results on a larger scale. Additionally, a flow loop system was utilized to evaluate fluid performance under simulated downhole temperature and pressure conditions before field deployment. The final high temperature drilling fluid as designed provided rheological properties that met the necessary equivalent circulating density (ECD) requirements while drilling the reservoir. The fluid loss remained extremely stable and there were no downhole losses despite the depleted nature of the wellbore. Production screens were run straight to total depth (TD) with no wellbore stability issues after a three-day logging campaign. High temperature aqueous reservoir drilling fluids have historically been limited by the lack of suitable viscosifiers and fluid loss control additives. This paper outlines the design, mixing and logistical considerations and field execution of a novel polymer-based reservoir drilling fluid.

Effect of Drilling Fluid Temperature on Formation Fracture Pressure Gradient

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Mostafa Samak ◽  
Abdelalim Hashem Elsayed
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Pressure Gradient ◽  
Thermal Effect ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Wellbore Stability ◽  
Cooling Effect ◽  
Fluid Temperature ◽  
Lost Circulation ◽  
Fracture Pressure ◽  
Downhole Temperature

Abstract During drilling oil, gas, or geothermal wells, the temperature difference between the formation and the drilling fluid will cause a temperature change around the borehole, which will influence the wellbore stresses. This effect on the stresses tends to cause wellbore instability in high temperature formations, which may lead to some problems such as formation break down, loss of circulation, and untrue kick. In this research, a numerical model is presented to simulate downhole temperature changes during circulation then simulate its effect on fracture pressure gradient based on thermo-poro-elasticity theory. This paper also describes an incident occurred during drilling a well in Gulf of Suez and the observations made during this incident. It also gives an analysis of these observations which led to a reasonable explanation of the cause of this incident. This paper shows that the fracture pressure decreases as the temperature of wellbore decreases, and vice versa. The research results could help in determining the suitable drilling fluid density in high-temperature wells. It also could help in understanding loss and gain phenomena in HT wells which may happen due to thermal effect. The thermal effect should be taken into consideration while preparing wellbore stability studies and choosing mud weight of deep wells, HPHT wells, deep water wells, or wells with depleted zones at high depths because cooling effect reduces the wellbore stresses and effective FG. Understanding and controlling cooling effect could help in controlling the reduction in effective FG and so avoid lost circulation and additional unnecessary casing points.

Development of Novel Shale Swelling Inhibitors Using Hydrophobic Ionic Liquids and Gemini Surfactants for Water-Based Drilling Fluids

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rizwan Ahmed Khan ◽  
Mobeen Murtaza ◽  
Hafiz Mudaser Ahmad ◽  
Abdulazeez Abdulraheem ◽  
Muhammad Shahzad Kamal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Gemini Surfactant ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Combined Solution ◽  
Hydrophobic Ionic Liquids ◽  
Inhibition Performance

Abstract In the last decade, hydrophilic Ionic liquids have been emerged as an additive in drilling fluids for clay swelling inhibition. However, the application of hydrophobic Ionic liquids as a clay swelling inhibitor have not been investigated. In this study, the combination of hydrophobic Ionic liquids and Gemini surfactant were studied to evaluate the inhibition performance. The novel combination of hydrophobic ionic liquid (Trihexyltetradecyl phosphonium bis(2,4,4-trimethyl pentyl) phosphinate) and cationic gemini surfactant (GB) was prepared by mixing various concentrations of both chemicals and then preparing water based drilling fluid using other drilling fluid additives such as rheological modifier, filtration control agent, and pH control agent. The wettability of sodium bentonite was determined by contact angle with different concentrations of combined solution. Some other experiments such as linear swelling, capillary suction test (CST) and bentonite swell index were performed to study the inhibition performance of ionic liquid. Different concentrations of novel combined ionic liquid and gemini surfactant were used to prepare the drilling fluids ranging from (0.1 to 0.5 wt.%), and their performances were compared with the base drilling fluid. The wettability results showed that novel drilling fluid having 0.1% Tpb-P - 0.5% GB wt.% concentration has a maximum contact angle indicating the highly hydrophobic surface. The linear swelling was evaluated over the time of 24 hours, and least swelling of bentonite was noticed with 0.1% Tpb-P - 0.5% GB wt.% combined solution compared to linear swelling in deionized water. Furthermore, the results of CST also suggested the improved performance of novel solution at 0.1% Tpb-P - 0.1% GB concentration. The novel combination The novel combination of hydrophobic ionic liquids and gemini surfactant has been used to formulate the drilling fluid for high temperature applications to modify the wettability and hydration properties of clay. The use of novel combined ionic liquid and gemini surfactant improves the borehole stability by adjusting the clay surface and resulted in upgraded wellbore stability.

Improving the rheological properties of water-based calcium bentonite drilling fluids using water-soluble polymers in high temperature applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinliang Liu ◽  
Fengshan Zhou ◽  
Fengyi Deng ◽  
Hongxing Zhao ◽  
Zhongjin Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Apparent Viscosity ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Shear Thickening ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Drilling Depth ◽  
Filtration Loss ◽  
Calcium Bentonite

Abstract Most of bentonite used in modern drilling engineering is physically and chemically modified calcium bentonite. However, with the increase of drilling depth, the bottom hole temperature may reach 180 °C, thus a large amount of calcium bentonite used in the drilling fluid will be unstable. This paper covers three kinds of calcium bentonite with poor rheological properties at high temperature, such as apparent viscosity is greater than 45 mPa·s or less than 10 mPa·s, API filtration loss is greater than 25 mL/30 min, which are diluted type, shear thickening type and low-shear type, these defects will make the rheological properties of drilling fluid worse. The difference is attributed to bentonite mineral composition, such as montmorillonite with good hydration expansion performance. By adding three kinds of heat-resistant water-soluble copolymers Na-HPAN (hydrolyzed polyacrylonitrile sodium), PAS (polycarboxylate salt) and SMP (sulfomethyl phenolic resin), the rheological properties of calcium bentonite drilling fluids can be significantly improved. For example, the addition of 0.1 wt% Na-HPAN and 0.1 wt% PAS increased the apparent viscosity of the XZJ calcium bentonite suspension from 4.5 to 19.5 mPa·s at 180 °C, and the filtration loss also decreased from 20.2 to 17.8 mL.

Well Clean-Up Using a Combined Thermochemical/Chelating Agent Fluids

2019 ◽  
Vol 141 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Mahmoud
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Filter Cake ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Chelating Agent ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Gas Wells ◽  
Oil And Gas Wells ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Cake Removal

The well clean-up process involves the removal of impermeable filter cake from the formation face. This process is essential to allow the formation fluids to flow from the reservoir to the wellbore. Different types of drilling fluids such as oil- and water-based drilling fluids are used to drill oil and gas wells. These drilling fluids are weighted with different weighting materials such as bentonite, calcium carbonate, and barite. The filter cake that forms on the formation face consists mainly of the drilling fluid weighting materials (around 90%), and the rest is other additives such as polymers or oil in the case of oil-base drilling fluids. The process of filter cake removal is very complicated because it involves more than one stage due to the compatibility issues of the fluids used to remove the filter cake. Different formulations were used to remove different types of filter cake, but the problem with these methods is the removal efficiency or the compatibility. In this paper, a new method was developed to remove different types of filter cakes and to clean-up oil and gas wells after drilling operations. Thermochemical fluids that consist of two inert salts when mixed together will generate very high pressure and high temperature in addition to hot water and hot nitrogen. These fluids are sodium nitrate and ammonium chloride. The filter cake was formed using barite and calcite water- and oil-based drilling fluids at high pressure and high temperature. The removal process started by injecting 500 ml of the two salts and left for different time periods from 6 to 24 h. The results of this study showed that the newly developed method of thermochemical removed the filter cake after 6 h with a removal efficiency of 89 wt% for the barite filter cake in the water-based drilling fluid. The mechanisms of removal using the combined solution of thermochemical fluid and ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) chelating agent were explained by the generation of a strong pressure pulse that disturbed the filter cake and the generation of the high temperature that enhanced the barite dissolution and polymer degradation. This solution for filter cake removal works for reservoir temperatures greater than 100 °C.

scholarly journals Laponite: a promising nanomaterial to formulate high-performance water-based drilling fluids

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xian-Bin Huang ◽  
Jin-Sheng Sun ◽  
Yi Huang ◽  
Bang-Chuan Yan ◽  
Xiao-Dong Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption ◽  
Drill String ◽  
Wellbore Stability ◽  
Fluid Loss ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Mechanism Analysis ◽  
Water Based ◽  
Inhibition Performance

Abstract High-performance water-based drilling fluids (HPWBFs) are essential to wellbore stability in shale gas exploration and development. Laponite is a synthetic hectorite clay composed of disk-shaped nanoparticles. This paper analyzed the application potential of laponite in HPWBFs by evaluating its shale inhibition, plugging and lubrication performances. Shale inhibition performance was studied by linear swelling test and shale recovery test. Plugging performance was analyzed by nitrogen adsorption experiment and scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation. Extreme pressure lubricity test was used to evaluate the lubrication property. Experimental results show that laponite has good shale inhibition property, which is better than commonly used shale inhibitors, such as polyamine and KCl. Laponite can effectively plug shale pores. It considerably decreases the surface area and pore volume of shale, and SEM results show that it can reduce the porosity of shale and form a seamless nanofilm. Laponite is beneficial to increase lubricating property of drilling fluid by enhancing the drill pipes/wellbore interface smoothness and isolating the direct contact between wellbore and drill string. Besides, laponite can reduce the fluid loss volume. According to mechanism analysis, the good performance of laponite nanoparticles is mainly attributed to the disk-like nanostructure and the charged surfaces.

scholarly journals Experimental study of Zubair shale stability of east Baghdad oil field using different additives in water based mud

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 1215-1225
Author(s):  
Asawer A. Alwassiti ◽  
Mayssaa Ali AL-Bidry ◽  
Khalid Mohammed
Keyword(s):  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Oil Fields ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Fluid Type ◽  
Wellbore Instability ◽  
Immersion Period ◽  
Shale Formation ◽  
Shale Recovery ◽  
Polymer Type

AbstractShale formation is represented as one of the challenge formations during drilling wells because it is a strong potential for wellbore instability. Zubair formation in Iraqi oil fields (East Baghdad) is located at a depth from 3044.3 to 3444 m. It is considered as one of the most problematic formations through drilling wells in East Baghdad. Most problems of Zubair shale are swelling, sloughing, caving, cementing problem and casing landing problem caused by the interaction of drilling fluid with the formation. An attempt to solve the cause of these problems has been adapted in this paper by enhancing the shale stability through adding additives to the drilling fluid. The study includes experiments by using two types of drilling fluids, API and polymer type, with five types of additives (KCl, NaCl, CaCl2, Na2SiO3 and Flodrill PAM 1040) in different concentrations (0.5, 1, 5 and 10) wt% and different immersion period (1, 24 and 72 h) hours. The effect of drilling fluids and additive salts on shale has been studied by using different techniques: (XRD, XRF, reflected and transmitted microscope) as well shale recovery. The results show that adding 10 wt% of Na2SiO3 to API drilling fluid results in a high percentage of shale recovery (78.22%), while the maximum shale recovery was (80.57%) in polymer drilling fluid type gained by adding 10 wt% of Na2SiO3.

scholarly journals Effect of Cycloaliphatic Amine on the Shale Inhibitive Properties of Water-Based Drilling Fluid

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanyi Zhong ◽  
Dong Sun ◽  
Weian Huang ◽  
Yunfeng Liu ◽  
Zhengsong Qiu
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Hardness Test ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Potential Measurement ◽  
Clay Particles ◽  
Water Based ◽  
Bulk Hardness ◽  
Dispersion Test

In order to improve the inhibitive properties and high temperature resistance of shale inhibitor, cycloaliphatic amines were introduced as shale hydration inhibitors in water-based drilling fluids. Bulk hardness test, shale cuttings dispersion test, bentonite inhibition test and water adsorption test were carried out to characterize the inhibitive properties of the novel amines. Surface tension measurement, zeta potential measurement, XRD, contact angle test, SEM and TGA were performed to investigate the interaction between the cycloaliphatic amines and clay particles. The results indicated that cycloaliphatic amines exhibited superior inhibitive properties to the state of the art inhibitors. Moreover, the amines were high temperature resistant. The hydrophobic amine could intercalate into the clay gallery with monolayer orientation. The protonated ammonium ions neutralized the negatively charged surface. After adsorption, the hydrophobic segment covered the clay surface and provided a shell preventing the ingress of water.

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