Plastome phylogenomic and biogeographic study on Thuja (Cupressaceae)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kole F. Adelalu ◽  
Xu Zhang ◽  
Xiaojian Qu ◽  
Jacob B. Landis ◽  
Yanxia Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Molecular Dating ◽  
Disjunct Distribution ◽  
Land Bridge ◽  
Climatic Oscillations ◽  
Biogeographic History ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
History Of

Abstract Background: Investigating the biogeographical disjunction of East Asia and North America flora is the key to understanding the formation and dynamic biodiversity in the Northern Hemisphere. The small Cupressaceae genus Thuja, comprising five species, exhibits a typical disjunct distribution in East Asia and North America. Owing to the obscure relationships, the biogeographical history of the genus remains controversial. Here, complete plastomes were employed to investigate the plastome evolution, phylogenetic relationships and biogeographic history of Thuja. Results: All plastomes of Thuja share the same gene contents arranged in the same order. The loss of an IR was evident in all Thuja plastomes, and the B-arrangement as previously recognized was detected. Phylogenomic analyses resolved two sister pairs, T. standishii-T. koraiensis and T. occidentalis-T. sutchuenensis, with T. plicata sister to T. occidentails-T. sutchuenensis. Molecular dating and biogeographic result suggest the diversification of Thuja occurred in the Middle Miocene, and the ancestral area of extant species was located in northern East Asia. Incorporating the fossil record, we inferred that Thuja likely originated from the high-latitude areas of North America in the Paleocene with a second diversification center in northern East Asia. Conclusions: The dispersal events attributed to the Bering Land Bridge in the Miocene and subsequent vicariance events accompanying climate cooling may have shaped the current geographic distributions of Thuja. Given most lineages of gymnosperm, including Thuja, have encountered massive extinction resulted from climatic oscillations, we here advocate that the potential effect of extinction should be re-evaluated in exploring the evolutionary history of gymnosperms.

scholarly journals Plastome Phylogenomic and Biogeographical Study on Thuja (Cupressaceae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Kole F. Adelalu ◽  
Xu Zhang ◽  
Xiaojian Qu ◽  
Jacob B. Landis ◽  
Jun Shen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Molecular Dating ◽  
Disjunct Distribution ◽  
Land Bridge ◽  
Biogeographic History ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
History Of ◽  
Phylogenomic Analyses

Investigating the biogeographical disjunction of East Asian and North American flora is key to understanding the formation and dynamics of biodiversity in the Northern Hemisphere. The small Cupressaceae genus Thuja, comprising five species, exhibits a typical disjunct distribution in East Asia and North America. Owing to obscure relationships, the biogeographical history of the genus remains controversial. Here, complete plastomes were employed to investigate the plastome evolution, phylogenetic relationships, and biogeographic history of Thuja. All plastomes of Thuja share the same gene content arranged in the same order. The loss of an IR was evident in all Thuja plastomes, and the B-arrangement as previously recognized was detected. Phylogenomic analyses resolved two sister pairs, T. standishii-T. koraiensis and T. occidentalis-T. sutchuenensis, with T. plicata sister to T. occidentalis-T. sutchuenensis. Molecular dating and biogeographic results suggest the diversification of Thuja occurred in the Middle Miocene, and the ancestral area of extant species was located in northern East Asia. Incorporating the fossil record, we inferred that Thuja likely originated from the high-latitude areas of North America in the Paleocene with a second diversification center in northern East Asia. The current geographical distribution of Thuja was likely shaped by dispersal events attributed to the Bering Land Bridge in the Miocene and subsequent vicariance events accompanying climate cooling. The potential effect of extinction may have profound influence on the biogeographical history of Thuja.

Recognizing the species of Thuja (Cupressaceae) based on their cone and foliage morphology

Phytotaxa ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 219 (2) ◽  
pp. 101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Sun ◽  
Yi-Ming Cui ◽  
Hai-Feng Wang ◽  
David Kay Ferguson ◽  
Qiao-Ping Xiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Fossil Species ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
History Of

Thuja, with 5 extant species, exhibiting a disjunctive distribution between East Asia (3 species) and North America (2 species), was investigated with respect to the morphological characters of foliage and cones by LM and SEM. Here we provide 2 keys to all 5 species of Thuja based on the cones and foliage respectively, which not  only can be used for identifying extant Thuja at the species level, but also have a great potential for recognizing and/or linking the fossil species to living ones, and further tracing the evolutionary history of the genus.

scholarly journals Evolution of floral characters and biogeography of Heloniadeae (Melanthiaceae): an example of breeding system shifts with inflorescence change

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chien-Ti Chao ◽  
Chu-Chia Kuo ◽  
Jui-Tse Chang ◽  
Min-Wei Chai ◽  
Pei-Chun Liao
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Breeding System ◽  
Character Evolution ◽  
Historical Biogeography ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Disjunct Distribution ◽  
Floral Character ◽  
Biogeographic History ◽  
Floral Characters

AbstractHeloniadeae (Melanthiaceae) presents an East Asia–North America disjunct distribution. Different molecular and morphological data nevertheless support the tribe as a monophyletic group. However, their phylogenetic relationships and biogeographic history, together with the character evolution, are not clear. Therefore, we constructed a Bayesian phylogenetic tree for Heloniadeae using cpDNA and inferred the historical biogeography and floral character evolution. The results revealed that Heloniadeae was distributed in high-latitudes of East Asia and North America, originating since 22.2 mya. The East Asia clade migrated into southwest China, and subsequently colonized the Korean Peninsula, Taiwan, the Ryukyus, and spread northward to Japan and southern Sakhalin. The evolution of the inflorescence and number of flowers were phylogenetically conserved, associated with the historical biogeography of Heloniadeae. The inflorescences transferred from raceme to sub-umbel, and the number of flowers decreased during the dispersal process, which may be accompanied by changes in the breeding system. Besides, the anthesis period was more affected by the habitat environment than phylogenetic constraints. The flowering temperature of was below 20 °C in most species, except H. kawanoi. Such a low temperature might not be conductive to pollinator activities, but it could be compensated by sustaining seed production with long-lasting flowers.

scholarly journals Plastome phylogenomics of Cephalotaxus (Cephalotaxaceae) and allied genera

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunheng Ji ◽  
Changkun Liu ◽  
Jacob B Landis ◽  
Min Deng ◽  
Jiahui Chen
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Molecular Dating ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Climatic Fluctuations ◽  
Divergence Time Estimation ◽  
Interspecific Relationships ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
History Of

Abstract Background and Aims Cephalotaxus is a paleo-endemic genus in East Asia that consists of ~7–9 conifer species. Despite its great economic and ecological importance, the relationships between Cephalotaxus and related genera, as well as the interspecific relationships within Cephalotaxus, have long been controversial, resulting in contrasting taxonomic proposals in delimitation of Cephalotaxaceae and Taxaceae. Based on plastome data, this study aims to reconstruct a robust phylogeny to infer the systematic placement and the evolutionary history of Cephalotaxus. Methods A total of eleven plastomes, representing all species currently recognized in Cephalotaxus and two Torreya species, were sequenced and assembled. Combining these with previously published plastomes, we reconstructed a phylogeny of Cephalotaxaceae and Taxaceae with nearly full taxonomic sampling. Under a phylogenetic framework and molecular dating, the diversification history of Cephalotaxus and allied genera was explored. Key Results Phylogenetic analyses of 81 plastid protein-coding genes recovered robust relationships between Cephalotaxus and related genera, as well as providing a well-supported resolution of interspecific relationships within Cephalotaxus, Taxus, Torreya and Amentotaxus. Divergence time estimation indicated that most extant species of these genera are relatively young, although fossil and other molecular evidence consistently show these genera are ancient plant lineages. Conclusions Our results justify the taxonomic proposal that recognizes Cephalotaxaceae as a monotypic family, and contribute to a clear-cut delineation between Cephalotaxaceae and Taxaceae. Given that extant species of Cephalotaxus are derived from recent divergence events associated with the establishment of monsoonal climates in East Asia and Pleistocene climatic fluctuations, they are not evolutionary relics.

scholarly journals Return to Beringia: parasites reveal cryptic biogeographic history of North American pikas

2011 ◽  
Vol 279 (1727) ◽  
pp. 371-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurt E. Galbreath ◽  
Eric P. Hoberg
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
North American ◽  
Land Bridge ◽  
Biogeographic History ◽  
Staging Area ◽  
Ochotona Collaris ◽  
Bering Land Bridge ◽  
History Of ◽  
Host Parasite

Traditional concepts of the Bering Land Bridge as a zone of predominantly eastward expansion from Eurasia and a staging area for subsequent colonization of lower latitudes in North America led to early inferences regarding biogeographic histories of North American faunas, many of which remain untested. Here we apply a host–parasite comparative phylogeographical (HPCP) approach to evaluate one such history, by testing competing biogeographic hypotheses for five lineages of host-specific parasites shared by the collared pika ( Ochotona collaris ) and American pika ( Ochotona princeps ) of North America. We determine whether the southern host species ( O. princeps ) was descended from a northern ancestor or vice versa. Three parasite phylogenies revealed patterns consistent with the hypothesis of a southern origin, which is corroborated by four additional parasite lineages restricted to O. princeps . This finding reverses the traditional narrative for the origins of North American pikas and highlights the role of dispersal from temperate North America into Beringia in structuring northern diversity considerably prior to the Holocene. By evaluating multiple parasite lineages simultaneously, the study demonstrates the power of HPCP for resolving complex biogeographic histories that are not revealed by characteristics of the host alone.

scholarly journals Population structure and demographic history of the chukar partridge Alectoris chukar in China

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 458-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sen Song ◽  
Shijie Bao ◽  
Ying Wang ◽  
Xinkang Bao ◽  
Bei An ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Gene Flow ◽  
North America ◽  
Demographic History ◽  
Population Expansion ◽  
Northwest China ◽  
Population History ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
History Of ◽  
Chukar Partridge

Abstract Pleistocene climate fluctuations have shaped the patterns of genetic diversity observed in extant species. Although the effects of recent glacial cycles on genetic diversity have been well studied on species in Europe and North America, genetic legacy of species in the Pleistocene in north and northwest of China where glaciations was not synchronous with the ice sheet development in the Northern Hemisphere or or had little or no ice cover during the glaciations’ period, remains poorly understood. Here we used phylogeographic methods to investigate the genetic structure and population history of the chukar partridge Alec-toris chukar in north and northwest China. A 1,152 – 1,154 bp portion of the mtDNA CR were sequenced for all 279 specimens and a total number of 91 haplotypes were defined by 113 variable sites. High levels of gene flow were found and gene flow estimates were greater than 1 for most population pairs in our study. The AMOVA analysis showed that 81% and 16% of the total genetic variability was found within populations and among populations within groups, respectively. The demographic history of chukar was examined using neutrality tests and mismatch distribution analyses and results indicated Late Pleistocene population expansion. Results revealed that most populations of chukar experienced population expansion during 0.027 ? 0.06 Ma. These results are at odds with the results found in Europe and North America, where population expansions occurred after Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 0.023 to 0.018 Ma). Our results are not consistent with the results from avian species of Tibetan Plateau, either, where species experienced population expansion following the retreat of the extensive glaciation period (0.5 to 0.175 Ma).

Two new species of the subterranean amphipod genus Stygobromus (Amphipoda: Crangonyctidae) from Siberia, with new data on Stygobromus pusillus (Martynov) and remarks on morphology and biogeographic relationships

Zootaxa ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 2478 (1) ◽  
pp. 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
DMITRY A. SIDOROV ◽  
JOHN R. HOLSINGER ◽  
VADIM V. TAKHTEEV
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
North America ◽  
Careful Evaluation ◽  
Biogeographic History ◽  
Altay Mountains ◽  
Two New Species ◽  
Palearctic Region ◽  
History Of ◽  
Material Utilization ◽  
Insight Into

Two new species of the subterranean amphipod genus Stygobromus are described from groundwater habitats in Siberia: Stygobromus mikhaili n. sp. from a spring in the Central Altay Mountains and Stygobromus anastasiae n. sp. from two non-freezing springs in South Pribaikalye in the Irkutsk area. Additional taxonomic details of the previously described S. pusillus (Martynov) from Teletskoye Lake, also in Central Altay, are illustrated based on syntype material. Utilization of SEM has revealed a tiny structure on antenna 2 that appears to be a new character, and may prove useful in future analyses. Descriptions of the two new species raise the total number of described species in the genus Stygobromus to 134, but four or possibly five have been found in the Palearctic region outside North America. However, it is likely that continued exploration of subterranean groundwater habitats in Siberia and other parts of the Palearctic will reveal additional new species of Stygobromus and provide more insight into the origin and geographic distribution of this large, northern hemisphere, subterranean freshwater amphipod genus. Careful evaluation of taxonomic affinities of the new species and comparison with previously described congeners should provide further insight into the biogeographic history of Stygobromus.

THE BIOGEOGRAPHY OF CANADIAN GRYLLOPTERA AND ORTHOPTERA

1989 ◽  
Vol 121 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 389-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.R. Vickery
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Fossil Record ◽  
Neotropical Region ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Land Bridge ◽  
Recent Immigrants ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
The World ◽  
Land Mass ◽  
Orthopteroid Insects

AbstractThe saltatorial orthopteroid insects did not originate in North America. Five avenues of entry were utilized in migration from other parts of the world. These were: (1) ancestral forms migrated to this region in Pangaean times when all continents formed a single land mass; (2) later in time, taxa migrated from Europe when Eurasia and North America were still joined, or later via an Atlantic land bridge; (3) ancestral forms migrated northward from the Neotropical region before the separation of the two continents or, much later, when the two continents became rejoined; (4) later arriving taxa entered North America during the Pleistocene via a Beringian land bridge; (5) some species are very recent immigrants, either because of the activities of man or by migration into Canadian territory from the south.The fossil record is very incomplete. It indicates past climatic conditions, but is of limited assistance concerning extant taxa.Pleistocene glaciation had a profound effect upon the distribution of extant species. Many species were forced to move southward to escape the advancing ice. Some species probably were eliminated. It is clear that most of the extant species have migrated northward since the recession of the Wisconsin glacier.

scholarly journals The double odyssey of Madagascan polystome flatworms leads to new insights on the origins of their amphibian hosts

2009 ◽  
Vol 276 (1662) ◽  
pp. 1575-1583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Verneau ◽  
Louis H Du Preez ◽  
Véronique Laurent ◽  
Liliane Raharivololoniaina ◽  
Frank Glaw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Dating ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Late Mesozoic ◽  
Biogeographic History ◽  
On This Island ◽  
The Family ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
History Of ◽  
Recent Origin ◽  
High Species Richness

Polystomatid flatworms are parasites of high host specificity, which mainly infect amphibian hosts. Only one polystome species has so far been recorded from Madagascar despite the high species richness and endemicity of amphibians on this island. Out of the 86 screened Malagasy frog species, we recovered polystomes from 25 in the families Ptychadenidae and Mantellidae. Molecular phylogenetic analysis uncovered an unexpected diversity of polystome species belonging to two separate clades: one forming a lineage within the genus Metapolystoma , with one species in Ptychadena and several species in the mantellid host genera Aglyptodactylus and Boophis ; and the second corresponding to an undescribed genus that was found in the species of the subfamily Mantellinae in the family Mantellidae. The phylogenetic position of the undescribed genus along with molecular dating suggests that it may have colonized Madagascar in the Late Mesozoic or Early Cainozoic. By contrast, the more recent origin of Metapolystoma in Madagascar at ca 14–2 Myr ago strongly suggests that the ancestors of Ptychadena mascareniensis colonized Madagascar naturally by overseas dispersal, carrying their Metapolystoma parasites. Our findings provide a striking example of how parasite data can supply novel insights into the biogeographic history of their hosts.

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