scholarly journals Endgame of the smoking epidemic in high-income countries reflected in life expectancy sex differences: a populations-based study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maarten Wensink ◽  
Jesús-Adrián Álvarez ◽  
Silvia Rizzi ◽  
Fanny Janssen ◽  
Rune Lindahl-Jacobsen
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Wave Pattern ◽  
High Income ◽  
Attributable Mortality ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Female Survival ◽  
Precipitous Decline

Abstract Background Of all lifestyle behaviours, smoking caused the most deaths in the last century. Because of the time lapse between the uptake of smoking and the mortality from smoking, male and female smoking epidemiology often follows a typical double wave pattern dubbed the ‘smoking epidemic’. How is this epidemic progressing, how does it affect male-female survival differences, and how does it act on a cohort-by-age basis?Methods We examine changes in smoking-attributable mortality fractions as estimated by the Preston-Glei-Wilmoth method by age group (ages 50-85) across birth cohorts 1870-1965, utilizing data from the WHO mortality database and the human mortality database. We compare these to changes in the sex differences in life expectancy at age 50 in three geographic regions that have progressed farthest into the smoking epidemic: high-income North America, Europe and Oceania.Results We find that for older cohorts (~1910-1930) for most ages, smoking-attributable mortality has broadly been stable or declining for males while growing for females, contributing to a decline in the advantage of women in terms of life expectancy from around 4.5 years towards 2 years. Yet more recent cohorts (~1955-1965) show a precipitous decline in smoking mortality for all age groups available.Conclusions In line with previous findings, the smoking epidemic contributed materially to the male-female survival gap and to the recent narrowing of that gap. In addition, the precipitous decline in smoking mortality in recent cohorts that we find suggests that the smoking epidemic in the three selected regions is ending or at least subsiding. Our results also give a glimpse of what low- and middle-income countries may expect in term of sex differences in smoking-attributable mortality and life expectancy. Our approach shows that a cohort-by-age analysis is helpful in tracking the smoking epidemic.

scholarly journals Progression of the smoking epidemic in high-income regions and its effects on male-female survival differences: A populations-based analysis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maarten Wensink ◽  
Jesús-Adrián Álvarez ◽  
Silvia Rizzi ◽  
Fanny Janssen ◽  
Rune Lindahl-Jacobsen
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
North America ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
High Income ◽  
Attributable Mortality ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Survival ◽  
Survival Differences

Abstract BackgroundOf all lifestyle behaviours, smoking caused the most deaths in the last century. Because of the time lag between the act of smoking and dying from smoking, and because males generally take up smoking before females do, male and female smoking epidemiology often follows a typical double wave pattern dubbed the ‘smoking epidemic’. How are male and female deaths from this epidemic differentially progressing in high-income regions on a cohort-by-age basis? How have they affected male-female survival differences? MethodsWe used data for the period 1950-2015 from the WHO Mortality Database and the Human Mortality Database on three geographic regions that have progressed most into the smoking epidemic: high-income North America, high-income Europe and high-income Oceania. We examined changes in smoking-attributable mortality fractions as estimated by the Preston-Glei-Wilmoth method by age (ages 50-85) across birth cohorts 1870-1965. We used these to trace sex differences with and without smoking-attributable mortality in period life expectancy between ages 50 and 85. ResultsIn all three high-income regions, smoking explained up to 50% of sex differences in period life expectancy between ages 50 and 85 over the study period. These sex differences have declined since at least 1980, driven by smoking-attributable mortality, which tended to decline in males and increase in females overall. Thus, there was a convergence between sexes across recent cohorts. While smoking-attributable mortality was still increasing for older female cohorts, it was declining for females in the more recent cohorts in the US and Europe, as well as for males in all three regions.ConclusionsThe smoking epidemic contributed substantially to the male-female survival gap and to the recent narrowing of that gap in high-income North America, high-income Europe and high-income Oceania. The precipitous decline in smoking-attributable mortality in recent cohorts bodes somewhat hopeful. Yet, smoking-attributable mortality remains high, and therefore cause for concern.

scholarly journals Progression of the smoking epidemic in high-income regions and its effects on male-female survival differences: a cohort-by-age analysis of 17 countries.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maarten Wensink ◽  
Jesús-Adrián Álvarez ◽  
Silvia Rizzi ◽  
Fanny Janssen ◽  
Rune Lindahl-Jacobsen
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
North America ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
High Income ◽  
Attributable Mortality ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Survival ◽  
Survival Differences

Abstract Background Of all lifestyle behaviours, smoking caused the most deaths in the last century. Because of the time lag between the act of smoking and dying from smoking, and because males generally take up smoking before females do, male and female smoking epidemiology often follows a typical double wave pattern dubbed the ‘smoking epidemic’. How are male and female deaths from this epidemic differentially progressing in high-income regions on a cohort-by-age basis? How have they affected male-female survival differences? MethodsWe used data for the period 1950-2015 from the WHO Mortality Database and the Human Mortality Database on three geographic regions that have progressed most into the smoking epidemic: high-income North America, high-income Europe and high-income Oceania. We examined changes in smoking-attributable mortality fractions as estimated by the Preston-Glei-Wilmoth method by age (ages 50-85) across birth cohorts 1870-1965. We used these to trace sex differences with and without smoking-attributable mortality in period life expectancy between ages 50 and 85. ResultsIn all three high-income regions, smoking explained up to 50% of sex differences in period life expectancy between ages 50 and 85 over the study period. These sex differences have declined since at least 1980, driven by smoking-attributable mortality, which tended to decline in males and increase in females overall. Thus, there was a convergence between sexes across recent cohorts. While smoking-attributable mortality was still increasing for older female cohorts, it was declining for females in the more recent cohorts in the US and Europe, as well as for males in all three regions.ConclusionsThe smoking epidemic contributed substantially to the male-female survival gap and to the recent narrowing of that gap in high-income North America, high-income Europe and high-income Oceania. The precipitous decline in smoking-attributable mortality in recent cohorts bodes somewhat hopeful. Yet, smoking-attributable mortality remains high, and therefore cause for concern.

scholarly journals Progression of the smoking epidemic in high-income regions and its effects on male-female survival differences: a cohort-by-age analysis of 17 countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maarten Wensink ◽  
Jesús-Adrián Alvarez ◽  
Silvia Rizzi ◽  
Fanny Janssen ◽  
Rune Lindahl-Jacobsen
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
North America ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
High Income ◽  
Attributable Mortality ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Survival ◽  
Survival Differences

Abstract Background Of all lifestyle behaviours, smoking caused the most deaths in the last century. Because of the time lag between the act of smoking and dying from smoking, and because males generally take up smoking before females do, male and female smoking epidemiology often follows a typical double wave pattern dubbed the ‘smoking epidemic’. How are male and female deaths from this epidemic differentially progressing in high-income regions on a cohort-by-age basis? How have they affected male-female survival differences? Methods We used data for the period 1950–2015 from the WHO Mortality Database and the Human Mortality Database on three geographic regions that have progressed most into the smoking epidemic: high-income North America, high-income Europe and high-income Oceania. We examined changes in smoking-attributable mortality fractions as estimated by the Preston-Glei-Wilmoth method by age (ages 50–85) across birth cohorts 1870–1965. We used these to trace sex differences with and without smoking-attributable mortality in period life expectancy between ages 50 and 85. Results In all three high-income regions, smoking explained up to 50% of sex differences in period life expectancy between ages 50 and 85 over the study period. These sex differences have declined since at least 1980, driven by smoking-attributable mortality, which tended to decline in males and increase in females overall. Thus, there was a convergence between sexes across recent cohorts. While smoking-attributable mortality was still increasing for older female cohorts, it was declining for females in the more recent cohorts in the US and Europe, as well as for males in all three regions. Conclusions The smoking epidemic contributed substantially to the male-female survival gap and to the recent narrowing of that gap in high-income North America, high-income Europe and high-income Oceania. The precipitous decline in smoking-attributable mortality in recent cohorts bodes somewhat hopeful. Yet, smoking-attributable mortality remains high, and therefore cause for concern.

Socioeconomic factors affecting the longevity of the Japanese population: a study for 1980 and 1985

1992 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 497-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eiichi Uchida ◽  
Shunichi Araki ◽  
Katsuyuki Murata
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Japanese Population ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
High Income ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Males And Females

SummaryThe effects of urbanisation, low income and rejuvenation of the population on life expectancy at birth and at 20, 40 and 65 years of age for males and females in Japan were examined twice, in 1980 and 1985. For males, urbanisation was the major factor determining life expectancy at birth and at age 20 years, and low income was the key determinant of decreased life expectancy except at 65 years of age. For females high income was the factor significantly decreasing life expectancy at 65 years of age in 1980, and rejuvenation of the population inversely influenced life expectancy except at birth in 1985. Life expectancy for all age groups in 1985 was significantly longer than in 1980 for both males and females.

scholarly journals Changing contribution of smoking to the sex differences in life expectancy in Europe, 1950–2014

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (9) ◽  
pp. 835-841
Author(s):  
Fanny Janssen
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Attributable Mortality ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Related Part

Abstract This article provides a detailed and overarching illustration of the contribution of smoking to sex differences in life expectancy at birth (e0) in Europe, focusing on changes over time and differences between both European countries and European regions. For this purpose, the sex difference in e0 for 31 European countries over the 1950–2014 period was decomposed into a smoking- and a non-smoking-related part, using all-cause mortality data and indirectly estimated smoking-attributable mortality rates by age and sex, and a formal decomposition analysis. It was found that smoking-attributable mortality contributed, on average, 3 years (43.5%) to the 7-year life expectancy difference between women and men in 2014. This contribution, was largest in 1995, at 5.2 out of 9.0 years, and subsequently declined in parallel with the average sex difference in life expectancy. The average contribution of smoking-attributable mortality was especially large in North-Western Europe around 1975; in Southern Europe around 1985; and in Eastern Europe around 1990–1995, when smoking-attributable mortality reached maximum levels among men, but was still low among women. The observed parallel decline from 1995 onwards in the sex differences in e0 and the absolute contribution of smoking to this sex difference suggests that this recent decline in the sex difference in e0 can be almost fully explained by historical changes in sex differences in smoking, and, consequently, smoking-attributable mortality. In line with the progression of the smoking epidemic, the sex differences in life expectancy in Europe are expected to further decline in the future.

scholarly journals What can lifespan variation reveal that life expectancy hides? Comparison of five high-income countries

2021 ◽  
pp. 014107682110117
Author(s):  
Lucinda Hiam ◽  
Jon Minton ◽  
Martin McKee
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Population Data ◽  
High Income ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Lifespan Variation ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Aggregate Population

Objectives In most countries, life expectancy at birth (e0) has improved for many decades. Recently, however, progress has stalled in the UK and Canada, and reversed in the USA. Lifespan variation, a complementary measure of mortality, increased a few years before the reversal in the USA. To assess whether this measure offers additional meaningful insights, we examine what happened in four other high-income countries with differing life expectancy trends. Design We calculated life disparity (a specific measure of lifespan variation) in five countries -- USA, UK, France, Japan and Canada -- using sex- and age specific mortality rates from the Human Mortality Database from 1975 to 2017 for ages 0--100 years. We then examined trends in age-specific mortality to identify the age groups contributing to these changes. Setting USA, UK, France, Japan and Canada Participants aggregate population data of the above nations. Main Outcome Measures Life expectancy at birth, life disparity and age-specific mortality. Results The stalls and falls in life expectancy, for both males and females, seen in the UK, USA and Canada coincided with rising life disparity. These changes may be driven by worsening mortality in middle-age (such as at age 40). France and Japan, in contrast, continue on previous trajectories. Conclusions Life disparity is an additional summary measure of population health providing information beyond that signalled by life expectancy at birth alone.

scholarly journals No change in life expectancy: the devil is in the detail

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Karanikolos ◽  
S Rajan ◽  
A Murphy ◽  
M McKee
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Income ◽  
The Past ◽  
Economic Climate ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
The Us ◽  
External Causes

Abstract Background The rate of improvement in life expectancy in high income countries has slowed down over the past few years, and instances where life expectancy is lower than a year before are increasingly common. This paper aims to analyse changes in life expectancy over the last decade to better understand what causes and age groups contribute to the slowdown. Methods We use WHO mortality data by age and cause to construct life tables, and we use Arriaga decomposition method to analyse the contribution of specific causes and age groups to changes in life expectancy in Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Netherlands, United Kingdom and the United States of America. We look at the change between 2007-2012 and 2012-2017 (or latest available). Results All countries experienced a slowdown in life expectancy in the past 5 years (2012-2017), in comparison to the preceding period. Slowdown in under 65s was particularly pronounced, with younger age groups only contributing minimally (between 0.4 years for males in Germany and -0.4 years for males in the United States) to changes in life expectancy. Among people aged 65 and over, gains ranged between 0.05 years for females in France and 0.6 years for males in the Netherlands. Certain causes of death contributed negatively to change in life expectancy between 2012 and 2017, with notable increases in deaths from accidental poisonings in males (up to -0.09 year in the UK and Canada, and -0.34 in the US) and suicides (up to -0.08 year in Australia and -0.07 in the US). Conclusions While recent slowdown in life expectancy gains in high income countries is often attributed to lack of improvement in people of older ages, we show that, beyond this, there are increases in mortality in younger age groups from external causes, that contribute negatively to change in life expectancy in some countries. This pattern is of a particular concern, as deterioration in preventable mortality points to broader worsening of socio-economic climate. Key messages Improvements in life expectancy in high income countries slowed down markedly over the past few years, but contributing mortality patterns differ for age groups and causes of death across countries. Persistent increases in preventable mortality from certain external causes in younger age groups in Australia, Canada, US and UK point to broader deterioration of socio-economic climate.

scholarly journals Tower Running—Participation, Performance Trends, and Sex Difference

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 1902 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Stark ◽  
Stefania Di Gangi ◽  
Caio Victor Sousa ◽  
Pantelis Nikolaidis ◽  
Beat Knechtle
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Statistical Model ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Random Effects ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Stair Climbing ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Performance Trends ◽  
The Difference

Though there are exhaustive data about participation, performance trends, and sex differences in performance in different running disciplines and races, no study has analyzed these trends in stair climbing and tower running. The aim of the present study was therefore to investigate these trends in tower running. The data, consisting of 28,203 observations from 24,007 climbers between 2014 and 2019, were analyzed. The effects of sex and age, together with the tower characteristics (i.e., stairs and floors), were examined through a multivariable statistical model with random effects on intercept, at climber’s level, accounting for repeated measurements. Men were faster than women in each age group (p < 0.001 for ages ≤69 years, p = 0.003 for ages > 69 years), and the difference in performance stayed around 0.20 km/h, with a minimum of 0.17 at the oldest age. However, women were able to outperform men in specific situations: (i) in smaller buildings (<600 stairs), for ages between 30 and 59 years and >69 years; (ii) in higher buildings (>2200 stairs), for age groups <20 years and 60–69 years; and (iii) in buildings with 1600–2200 stairs, for ages >69 years. In summary, men were faster than women in this specific running discipline; however, women were able to outperform men in very specific situations (i.e., specific age groups and specific numbers of stairs).

scholarly journals Incidence of Benign Meningiomas in the United States: Current and Future Trends

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia Bhala ◽  
Douglas R Stewart ◽  
Victoria Kennerley ◽  
Valentina I Petkov ◽  
Philip S Rosenberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cancer Registries ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
The United States ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Benign Meningioma ◽  
Case Count ◽  
Future Burden ◽  
Rate Ratios

Abstract Background Benign meningiomas are the most frequently reported central nervous system tumors in the United States (US), with increasing incidence in past decades. However, the future trajectory of this neoplasm remains unclear. Methods We analyzed benign meningioma incidence of cases identified by any means (eg, radiographically with or without microscopic confirmation) in US Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) cancer registries among 35–84-year-olds during 2004–2017 by sex and race/ethnicity using age-period-cohort (APC) models. We employed APC forecasting models to glean insights regarding the etiology, distribution, and anticipated future (2018–2027) public health impact of this neoplasm. Results In all groups, meningioma incidence overall increased through 2010, then stabilized. Temporal declines were statistically significant overall and in most groups. JoinPoint analysis of cohort rate-ratios identified substantial acceleration in White men born after 1963 (from 1.1% to 3.2% per birth year); cohort rate-ratios were stable or increasing in all groups and all birth cohorts. We forecast that meningioma incidence through 2027 will remain stable or decrease among 55–84-year-olds but remain similar to current levels among 35–54-year-olds. Total meningioma burden in 2027 is expected to be approximately 30,470 cases, similar to the expected case count of 27,830 in 2018. Conclusions Between 2004–2017, overall incidence of benign meningioma increased and then stabilized or declined. For 2018–2027, our forecast is incidence will remain generally stable in younger age groups but decrease in older age groups. Nonetheless, the total future burden will remain similar to current levels because the population is aging.

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