SEX DIFFERENCES OVER AGE GROUPS IN SELF-POSED SMILING IN PHOTOGRAPHS

1998 ◽  
Vol 83 (7) ◽  
pp. 907 ◽  
Author(s):  
EMMA OTTA
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Age Groups

scholarly journals Tower Running—Participation, Performance Trends, and Sex Difference

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 1902 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Stark ◽  
Stefania Di Gangi ◽  
Caio Victor Sousa ◽  
Pantelis Nikolaidis ◽  
Beat Knechtle
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Statistical Model ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Random Effects ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Stair Climbing ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Performance Trends ◽  
The Difference

Though there are exhaustive data about participation, performance trends, and sex differences in performance in different running disciplines and races, no study has analyzed these trends in stair climbing and tower running. The aim of the present study was therefore to investigate these trends in tower running. The data, consisting of 28,203 observations from 24,007 climbers between 2014 and 2019, were analyzed. The effects of sex and age, together with the tower characteristics (i.e., stairs and floors), were examined through a multivariable statistical model with random effects on intercept, at climber’s level, accounting for repeated measurements. Men were faster than women in each age group (p < 0.001 for ages ≤69 years, p = 0.003 for ages > 69 years), and the difference in performance stayed around 0.20 km/h, with a minimum of 0.17 at the oldest age. However, women were able to outperform men in specific situations: (i) in smaller buildings (<600 stairs), for ages between 30 and 59 years and >69 years; (ii) in higher buildings (>2200 stairs), for age groups <20 years and 60–69 years; and (iii) in buildings with 1600–2200 stairs, for ages >69 years. In summary, men were faster than women in this specific running discipline; however, women were able to outperform men in very specific situations (i.e., specific age groups and specific numbers of stairs).

scholarly journals Sex differences in the phylum‐level human gut microbiota composition

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Koliada ◽  
Vladislav Moseiko ◽  
Mariana Romanenko ◽  
Oleh Lushchak ◽  
Nadiia Kryzhanovska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Total N ◽  
Human Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

Abstract Background Evidence was previously provided for sex-related differences in the human gut microbiota composition, and sex-specific discrepancy in hormonal profiles was proposed as a main determinant of these differences. On the basis of these findings, the assumption was made on the role of microbiota in the sexual dimorphism of human diseases. To date, sex differences in fecal microbiota were demonstrated primarily at lower taxonomic levels, whereas phylum-level differences between sexes were reported in few studies only. In the present population-based cross-sectional research, sex differences in the phylum-level human gut microbiota composition were identified in a large (total n = 2301) sample of relatively healthy individuals from Ukraine. Results Relative abundances of Firmicutes and Actinobacteria, as determined by qRT-PCR, were found to be significantly increased, while that of Bacteroidetes was significantly decreased in females compared to males. The Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio was significantly increased in females compared to males. Females had 31 % higher odds of having F/B ratio more than 1 than males. This trend was evident in all age groups. The difference between sexes was even more pronounced in the elder individuals (50+): in this age group, female participants had 56 % higher odds of having F/B ratio > 1 than the male ones. Conclusions In conclusion, sex-specific differences in the phylum-level intestinal microbiota composition were observed in the Ukraine population. The F/B ratio was significantly increased in females compared to males. Further investigation is needed to draw strong conclusions regarding the mechanistic basis for sex-specific differences in the gut microbiota composition and regarding the role of these differences in the initiation and progression of human chronic diseases.

scholarly journals Sex differences in non-communicable disease prevalence in China: a cross-sectional analysis of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study in 2011

BMJ Open ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. e017450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Liu ◽  
Guofeng Liu ◽  
Hongjiang Wu ◽  
Weiyan Jian ◽  
Sarah H Wild ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Lung Disease ◽  
Chronic Lung Disease ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Cross Sectional

ObjectivesTo describe the sex differences in the prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in adults aged 45 years or older in China.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingNationally representative sample of the Chinese population 2011.Participants8401 men and 8928 women over 45 years of age who participated in the first wave of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS).Outcome measuresSelf-reported data on overall health and diagnosis of hypertension, dyslipidaemia, diabetes, heart disease, stroke, chronic lung disease, cancer or arthritis. Sex differences in NCDs were described using logistic regression to generate odds ratios (OR) with adjustment for sociodemographic factors and health-related behaviours. All analyses were stratified by age group for 45–64-year-old and ≥65-year-old participants.ResultsIn both age groups, men reported better overall health than women. The crude prevalence of heart disease, cancer and arthritis was higher while that of stroke and chronic lung disease was lower in women than in men. After adjustment, ORs (95% CI) for the 45–64 and ≥65 year age groups were 0.70 (0.58 to 0.84) and 0.66 (0.54 to 0.80), respectively, for arthritis for men compared with women. In contrast, ORs were 1.66 (1.09 to 2.52) and 2.12 (1.36 to 3.30) for stroke and 1.51 (1.21 to 1.89) and 1.43 (1.09 to 1.88) for chronic lung disease for men compared with women. ORs for heart disease (0.65 (0.52 to 0.80)) were lower in men than in women only in the 45–64 year age group.ConclusionsOdds of arthritis were lower while those of stroke and chronic lung disease were higher in men than in women in both age groups. However, odds of heart disease were lower in men than in women, but only in the group of individuals aged 45–64 years.

Self-Concept of Academic Ability as a Function of Sex, Age, and Academic Achievement among African Adolescents

1998 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mzobanzi M. Mboya
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Academic Achievement ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Significant Positive Correlation ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Academic Ability ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Age Variations

This study examined (a) sex and age variations for scores on Self-concept of Academic Ability and academic achievement among 244 African adolescents attending a coeducational high school and (b) correlations between scores on Self-concept of Academic Ability and academic achievement by sex and age. No significant sex differences were found, but there were significant age differences on the Self-concept scores and measures of English, science, and history but not in mathematics. A significant positive correlation was found between Self-concept scores and academic achievement for boys and girls and in all age groups, but the magnitude of the correlations with achievement in mathematics was stronger among boys than among girls.

Age groups changes in self-rated health: A prospective longitudinal study over a 20-year period using Health Survey of North Trøndelag data

2020 ◽  
pp. 140349482090462
Author(s):  
Frode Lysberg ◽  
Siw Tone Innstrand ◽  
Milada Cvancarova Småstuen ◽  
Cathrine Lysberg ◽  
Magnhild Mjåvatn Høie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Health Survey ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal Study ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Self Rated Health ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal

Background: The aim of the study was to investigate changes in self-rated health (SRH) between different age groups and sexes over a 20-year period. Methods: Data were retrieved from the large longitudinal Health Survey of North Trøndelag, Norway, which includes data collected from more than 190,000 participants aged 20–70+ years between the years 1984 and 2008. Data were analysed using logistic regression and adjusted for sex. Results: From 1984 to 2008, the odds of scoring higher on SRH decreased by 46% in the youngest age group (20–29 years) and increased by approximately 35% in the middle-aged and older age groups (40–70+ years). When considering sex differences, women in most age groups scored lower than the men on their SRH. Conclusions: Our finding suggest a trending shift in SRH, with a reduction in the youngest age group (20–29 years) and an increase in the middle-aged and older age groups (40–70+ years). Despite the sex differences being small, our data indicate that in most age groups, women tend to score lower than men on their SRH. Future studies should focus on these trends to understand better the mechanisms underlying these changes in SRH and to follow future trends to see if the trend is reinforced or diminished.

scholarly journals Fine Motor Precision Tasks: Sex Differences in Performance with and without Visual Guidance across Different Age Groups

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Liudmila Liutsko ◽  
Ruben Muiños ◽  
Josep Maria Tous Ral ◽  
María José Contreras
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Motor Performance ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Line Length ◽  
Fine Motor ◽  
Motor Tasks ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Test Conditions ◽  
Manova Analysis ◽  
Sensory Condition

Previous studies have reported certain sex differences in motor performance precision. The aim of the present study was to analyze sex differences in fine motor precision performance for both hands under different test conditions. Fine motor tasks were performed by 220 Spanish participants (ages: 12–95), tracing over the provided models – lines of 40 mm for both hands, two sensory conditions (PV—proprioceptive-visual; P—proprioceptive only) and three movement types (F—frontal, T—transversal, and S—sagittal). Differences in line length (the task focused on precision) were observed through MANOVA analysis for all test conditions, both sexes and different age groups. Sex differences in precision were observed in F and T movement types (statistically significance level and higher Cohens’ d were observed in condition with vision). No statistically significant differences were observed for both hands and sensory conditions in sagittal movement. Sex differences in fine motor precision were more frequently observed in the PV sensory condition in frontal movement and less in sagittal movement.

Male and Female Single-Victim Sexual Homicide Offenders: Distinguishing the Types of Weapons Used in Killing Their Victims

Sexual Abuse ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heng Choon (Oliver) Chan ◽  
Kathleen M. Heide ◽  
Eric Beauregard
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Female Offenders ◽  
Sexual Homicide ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
The U.S

Most studies have focused on male sexual homicide offenders (SHOs) without testing whether sex differences exist. Accordingly, little is known about the distinctions between male and female SHOs, particularly with respect to their use of weapons in killing their victims. This study used a sample of 3,160 single-victim sexual homicide cases (3,009 male and 151 female offenders) from the U.S. Supplementary Homicide Reports database to explore sex differences in the types of murder weapons used by offenders in killing victims over the 37-year period 1976 to 2012. Findings indicated that significantly more male SHOs used personal weapons (43%) and more female SHOs used firearms (63%) in their offense commission. In general, female offenders predominantly used weapons that were physically less demanding (e.g., firearms and edged and other weapons; 89%). Different trends in the murder weapons used by male and female SHOs from different age groups were observed. Interestingly, findings showed that the type of weapon used by SHOs was in part influenced by the victims and their characteristics.

scholarly journals Sex differences in invasive pneumococcal disease and the impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination in the Netherlands, 2004 to 2015

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gertjan H J Wagenvoort ◽  
Elisabeth A M Sanders ◽  
Bart J Vlaminckx ◽  
Hester E de Melker ◽  
Arie van der Ende ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Invasive Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Temporary Increase ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Vaccine Introduction ◽  
Ongoing Surveillance ◽  
The Impact

Implementation of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in the Netherlands (PCV7 in 2006 and PCV10 in 2011) for infants caused a shift in serotypes in invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). We explored sex differences in serotype-specific IPD incidence before and after vaccine introduction. Incidences in the pre-PCV7 (June 2004–May 2006), post-PCV7 (June 2008–May 2011) and post-PCV10 period (June 2013–May 2015), stratified by age, were compared. Incidence was higher in men for all age groups (overall in men: 16.7, 15.5 and 14.4/100,000 and women: 15.4, 13.6 and 13.9/100,000 pre-PCV7, post-PCV7 and post-PCV10, respectively), except for 20–39 year-olds after PCV7 and 40–64 year-olds after PCV10 introduction. After PCV7 and PCV10 introduction, the overall IPD incidence decreased in men aged 20–39 years (from 5.3 pre-PCV7 to 4.7 and 2.6/100,000 post-PCV7 and post-PCV10, respectively), whereas it showed a temporary increase in women (from 3.9/100,000 pre-PCV7 to 5.0/100,000 post-PCV7 and back to 4.0/100,000 post-PCV10) due to replacement disease. PCV10 herd effects were observed throughout, but in women older than 40 years, a significant increase in non-PCV10 serotype offset a decrease in overall IPD incidence. Ongoing surveillance of IPD incidence by sex is important to evaluate the long-term effects of PCV implementation.

The Japanese State-Trait Anxiety Inventory: Age and Sex Differences

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 611-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katsuharu Nakazato ◽  
Yoshiko Shimonaka
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Differential Association ◽  
State Trait Anxiety Inventory ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Development Of Anxiety ◽  
Age And Sex

Purpose of the present study was to investigate scores on anxiety among adults of different ages. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory was administered to a representative community sample of 1,234 men and women whose ages ranged from 25 to 92 yr. Anxiety declined linearly over the series of age groups. A sex difference was also observed on trait anxiety; women showed higher anxiety than men. Occupation was associated with anxiety for men but with education for women. Possible development of anxiety and differential association of demographic variables with anxiety between sexes were discussed in relation to personality.

scholarly journals Sex differences in morphofunctional changes in the immune system in Wistar rats of different age groups with experimental endotoxinemia

2020 ◽  
pp. 65-73
Author(s):  
Anna M. Kosyreva ◽  
Olga V. Makarova
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Mature Adult ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Ifn Γ

Objective. The aim was revealing gender differences in morphological and functional changes of lymphoid organs (thymus and spleen), changes of cytokine production and subpopulation composition of peripheral blood lymphocytes in Wistar rats of three age groups with endotoxemia. Materials and methods. We used male and female Wistar rats of three age groups: newborns, prepubertal and sexually mature adult rats. A day after the injection of 15 mg/kg of O26:B6 E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the volume fraction of the functional zones of the thymus and spleen, the number of AnnexinV + apoptotically dying cells in the thymus, the relative and absolute number of lymphocyte subpopulations (CD3+CD4+, CD3+CD8a+, CD4+CD25+Foxp3+, CD3-CD45R+) in peripheral blood and ex vivo production of IL-2, IL-4, IFN-γ and TNF-α were estimated. Results. Sex differences in the response of the immune system after the LPS injection in different age periods are expressed differently: in the neonatal period, there is immunosuppression in females (decrease in the ex vivo production of IL-2, TNF-α and IFN-γ), and there is activation of pro-inflammatory reactions in males (increase in ex vivo production of IL-2 and TNF-α). As compared with other age periods at prepubertal age, LPS-induced immunological disorders are more pronounced, and gender differences are minimal and related only to the number of T-regulatory and B-lymphocytes. In the adults, the LPS-induced immunosuppression is most pronounced in males - they have a decrease in the production of all the cytokines studied and a decrease in the number of cytotoxic and regulatory T-lymphocytes and B-cells. Conclusion. Thus, in each of the studied age periods - newborn, prepubertal and adult, the sexual differences in the immune system reactions are expressed differently and, apparently, these differences are determined by the content of sex steroid hormones, the concentration of which varies with age.

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