scholarly journals Intermittent fasting induces chronic changes in the hepatic gene expression of Red Junglefowl (Gallus gallus)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Lindholm ◽  
Petros Batakis ◽  
Jordi Altimiras ◽  
John Lees
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Caloric Restriction ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Endocrine Function ◽  
Intermittent Fasting ◽  
Proliferative Potential ◽  
Red Junglefowl ◽  
Parent Stock ◽  
Ad Libitum

Abstract Background: Intermittent fasting, the implementation of fasting periods of at least 12 consecutive hours on a daily to weekly basis, has received a lot of attention in recent years for imparting the life-prolonging and health-promoting effects of caloric restriction with no or only moderate actual restriction of caloric intake. Intermittent fasting is also widely practiced in the rearing of so-called broiler breeders, the parent stock of meat-type chickens, who require strict feed restriction regimens to prevent the serious health problems associated with their voracious appetites. Although intermittent fasting has been extensively used in this context to reduce feed competition and its resulting stress it has not usually been considered as a health-span promoter, but presents an alternative and complementary model to rodent studies. In both mammals and birds, the liver is one of the main responders to variations in energy balance. In this paper we examine the liver transcriptomics of wild-type Red Junglefowl chickens fed either ad libitum, chronically restricted to around 70% of ad libitum daily or intermittently fasted on a 2:1 (2 days fed, 1 day fasted) schedule without actual caloric restriction using a microarray. Results: We find large effects of feeding regimen on liver transcriptomics, with most of the affected genes relating to energy metabolism. Interestingly we also find large, chronic effects on the transcription of a battery of cell proliferation-promoting genes. Similar regenerative effects have been reported in rodents, where they have been associated with reduced levels of circulating leptin. A small number of inflammation-related genes also show chronically changed expression profiles. Conclusions: The increase in proliferative potential suggested by the gene expression changes reported here is a first indication that birds and mammals respond similarly to intermittent fasting practices. Our findings may indicate that the health benefits of periodic caloric restriction are ubiquitous and note restricted to mammals alone. The mechanisms underpinning these benefits are, however, unclear as leptin has been associated with these benefits in mammals but does not have endocrine function in birds. The observed effects on inflammation-related genes may be either beneficial or detrimental for the animal and could warrant further investigation.

scholarly journals The Effects of Caloric Restriction and/or Intermittent Fasting on Bone Health

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 10-13
Author(s):  
Connor A. Hernon ◽  
Abduallah Elsayed ◽  
Raphael M. Vicente ◽  
Ariane Zamarioli ◽  
Melissa A. Kacena ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Caloric Restriction ◽  
Bone Health ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Intermittent Fasting ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Dietary Interventions ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake ◽  
Available Information ◽  
The Impact

This mini-review summarizes the available information regarding the impact of caloric restriction (CR) and/or intermittent fasting (IF) on bone health. CR and IF are dietary interventions used in rehabilitative healthcare for augmenting weight loss and also proposed for recovery of conditions such as stroke and heart failure. CR restricts the total number of calories rather than different food groups or periods of eating. In contrast, IF severely restricts caloric intake for a period of time followed by a period of ad libitum intake. Here, we discuss the available information regarding the impact of these rehabilitation diets on bone metabolism, highlighting areas of consistency and discrepancy and suggesting future areas of study to advance the understanding of CR and/or IF on bone health.

scholarly journals Western-diet consumption induces alteration of barrier function mechanisms in the ileum that correlates with metabolic endotoxemia in rats

2017 ◽  
Vol 313 (2) ◽  
pp. E107-E120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathilde Guerville ◽  
Anaïs Leroy ◽  
Annaëlle Sinquin ◽  
Fabienne Laugerette ◽  
Marie-Caroline Michalski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Elevated Serum ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Western Diet ◽  
Chow Diet ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Metabolic Endotoxemia

Obesity and its related disorders have been associated with the presence in the blood of gut bacteria-derived lipopolysaccharides (LPS). However, the factors underlying this low-grade elevation in plasma LPS, so-called metabolic endotoxemia, are not fully elucidated. We aimed to investigate the effects of Western diet (WD) feeding on intestinal and hepatic LPS handling mechanisms in a rat model of diet-induced obesity (DIO). Rats were fed either a standard chow diet (C) or a Western Diet (WD, 45% fat) for 6 wk. They were either fed ad libitum or pair-fed to match the caloric intake of C rats for the first week, then fed ad libitum for the remaining 5 wk. Six-week WD feeding led to a mild obese phenotype with increased adiposity and elevated serum LPS-binding protein (LBP) levels relative to C rats, irrespective of initial energy intake. Serum LPS was not different between dietary groups but exhibited strong variability. Disrupted ileal mucus secretion and decreased ileal Reg3-γ and -β gene expression along with high ileal permeability to LPS were observed in WD compared with C-fed rats. Ileal and cecal intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) activity as well as Verrucomicrobia and Bifidobacterium cecal levels were increased in WD-fed rats compared with C-fed rats. WD consumption did not impact mRNA levels of LPS-handling hepatic enzymes. Correlation analysis revealed that ileal passage of LPS, IAP activity, Proteobacteria levels and hepatic aoah gene expression correlated with serum LPS and LBP, suggesting that ileal mucosal defense impairment induced by WD feeding contribute to metabolic endotoxemia.

Early changes in gene expression profiles of hepatic GVHD uncovered by oligonucleotide microarrays

Blood ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 763-771 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamotsu Ichiba ◽  
Takanori Teshima ◽  
Rork Kuick ◽  
David E. Misek ◽  
Chen Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Mhc Class Ii ◽  
Acute Gvhd ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation ◽  
Gene Expression Profiles ◽  
Endocrine Function ◽  
Hepatic Tissue ◽  
Allogeneic Bone ◽  
Ifn Γ

AbstractThe liver, skin, and gastrointestinal tract are major target organs of acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), the major complication of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). In order to gain a better understanding of acute GVHD in the liver, we compared the gene expression profiles of livers after experimental allogeneic and syngeneic BMT using oligonucleotide microarray. At 35 days after allogeneic BMT when hepatic GVHD was histologically evident, genes related to cellular effectors and acute-phase proteins were up-regulated, whereas genes largely related to metabolism and endocrine function were down-regulated. At day 7 after BMT before the development of histologic changes in the liver, interferon γ (IFN-γ)–inducible genes, major histocompatibility (MHC) class II molecules, and genes related to leukocyte trafficking had been up-regulated. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that expression of IFN-γ protein itself was increased in the spleen but not in hepatic tissue. These results suggest that the increased expression of genes associated with the attraction and activation of donor T cells induced by IFN-γ early after BMT is important in the initiation of hepatic GVHD in this model and provide new potential molecular targets for early detection and intervention of acute GVHD.

scholarly journals Identification of Adipocyte Genes Regulated by Caloric Intake

Endocrinology ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 151 (12) ◽  
pp. 5973-5973
Author(s):  
Niclas Franck ◽  
Anders Gummesson ◽  
Margareta Jernås ◽  
Camilla Glad ◽  
Per-Arne Svensson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Caloric Restriction ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Multiple Time ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Obese Subjects

Context: Changes in energy intake have marked and rapid effects on metabolic functions, and some of these effects may be due to changes in adipocyte gene expression that precede alterations in body weight. Objective: The aim of the study was to identify adipocyte genes regulated by changes in caloric intake independent of alterations in body weight. Research Design and Methods: Obese subjects given a very low-caloric diet followed by gradual reintroduction of ordinary food and healthy subjects subjected to overfeeding were investigated. Adipose tissue biopsies were taken at multiple time-points, and gene expression was measured by DNA microarray. Genes regulated in the obese subjects undergoing caloric restriction followed by refeeding were identified using two-way ANOVA corrected with Bonferroni. From these, genes regulated by caloric restriction and oppositely during the weight-stable refeeding phase were identified in the obese subjects. The genes that were also regulated, in the same direction as the refeeding phase, in the healthy subjects after overfeeding were defined as being regulated by caloric intake. Results were confirmed using real-time PCR or immunoassay. Results: Using a significance level of P < 0.05 for all comparisons, 52 genes were down-regulated, and 50 were up-regulated by caloric restriction and regulated in the opposite direction by refeeding and overfeeding. Among these were genes involved in lipogenesis (ACLY, ACACA, FASN, SCD), control of protein synthesis (4EBP1, 4EBP2), β-oxidation (CPT1B), and insulin resistance (PEDF, SPARC). Conclusions: Metabolic genes involved in lipogenesis, protein synthesis, and insulin resistance are central in the transcriptional response of adipocytes to changes in caloric intake.

scholarly journals Intermittent Fasting Promotes Fat Loss With Lean Mass Retention, Increased Hypothalamic Norepinephrine Content, and Increased Neuropeptide Y Gene Expression in Diet-Induced Obese Male Mice

Endocrinology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 157 (2) ◽  
pp. 679-691 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliet D. Gotthardt ◽  
Jessica L. Verpeut ◽  
Bryn L. Yeomans ◽  
Jennifer A. Yang ◽  
Ali Yasrebi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Neuropeptide Y ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Intermittent Fasting ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Tissue Homogenates ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
The Imf

Abstract Clinical studies indicate alternate-day, intermittent fasting (IMF) protocols result in meaningful weight loss in obese individuals. To further understand the mechanisms sustaining weight loss by IMF, we investigated the metabolic and neural alterations of IMF in obese mice. Male C57/BL6 mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD; 45% fat) ad libitum for 8 weeks to promote an obese phenotype. Mice were divided into four groups and either maintained on ad libitum HFD, received alternate-day access to HFD (IMF-HFD), and switched to ad libitum low-fat diet (LFD; 10% fat) or received IMF of LFD (IMF-LFD). After 4 weeks, IMF-HFD (∼13%) and IMF-LFD (∼18%) had significantly lower body weights than the HFD. Body fat was also lower (∼40%–52%) in all diet interventions. Lean mass was increased in the IMF-LFD (∼12%–13%) compared with the HFD and IMF-HFD groups. Oral glucose tolerance area under the curve was lower in the IMF-HFD (∼50%), whereas the insulin tolerance area under the curve was reduced in all diet interventions (∼22%–42%). HPLC measurements of hypothalamic tissue homogenates indicated higher (∼55%–60%) norepinephrine (NE) content in the anterior regions of the medial hypothalamus of IMF compared with the ad libitum-fed groups, whereas NE content was higher (∼19%–32%) in posterior regions in the IMF-LFD group only. Relative gene expression of Npy in the arcuate nucleus was increased (∼65%–75%) in IMF groups. Our novel findings indicate that intermittent fasting produces alterations in hypothalamic NE and neuropeptide Y, suggesting the counterregulatory processes of short-term weight loss are associated with an IMF dietary strategy.

Effects of caloric restriction on cell proliferation in several tissues in mice: role of intermittent feeding

2005 ◽  
Vol 288 (5) ◽  
pp. E965-E972 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elaine A. Hsieh ◽  
Christine M. Chai ◽  
Marc K. Hellerstein
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Caloric Restriction ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Mammary Epithelial Cells ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Mammary Epithelial ◽  
Intermittent Feeding ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Time Course Study

Reduced cell proliferation may mediate anticarcinogenic effects of caloric restriction (CR). Using heavy water (2H2O) labeling, we investigated the cell proliferation response to CR in detail, including time course, effect of refeeding, and role of intermittent feeding with 5% CR. In the time-course study, 8-wk-old female C57BL/6J mice were placed on a 33% CR regimen (fed 3 times/wk) for varying durations. Compared with responses in controls fed ad libitum (AL), proliferation rates of keratinocytes, mammary epithelial cells, and T cells were markedly reduced within 2 wk of CR. In mice fed 95% ad libitum (C95, fed 3 times/wk), cell proliferation was also reduced in all tissues so that differences from 33% CR were only significant at 1 mo. In the refeeding study, mice were refed a C95 diet for varying durations after 1 mo of 33% CR. Cell proliferation rebounded to a suprabasal rate in all tissues after 2 wk of refeeding and then normalized after 2 mo, although the C95 group again exhibited lower cell proliferation than the AL group. The role of intermittent feeding was studied by comparing 33% CR and C95 animals (both fed intermittently) with animals fed isocalorically either daily or continuously by pellet dispenser. Intermittent feeding had no additive effect on 33% CR but reduced cell proliferation in all tissues at the 95% caloric intake level. In summary, the CR effect on cell proliferation is potent, rapid, and reversible in several tissues, and an intermittent feeding pattern reproduces much of the effect in the absence of substantial CR.

scholarly journals Domestication and tameness: brain gene expression in red junglefowl selected for less fear of humans suggests effects on reproduction and immunology

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (8) ◽  
pp. 160033 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Bélteky ◽  
Beatrix Agnvall ◽  
Martin Johnsson ◽  
Dominic Wright ◽  
Per Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Gene Expression Profiles ◽  
Male Reproduction ◽  
Brain Gene Expression ◽  
Red Junglefowl ◽  
Study Gene Expression ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

The domestication of animals has generated a set of phenotypic modifications, affecting behaviour, appearance, physiology and reproduction, which are consistent across a range of species. We hypothesized that some of these phenotypes could have evolved because of genetic correlation to tameness, an essential trait for successful domestication. Starting from an outbred population of red junglefowl, ancestor of all domestic chickens, we selected birds for either high or low fear of humans for five generations. Birds from the fifth selected generation (S 5 ) showed a divergent pattern of growth and reproduction, where low fear chickens grew larger and produced larger offspring. To examine underlying genetic mechanisms, we used microarrays to study gene expression in thalamus/hypothalamus, a brain region involved in fear and stress, in both the parental generation and the S 5 . While parents of the selection lines did not show any differentially expressed genes, there were a total of 33 genes with adjusted p -values below 0.1 in S 5 . These were mainly related to sperm-function, immunological functions, with only a few known to be relevant to behaviour. Hence, five generations of divergent selection for fear of humans produced changes in hypothalamic gene expression profiles related to pathways associated with male reproduction and to immunology. This may be linked to the effects seen on growth and size of offspring. These results support the hypothesis that domesticated phenotypes may evolve because of correlated effects related to reduced fear of humans.

scholarly journals Identification of Adipocyte Genes Regulated by Caloric Intake

2011 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. E413-E418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niclas Franck ◽  
Anders Gummesson ◽  
Margareta Jernås ◽  
Camilla Glad ◽  
Per-Arne Svensson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Caloric Restriction ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Multiple Time ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Obese Subjects

abstract Context: Changes in energy intake have marked and rapid effects on metabolic functions, and some of these effects may be due to changes in adipocyte gene expression that precede alterations in body weight. Objective: The aim of the study was to identify adipocyte genes regulated by changes in caloric intake independent of alterations in body weight. Research Design and Methods: Obese subjects given a very low-caloric diet followed by gradual reintroduction of ordinary food and healthy subjects subjected to overfeeding were investigated. Adipose tissue biopsies were taken at multiple time-points, and gene expression was measured by DNA microarray. Genes regulated in the obese subjects undergoing caloric restriction followed by refeeding were identified using two-way ANOVA corrected with Bonferroni. From these, genes regulated by caloric restriction and oppositely during the weight-stable refeeding phase were identified in the obese subjects. The genes that were also regulated, in the same direction as the refeeding phase, in the healthy subjects after overfeeding were defined as being regulated by caloric intake. Results were confirmed using real-time PCR or immunoassay. Results: Using a significance level of P < 0.05 for all comparisons, 52 genes were down-regulated, and 50 were up-regulated by caloric restriction and regulated in the opposite direction by refeeding and overfeeding. Among these were genes involved in lipogenesis (ACLY, ACACA, FASN, SCD), control of protein synthesis (4EBP1, 4EBP2), β-oxidation (CPT1B), and insulin resistance (PEDF, SPARC). Conclusions: Metabolic genes involved in lipogenesis, protein synthesis, and insulin resistance are central in the transcriptional response of adipocytes to changes in caloric intake.

Exercise regulation of triiodothyronine metabolism

1988 ◽  
Vol 255 (6) ◽  
pp. E824-E828 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. L. Katzeff ◽  
D. Bovbjerg ◽  
D. A. Mark
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Caloric Restriction ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Voluntary Exercise ◽  
Metabolic Clearance ◽  
Production Rates ◽  
Absolute Level ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Caloric Balance

Negative caloric balance reduces triiodothyronine (T3) production in both humans and rodents. The effects of chronic voluntary exercise and various levels of caloric intake and balance on T3 metabolism were studied in adult male C57/BL6 mice to determine if exercise had any direct effects on T3 production in vivo and in vitro. Chronic voluntary exercise was induced by the addition of running wheels to cages for 28 days. Ad libitum-fed exercising mice ingested 20% greater calories (P less than 0.02), maintained body weight, and increased T3 production (53.1 +/- 5.3 vs. 42.3 +/- 3.4 ng.h-1.100 mg body wt-1; P less than 0.01). Exercising animals pair fed to sedentary ad libitum-fed controls decreased their body mass to an equivalent degree as underfed sedentary animals (caloric intake 75% of ad libitum-fed controls) but had increased T3 clearance compared with weight-matched underfed sedentary control (P less than 0.05). Animals that were underfed and exercised decreased their body weight to a greater extent (P less than 0.01) compared with the sedentary underfed group, but T3 production rates were equal. Activity of liver 5'-deiodinase activity was decreased almost 50% (P less than 0.01) during both exercise plus pair feeding and exercise plus caloric restriction but decreased only 28% during caloric restriction alone (P less than 0.01). T3 metabolic clearance and production rates in vivo were correlated to caloric intake (r = 0.73, P less than 0.01), but an interaction between exercise and caloric balance was observed. Chronic voluntary exercise modulates T3 metabolism via several mechanisms. Exercise has an apparent stimulatory effect independent of caloric intake, but also there are regulatory effects dependent on the absolute level of caloric intake and relative caloric balance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Identification of genes contributing to the obese yellowAvyphenotype: caloric restriction, genotype, diet × genotype interactions

2004 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 316-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jim Kaput ◽  
Karin G. Klein ◽  
Eric J. Reyes ◽  
Warren A. Kibbe ◽  
Craig A. Cooney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Quantitative Trait Loci ◽  
Caloric Restriction ◽  
Quantitative Trait ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes ◽  
Ion Imbalance ◽  
Ad Libitum

The incidence and severity of obesity and type 2 diabetes are increasing in Western societies. The progression of obesity to type 2 diabetes is gradual with overlapping symptoms of insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemias, ion imbalance, and inflammation; this complex syndrome has been called diabesity. We describe here comparisons of gene expression in livers of A/ a (agouti) vs. Avy/ A (obese yellow) segregants (i.e., littermates) from BALB/cStCrlfC3H/Nctr × VYWffC3Hf/Nctr- Avy/ a matings in response to 70% and 100% of ad libitum caloric intakes of a reproducible diet. Twenty-eight ( 28 ) genes regulated by diet, genotype, or diet × genotype interactions mapped to diabesity quantitative trait loci. A subset of the identified genes is linked to abnormal physiological signs observed in obesity and diabetes.

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