Potential and realised endozoochorous dispersal by herbivores and omnivores in a Caspian forest steppe area
Abstract Background: Among other factors, feeding regimes of different mammals affect their roles as endozoochorous seed dispersal vectors. We thus conducted a cross-species comparative approach involving two herbivores, red and roe deer; and two omnivores and opportunistic frugivores, wild boar and brown bear, which occupy the forest and prairie-forest ecotone habitats of the south-eastern Caspian region. To compare their potential and realised endozoochorous seed dispersal, we used two different seed germination methods: controlled greenhouse and natural conditions. Results: Of the 136 plant taxa (3078 seedlings) recorded from the 445 paired dung sub-samples of both methods, only 36 taxa (336 seedlings) were recorded under natural conditions, among which five taxa showed no emergence in the greenhouse. Graminoids and forbs composed 91% of the seedlings in greenhouse but shrub species were more abundant under natural conditions (55% of emerged seedlings). Considering greenhouse condition, red deer and then wild boar dispersed more species than the other animals, while in natural condition brown bear was the most effective vector. We observed remarkably higher species richness and seedling abundance in the controlled greenhouse method than natural condition (P≤0.001). This difference may be related to dung sample preparation method or meteorological conditions in the field during our experiment. Conclusions: The studied sympatric vectors were shown to provide different seed dispersal services and may, therefore, be regarded as complementary. Our results provide evidence for the potential positive bias arising when only considering germination under controlled greenhouse conditions. Relativising the potential versus the realised endozoochorous dispersal of seeds by different mammals would help determine management options to maintain plant biodiversity. Keywords : Different germination methods, Mammal functional groups, Potential endozoochory, Realised endozoochory