Prevalence and Measurement of Anxiety and Depression in Working Nurses in Nepal: A Reflection of Professional Hazard in Low Income Nation

Abstract Background Anxiety, Depression is one of the under reported, underdiagnosed in Nepal though it is the leading cause of incapacitation and is the leading healthcare burden worldwide. The prevalence of anxiety, depression among health personnel is not reported. In this study we attempted to assess the incidence and impact of depression and anxiety in nurses who are working upfront in different hospitals.Method A cross-sectional study was carried out and the sample was collected from nurses working in different hospitals who had spent 6 months or more time as a working nurse in those hospitals. Prevalence of anxiety and depression was assessed using a structured validated questionnaire, The Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A) with a cut-off score for various levels of anxiety. Similarly, General Anxiety Disorder Questionnaires (GAD), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) was used to assess depression and anxiety.Result The analysis of these different scales revealed that disabling anxiety prevailed at highest (43.6%) in nursing staff according to HAM-A scale. Moderate anxiety also seemed to be higher (>20%) in GAD questionnaire. The moderate to severe anxiety prevailed in majority of our study participants in all these scales (HAM-A, HAM-D, GAD). Interestingly, there seemed a strong association between HAM-A to GAD (p=0.008).Conclusions This is probably the first study of its kind that reports on the prevalence of anxiety, depression in the nurses who work in different hospitals in Nepal. We hope this study also depicts the mental health problems that the medical professionals are suffering in other nations as well.

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Prevalence and Measurement of Anxiety and Depression in Working Nurses in Nepal: A Reflection of Professional Hazard in Low Income Nation

10.21203/rs.2.16888/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Pramila Karki ◽

George W. B. J. Katwal ◽

Ayush Chandra ◽

Avinash Chandra

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Low Income ◽

Rating Scale ◽

Mental Health Problems ◽

Strong Association ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Validated Questionnaire ◽

Anxiety Depression

Abstract Background Anxiety, Depression is one of the under reported, underdiagnosed in Nepal though it is the leading cause of incapacitation and is the leading healthcare burden worldwide. The prevalence of anxiety, depression among health personnel is not reported. In this study we attempted to assess the incidence and impact of depression and anxiety in nurses who are working upfront in different hospitals. Method A cross-sectional study and observational analysis was carried out and the sample was collected from nurses working in different hospitals who had spent 6 months or more time as a working nurse in those hospitals. Prevalence of anxiety and depression was assessed using a structured validated questionnaire, The Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A) with a cut-off score for various levels of anxiety. Similarly, General Anxiety Disorder Questionnaires (GAD), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) was used to assess depression and anxiety. Result The analysis of these different scales revealed that disabling anxiety prevailed at highest (43.6%) in nursing staff according to HAM-A scale. Moderate anxiety also seemed to be higher (>20%) in GAD questionnaire. The moderate to severe anxiety prevailed in majority of our study participants in all these scales (HAM-A, HAM-D, GAD). Interestingly, there seemed a strong association between HAM-A to GAD (p=0.008). Conclusions This is probably the first study of its kind that reports on the prevalence of anxiety, depression in the nurses who work in different hospitals in Nepal. We hope this study also depicts the mental health problems that the nursing professionals are suffering in other nations as well. Keywords: Anxiety, Depression, Nurse, Mental Health, Low- and Middle-Income Countries

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Prevalence and measurement of anxiety and depression in nurses during COVID pandemic in Nepal

Insights on the Depression and Anxiety ◽

10.29328/journal.ida.1001021 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 059-063

Author(s):

Chandra Ayush ◽

Chandra Avinash ◽

Sharma Nabina

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Rating Scale ◽

Mental Health Problems ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

General Anxiety Disorder ◽

General Anxiety ◽

Validated Questionnaire ◽

Hamilton Anxiety Scale

Background: Anxiety and depression are under reported, underdiagnosed mental illness in health worker in Nepal especially during COVID pandemic. The study was carried out as an observational study on nurses in Nepal. In this study we attempted to assess the incidence and impact of depression and anxiety in nurses who are working upfront in different hospitals during this crisis. Objective: The purpose of the study is to assess the prevalence of anxiety and depression among nurses in Nepal during COVID pandemic who are working in various hospitals. Method: A cross-sectional non-probability purposive sampling with observational analysis was carried out and the sample was collected from nurses working in different hospitals. Prevalence of anxiety and depression was assessed using a structured and validated questionnaire. Anxiety was assessed with the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A), General Anxiety Disorder Questionnaires (GAD) with a cut-off score for various levels of anxiety while Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) was used to assess depression. Result: The analysis of these different scales revealed that disabling anxiety prevailed at highest (43.6%) in nursing staff according to HAM-A scale. Moderate anxiety also seemed to be higher (> 20%) in GAD questionnaire. Conclusion: This is the first study carried out in Nepal that investigates the mental health of nurses who are working in the frontline in this COVID pandemic situation. The study revealed that our nurses who have given their life in the line are suffering from serious mental health problems.

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Prevalence and Measurement of Anxiety and Depression in Nurses During Covid Pandemic in Nepal

10.21203/rs.3.rs-34462/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Pramila Karki ◽

George B. J. Katwal ◽

Ayush Chandra ◽

Avinash Chandra

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Mental Illness ◽

Anxiety Disorder ◽

Rating Scale ◽

Mental Health Problems ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

General Anxiety Disorder ◽

General Anxiety ◽

Validated Questionnaire

Abstract BackgroundAnxiety and depression are under reported, underdiagnosed mental illness inhealth worker in Nepal especially during COVID pandemic.The study was carried out as an observational studyon nurses in Nepal. In this study we attempted to assess the incidence and impact of depression and anxietyin nurses who are working upfront in different hospitals during this crisis.ObjectiveThe purpose of the study is to assess the prevalence of anxiety and depression among nurses in Nepal during COVID pandemic who are working in various hospitals.MethodA cross-sectional non-probability purposive sampling with observational analysis was carried out and the sample was collected from nurses working in different hospitals. Prevalence of anxiety and depression was assessed using a structured and validated questionnaire. Anxiety was assessed with theHamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A), General Anxiety Disorder Questionnaires (GAD) with a cut-off score for various levels of anxiety while Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D)was used to assess depression.ResultThe analysis of these different scales revealed that disabling anxiety prevailed at highest (43.6%) in nursing staff according to HAM-A scale. Moderateanxiety also seemed to be higher (>20%) in GAD questionnaire. ConclusionThis is the first study carried out in Nepal that investigates the mental health of nurses who are working in the frontline in this COVID pandemic situation. The study revealed that our nurses who have given their life in the line are suffering from serious mental health problems.

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Media consumption and mental health during COVID-19 lockdown: a UK cross-sectional study across England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland

Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1007/s10389-021-01506-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ruth D Neill ◽

Carolyn Blair ◽

Paul Best ◽

Emily McGlinchey ◽

Cherie Armour

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Mental Health Problems ◽

Media Exposure ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Future Research ◽

Media Consumption ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Longitudinal Data Collection

Abstract Aim As individuals adjust to new ‘norms’ and ways of living during the COVID-19 lockdown, there is a continuing need for up-to-date information and guidance. Evidence suggests that frequent media exposure is related to a higher prevalence of mental health problems, especially anxiety and depression. The aim of this study was to determine whether COVID-19 related media consumption is associated with changes in mental health outcomes. Methods This paper presents baseline data from the COVID-19 Psychological Wellbeing Study. The cross-sectional study data was collected using an online survey following the Generalised Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7) and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), with some other basic information collected. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the influence of socio-demographic and media specific factors on anxiety and depression. Results The study suggested that media usage is statistically significantly associated with anxiety and depression on the GAD-7 and PHQ-9 scales with excessive media exposure related to higher anxiety and depression scores. Conclusion This study indicated that higher media consumption was associated with higher levels of anxiety and depression. Worldwide it should be acknowledged that excessive media consumption, particularly social media relating to COVID-19, can have an effect on mental health. However, as this was a cross-sectional study we cannot infer any directionality as we cannot infer cause and effect; therefore, future research involving longitudinal data collection and analyses of variables over time is warranted.

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An Investigation of Associations and Incidence of Anxiety, Depression, Perceived Vulnerability to Diseases, and Fear of COVID-19 Among Nigerian Health Care Workers

Archives of Pediatric Infectious Diseases ◽

10.5812/pedinfect.114746 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol In Press (In Press) ◽

Author(s):

Joy Osagiator Ariyo ◽

Ebenezer Olutope Akinnawo ◽

Bede Chinonye Akpunne ◽

Daniel Oluwasanmi Kumuyi ◽

Deborah Foluke Onisile

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Health Care Workers ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Perceived Vulnerability ◽

Care Workers ◽

Mental Wellness ◽

Anxiety Depression

Background: Health care workers (HCWs) are the frontline of coping COVID-19 pandemic, which indicates the importance of improving their mental wellness to better cope with the situation. Objectives: The current study aimed to firstly assess the severity of anxiety and depression and perceived vulnerability to diseases, and secondly to investigate their association with the fear of COVID-19 among Nigerian HCWs. Methods: For this cross-sectional study, a purposefully selected sample of 413 HCWs from two tertiary healthcare institutions in Benin City, Edo State, South-South Nigeria, responded to the Fear of COVID-19 Scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and Perceived Vulnerability to Disease Scale. Data was collected between October 2020 and February 2021. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize socio-demographic variables, while inferential statistics (t-test for independent samples, one-way ANOVA, and linear regression) were used to test hypotheses. Results: A high prevalence of anxiety, depression, and perceived vulnerability to diseases (PVD) was observed. Perceived infectability (β = 0.244, P = 0.000), germ aversion (β = 0.166, P = 0.000), and composite PVD (β = 0.96, P = 0.000) were identified as independent and significant predictors of fear of COVID-19, accounting for 7.5; 3.3, and 9.9% variance in the severities of Fear of COVID-19, respectively. Anxiety and depression showed a significant joint prediction of Fear of COVID-19 severity, accounting for a 4.0% variance in the severity. Fear of COVID-19 was not found to be influenced by sex or job type differences among the HCWs. Conclusions: This study demonstrated a high incidence of anxiety, depression, and perceived vulnerability to COVID-19 among Nigerian HCWs. These reported symptoms of psychopathology are also strong independent and joint predictors of fear of COVID-19.

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Depression, Anxiety and Stress among Police Personnel during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-sectional Study in North India

Epidemiology International ◽

10.24321/2455.7048.202106 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 06 (02) ◽

pp. 6-11

Author(s):

Amit Kumar Mital ◽

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

At Risk ◽

Mental Health Problems ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Health Problems ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Duty Hours ◽

Police Personnel

Background: COVID-19 pandemic has posed a public health threat to the whole world. The frontline line workers including police personnel involved in COVID-19 management and containment are at risk of mental health problems. Aims: To estimate mental health problems like stress, anxiety, and depression in police personnel and to determine their underlying drivers.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among police personnel of city Rohtak in April 2020. 8 police stations and 13 check-posts were selected randomly by lottery method. Depression, Anxiety and Stress-21 Scale was used. Statistical analyses were undertaken using MS Excel, Epi Info, and R software. Results: 298 policemen were screened for mental problems. Their mean age was 39 ± 9.7 years. 20.1%, 13.8%, and 3.4% had stress, anxiety, and depression respectively. 172 (57.7%) respondents were not satisfied with their COVID duty hours. 239 (80.2%) subjects believed that they are at risk of getting the infection due to their duties in COVID-19 containment zones. About 68.8% of participants believed that their families were at risk of getting the infection because of their COVID-19 duty. The study subjects who were not satisfied with their duty hours had 2.4 and 3.5 times more risk of stress and anxiety as compared with those who were satisfied with them. Conclusion: Policemen are at significant risk for stress, anxiety, and depression due to COVID related duties. Identifiable risk factors were number of working hours per day, dissatisfaction with duty hours, and risk of contracting corona infection due to COVID-19 duty.

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The Impact of Infertility on Various Aspects of Women's Lives in Comparison With Tubal Ligation Control: A Cross-sectional Study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-38747/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Mahnaz Ashrafi ◽

Shahideh Jahanian Sadatmahalleh ◽

Negin Mirzaei ◽

Jahangiri ◽

Samaneh Youseflu

Keyword(s):

Body Image ◽

Self Esteem ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Infertile Women ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Women's Lives ◽

Anxiety Depression

Abstract Background The aim of this study is to assess anxiety, depression, body image, self-esteem, sexual function (SF), and quality of life (QoL) in infertile women in Iran and to compare the results with fertile women (used a condom) and those with tubal ligation (TL) (as control groups). Methods This cross-sectional study was carried out on infertile women, women who had undergone TL (control 1), and women who had used a condom (control 2) (200 women in each group). They were selected from the Royan Institute in Tehran (Iran) and a number of health care centers in Tehran (Iran) from May 2017 to February 2019. The subjects were asked to fill out the Short Form Health Survey (SF-12), Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Body Image Concern Inventory (BICI), and Rosenberg’ Self-Esteem Scale (RSES). One-way ANOVA was used to find the statistical differences between the three groups. Results All mean values FSFI were found to be lower in the TL women and the differences between the three groups were statistically significant in all domains. Women with TL had more female sexual dysfunction (FSD) (22.43 ± 5.30 vs 24.79 ± 4.74 vs 28.03 ± 3.29, P˂0.001). There was a significant difference between the three groups in SF-12 scores (76.59 ± 13.14 vs 68.49 ± 14.47 vs 78.87 ± 12.62, P˂0.001). Also, there was a significant difference between the three groups in anxiety, depression, and total scores HADS (P˂0.001). Infertile women had lower body image (P˂0.05) and self-esteem was lower in the TL group (P˂0.05). Conclusions Our findings reveal the adverse effects of TL on the anxiety and depression, sexual life, body image, and QoL of women. It is recommended that the awareness and knowledge of health-care professionals regarding the side-effects of TL in the above-mentioned aspects of women’s lives should be increased and discussed with patients.

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Assessment Of Depression Among The Dentists Of Karachi By Using AKUAD Scale

Journal of Bahria University Medical and Dental College ◽

10.51985/jbumdc2019019 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 09 (03) ◽

pp. 183-187

Author(s):

Kiran Fatima Mehboob Ali Bana ◽

◽

Zubair Ahmed Abbassi ◽

Samina Saleem

Keyword(s):

Private Sector ◽

Study Design ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

P Value ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Validated Questionnaire ◽

Study Results ◽

Professional Field

Objective: To assess the anxiety and depression among the dentists of Karachi by using AKUADS. Study Design and Setting: It was a cross sectional study design conducted in Karachi. Methodology: The calculated sample size was 293.The data was collected over a period of 3 months with the help of validated Questionnaire of Aga Khan University Anxiety and Depression Scale (AKUADS). Informed consent was taken and rationale was explained to all the participants before commencement of this study. Results: Our study focused on sample of 234. The response rate was 79.8%. The anxiety and depression was prevalent in 67.9% of dentists from Karachi. Males and unmarried/single dentists were more depressed than females and married dentists. The 24-30 years of dentists having more than five years of professional experience and were working more than 40 hours per week were found to be more depressed n=82 (72.56%) than the dentists who worked less than forty hours per week; n=77 (63.6%) and calculated P value was 0.093. When analyzing the association between anxiety and depression and working sector; dentists who worked in private sector (n=81) 71.05% were found to be more depressed than the dentists worked in Public sector and the calculated P-value was 0.197. Conclusion: The study rendered substantial data about unexpectedly high prevalence of anxiety and depression among the sample of dentists from Karachi. It was inferred from the study that experience in professional field, age of dentists, more than 40 hours working per week and working in private sector have been associated with anxiety and depression among the dentists of Karachi.

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Prevalence of Anxiety and Depression in General Population of Iran during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Web-Based Cross-Sectional Study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-39082/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Saman Maroufizadeh ◽

Majid Pourshaikhian ◽

Ali Pourramzani ◽

Farzaneh Sheikholeslami ◽

Mohammad Taghi Moghadamnia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

General Population ◽

Family Members ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Middle Aged ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Web Based ◽

Anxiety Depression

Abstract Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global public health emergency and may result in psychological problems such as anxiety and depression in general population. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of anxiety and depression and their associated factors in general population of Iran during the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods: We conducted this web-based cross-sectional study on 5328 individuals in Iran, between 17 and 29 April 2020. Data were collected through an anonymous online questionnaire via social media like WhatsApp and Telegram. The online survey collected information on demographic characteristics, COVID-19-related variables, and anxiety and depression. Anxiety and depression were assessed using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), respectively. Simple and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to determine independent predictors of anxiety and depression.Results: The mean GAD-7 and PHQ-9 total scores were 7.17 (SD=5.42) and 7.80 (SD=6.68), respectively. The prevalence of anxiety, depression, and comorbid anxiety-depression were 30.1%, 33.4%, and 22.1%, respectively. According to the adjusted analysis, anxiety was significantly associated with being female, being young and middle-aged, being unemployed or housewife, having chronic diseases, long time thinking about COVID-19, having family members, friends, and/or relatives infected with COVI-19, and death of family members, relatives or friends due to COVID-19. Same results were also found for depression. Furthermore, depression was associated with being single, being resident in urban area, and having high risk individual in family. Conclusion: The prevalence of anxiety and depression were considerably high in general population of Iran during the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, the findings suggest that more attention needs to be paid to vulnerable groups such as women, young/middle-aged adults, unemployed people, people with chronic disease. Thus, a holistic approach, including management policies, psychosocial interventions, training, support, and tele-mental health, is absolutely crucial to reduce mental health problems of the COVID-19 and any outbreaks of other infectious diseases.

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Association between SARS-CoV-2 infection, exposure risk and mental health among a cohort of essential retail workers in the USA

Occupational and Environmental Medicine ◽

10.1136/oemed-2020-106774 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. oemed-2020-106774

Author(s):

Fan-Yun Lan ◽

Christian Suharlim ◽

Stefanos N Kales ◽

Justin Yang

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Health State ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Social Distancing ◽

General Anxiety Disorder ◽

General Anxiety ◽

The Usa ◽

Retail Workers

ObjectivesTo investigate SARS-CoV-2 (the virus causing COVID-19) infection and exposure risks among grocery retail workers, and to investigate their mental health state during the pandemic.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted in May 2020 in a single grocery retail store in Massachusetts, USA. We assessed workers’ personal/occupational history and perception of COVID-19 by questionnaire. The health outcomes were measured by nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) results, General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9).ResultsAmong 104 workers tested, 21 (20%) had positive viral assays. Seventy-six per cent positive cases were asymptomatic. Employees with direct customer exposure had an odds of 5.1 (95% CI 1.1 to 24.8) being tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 after adjustments. As to mental health, the prevalence of anxiety and depression (ie, GAD-7 score >4 or PHQ-9 score >4) was 24% and 8%, respectively. After adjusting for potential confounders, those able to practice social distancing consistently at work had odds of 0.3 (95% CI 0.1 to 0.9) and 0.2 (95% CI 0.03 to 0.99) screening positive for anxiety and depression, respectively. Workers commuting by foot, bike or private cars were less likely to screen positive for depression (OR 0.1, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.7).ConclusionsIn this single store sample, we found a considerable asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection rate among grocery workers. Employees with direct customer exposure were five times more likely to test positive for SARS-CoV-2. Those able to practice social distancing consistently at work had significantly lower risk of anxiety or depression.

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