Ethnic and Gender Biases in Clinical Performance Assessment (CPA) in Healthcare Education: A Systematic Review

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iris C.I. Chao ◽  
Efrem Violato ◽  
Brendan Concannon ◽  
Charlotte McCartan ◽  
Katarzyna Nicpon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Gender Bias ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Clinical Performance ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Gender Biases ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Frame Of Reference Training ◽  
And Gender

Abstract Background: Several forms of bias, including ethnic and gender bias, are thought to impact evaluations on Clinical Performance Assessments (CPAs). Unfairness may influence student learning attitudes if a loss of trust causes a lack of engagement in learning. Understanding the biases occurring in CPAs can lead to well-designed examiner training to ensure equality and fairness. The purpose of this systematic review is to determine the current evidence in the literature for ethnic and/or gender bias by examiners evaluating pre-licensure healthcare students in CPAs using standardized patients (SPs). Methods: Literature was systematically searched in CINAHL, PubMed and Medline from inception to February 2019, and no date range was set. Studies related to the investigation of ethnic and/or gender biases occurring in CPAs using SPs for examining health professions students were selected. A systematic review was conducted to assess the methodological quality and strength of evidence of relevant research and to identify if any potential ethnic and/or gender bias occurred in CPAs. The Guidelines for Critical Review were used to appraise the selected studies. Results: Nine studies published from 2003 to 2017 were retrieved for review. Three studies met all the Guidelines for Critical Review quality criteria, indicating stronger evidence of their outcomes, two of the studies reported ethnic and/or gender bias existing in the CPAs. Overall, four studies found ethnic and/or gender bias in CPAs, but all study results had small effect sizes. Conclusions: No systematic and consistent bias was found across the studies; nonetheless, the possibility of ethnic or gender bias by some examiners cannot be ignored. To minimize potential examiner bias, the investigation of Frame of Reference training, multiple examiners per station, and combination assessments in CPAs is recommended.

scholarly journals Questioning Racial and Gender Bias in AI-based Recommendations: Do Espoused National Cultural Values Matter?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manjul Gupta ◽  
Carlos M. Parra ◽  
Denis Dennehy
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Gender Bias ◽  
The United States ◽  
Compelling Evidence ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
Gender Biases ◽  
Significant Research ◽  
And Gender

AbstractOne realm of AI, recommender systems have attracted significant research attention due to concerns about its devastating effects to society’s most vulnerable and marginalised communities. Both media press and academic literature provide compelling evidence that AI-based recommendations help to perpetuate and exacerbate racial and gender biases. Yet, there is limited knowledge about the extent to which individuals might question AI-based recommendations when perceived as biased. To address this gap in knowledge, we investigate the effects of espoused national cultural values on AI questionability, by examining how individuals might question AI-based recommendations due to perceived racial or gender bias. Data collected from 387 survey respondents in the United States indicate that individuals with espoused national cultural values associated to collectivism, masculinity and uncertainty avoidance are more likely to question biased AI-based recommendations. This study advances understanding of how cultural values affect AI questionability due to perceived bias and it contributes to current academic discourse about the need to hold AI accountable.

Ethnic and gender bias in objective structured clinical examination: A critical review

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
IrisC. I. Chao ◽  
Efrem Violato ◽  
Brendan Concannon ◽  
Charlotte McCartan ◽  
Sharla King ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Bias ◽  
Clinical Examination ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Objective Structured Clinical Examination ◽  
And Gender

Can Exergaming Promote Physical Fitness and Physical Activity?

Gamification ◽  
2015 ◽  
pp. 2022-2039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuomas Kari
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Systematic Reviews ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
High Quality Research ◽  
Significant Health

This systematic review of systematic reviews evaluates the effectiveness of exergaming on physical fitness and physical activity. A systematic literature search was conducted on 10 databases, and 1040 articles were identified. Sixty-eight articles were found potentially relevant and were selected for closer screening. Cross-referencing was conducted to find other potentially relevant articles. The quality of all relevant articles was evaluated using the AMSTAR tool. After all the duplicates were removed and inclusion, exclusion, and quality criteria were implemented, six articles remained for review. The results indicate that exergaming is generally enjoyed and can evoke some benefits for physical fitness and physical activity, but the current evidence does not support the ability of exergaming to increase physical fitness or physical activity levels sufficiently for significant health benefits. This systematic review also revealed several gaps in previous research. Additional high-quality research and systematic reviews concerning exergaming are needed.

Promoting Physical Activity and Fitness with Exergames

2016 ◽  
pp. 225-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuomas Kari
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Systematic Reviews ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
High Quality Research ◽  
Significant Health

This updated systematic review of systematic reviews evaluates the effectiveness of exergaming on physical fitness and physical activity. A systematic literature search was conducted on 10 databases, first in 2014 and then repeated in 2016. In total, 1040 and 287 articles were identified. 68 and 31 articles were found potentially relevant and selected for closer screening. The quality of all relevant articles was evaluated using the AMSTAR tool. After the duplicates were removed and inclusion, exclusion, and quality criteria were implemented, six and three articles remained for review. The results indicate that exergaming is generally enjoyed and can evoke some benefits for physical fitness and physical activity, but the current evidence does not support the ability of exergaming to increase physical fitness or physical activity levels sufficiently for significant health benefits. This systematic review also revealed gaps in previous research. Additional high-quality research and systematic reviews concerning exergaming are needed.

scholarly journals Use of Simulation in Newborn Resuscitation Education: Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Süreyya Sarvan ◽  
Emine Efe
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Neonatal Resuscitation ◽  
Google Scholar ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Knowledge And Skills ◽  
Newborn Resuscitation ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Resuscitation Training ◽  
Academic Search

Objective: Every year, millions of newborns around the world need the help of health professionals to take their first breath. Healthcare professionals need to have comprehensive knowledge and skills of specified in the neonatal resuscitation algorithm to perform life-saving interventions quickly and accurately. However, since neonatal resuscitation is a rather complicated task, deviations from this algorithm are common. In this article, it is aimed to review the current evidence of simulation used to improve neonatal resuscitation training. Methods: This research is the systematic review design and is a qualitative research based on document analysis of the articles. The universe of the study consisted of 116 articles from 2015-2020, accessed from databases such as Medline Complete, Academic Search Complete, Academic Search Ultimate, CINAHL Complete, Directory of Open Access Journals, Google Scholar and Google Scholar. Nine articles that satisfy the criteria for inclusion in this study were evaluated within the scope of the study. Results: Eight of the nine studies included in the study were reported to be in use high reality simulations. In all studies, educational content ranging from theoretical lessons based on neonatal resuscitation guidance and simulated resuscitation training to scenario-based practices were reported. In simulations to evaluate skill performances Megacode scenario was used in five studies, simulator software in one study, and a standard evaluation form in three studies. Conclusion: In the current studies, despite the improvement in knowledge and skill performance immediately after neonatal resuscitation training, the protection of knowledge and skills in the long term is controversial. For this reason, it may be recommended to conduct refresher trainings for the protection of newborn resuscitation knowledge and skills of health care professionals.

Even Today, a Western and Gendered Social Science: Persistent Geographic and Gender Biases in Undergraduate IR Teaching

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 203-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Cleeland Knight
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Science ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Gender Bias ◽  
The United States ◽  
Female Faculty ◽  
First Finding ◽  
Original Dataset ◽  
Gender Biases ◽  
And Gender

Abstract A perennial critique of international relations is that the field focuses disproportionately on the United States and Europe and contains a gender bias in terms of ignoring issues of particular concern to women. The field is also infamous for how difficult it is for female scholars to publish and have their publications cited. This study evaluates these claims of bias in the area of undergraduate international relations teaching by analyzing an original dataset of 48 introduction to international relations syllabi from ten countries. The study analyzes the authors of required readings and the theories and empirical topics taught, and finds that the geographic and gender biases are both firmly in place. The first finding is that courses assign readings predominantly from US-resident, US-trained, male authors, even those courses taught outside the United States and those taught by female faculty. A second finding is that assigned readings focus overwhelmingly on the United States more than any other country or region, and only 1 percent of readings focus specifically on gender-related issues.

scholarly journals Impact of Probiotics on the Performance of Endurance Athletes: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (21) ◽  
pp. 11576
Author(s):  
Jara Díaz-Jiménez ◽  
Eduardo Sánchez-Sánchez ◽  
Francisco Javier Ordoñez ◽  
Ignacio Rosety ◽  
Antonio Jesús Díaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Endurance Athletes ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
System Response ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Sports Performance ◽  
Tract Infections

Background: Probiotic supplements contain different strains of living microorganisms that promote the health of the host. These dietary supplements are increasingly being used by athletes to improve different aspects such as athletic performance, upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs), the immune system, oxidative stress, gastrointestinal (GI) problems, etc. This study aimed to identify the current evidence on the management of probiotics in endurance athletes and their relationship with sports performance. Methods: A systematic review of the last five years was carried out in PubMed, Scopus, Web of science, Sportdiscus and Embase databases. Results: Nine articles met the quality criteria. Of these, three reported direct benefits on sports performance. The remaining six articles found improvements in the reduction of oxidative stress, increased immune response and decreased incidence of URTIs. There is little scientific evidence on the direct relationship between the administration of probiotics in endurance athletes and sports performance. Conclusions: Benefits were found that probiotics could indirectly influence sports performance by improving other parameters such as the immune system, response to URTIs and decreased oxidative stress, as well as the monitoring of scheduled workouts.

scholarly journals The Influence of Beta-2 Adrenergic Receptor Gene Polymorphisms on Albuterol Therapy for Patients With Asthma: Protocol for a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

10.2196/14759 ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. e14759 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keiko Hikino ◽  
Shinobu Kobayashi ◽  
Erika Ota ◽  
Taisei Mushiroda ◽  
Tohru Kobayashi
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Adrenergic Receptor ◽  
Literature Search ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Cochrane Central Register ◽  
Asthmatic Patients ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Adrb2 Gene ◽  
Meta Analyses

Background Albuterol is one of the most frequently used medications in clinical practice and seeing varying responses to albuterol between individuals is not uncommon. Multiple studies have been conducted to investigate the associations of differing responses due to albuterol, particularly with regards to the two nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at positions 16 (Arg16Gly: substitution of arginine to glycine at position 16; rs1042713) and 27 (Glu27Gln: substitution of glutamic acid to glutamine at position 27; rs1042714) on the β-2 adrenergic receptor (ADRB2) gene. However, the directions of the correlations are conflicting. Objective The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to assess the effect of the two SNPs on the ADRB2 gene, in terms of the responses that present in asthmatic patients shortly after albuterol inhalation. Methods The primary outcome of this work is a detailed study of the associations of the two SNPs in the ADRB2 gene with treatment response and lung function testing shortly after administration of albuterol to asthmatic patients. A comprehensive literature search, using the OVID platform, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, will be conducted by a specialized librarian without language restrictions. We will include both prospective and retrospective original observational studies, and we will exclude nonhuman or in vitro studies. All abstracts will be reviewed by two authors who will also individually perform data extraction from each eligible study. Any arising disagreements will be resolved through discussion with a third party. Risk of bias for all included studies will be independently assessed using the quality of genetic association studies tool. We will report the systematic review and meta-analysis, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. A narrative synthesis of study results or meta-analyses will be undertaken when appropriate. Results At the moment of writing, we have already started the preliminary literature search and piloting of the study selection process. The anticipated completion date is September 30, 2019. Conclusions Our systematic review and meta-analysis aims to clarify the current evidence of associations between the two nonsynonymous SNPs in the ADRB2 gene and the responses that present in asthmatic patients shortly after albuterol inhalation. If positive correlations are found, this knowledge may be used to improve personalized pharmacotherapy of albuterol use. Trial Registration PROSPERO CRD42019074554; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=74554 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) PRR1-10.2196/14759

Investor Preference for Director Characteristics: Portfolio Choice with Gender Bias

2019 ◽  
Vol 95 (5) ◽  
pp. 117-147
Author(s):  
Henry L. Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Gender Bias ◽  
Portfolio Choice ◽  
Female Directors ◽  
Gender Biases ◽  
Potential Channels ◽  
And Performance ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Director Characteristics ◽  
Investor Preference

ABSTRACT This study examines whether investor-level preferences for director characteristics influence portfolio choices, using data on the U.S. holdings of non-U.S. funds. Consistent with bias-based preferences influencing portfolio allocations, funds from countries with greater gender inequality invest less and hold smaller stakes in firms with more female directors. Since variation in funds' home country gender biases are plausibly unrelated to the selection and performance of female directors in U.S. firms, the empirical strategy mitigates endogeneity concerns arising from estimates based on associations between market performance and gender demographics. The study contributes by linking investments to measured gender biases and by providing evidence, through additional analysis, of potential channels through which gender bias may affect portfolio choice. JEL Classifications: G11; J16; M10.

Can Exergaming Promote Physical Fitness and Physical Activity?

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 59-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuomas Kari
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Systematic Reviews ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
High Quality Research ◽  
Significant Health

This systematic review of systematic reviews evaluates the effectiveness of exergaming on physical fitness and physical activity. A systematic literature search was conducted on 10 databases, and 1040 articles were identified. Sixty-eight articles were found potentially relevant and were selected for closer screening. Cross-referencing was conducted to find other potentially relevant articles. The quality of all relevant articles was evaluated using the AMSTAR tool. After all the duplicates were removed and inclusion, exclusion, and quality criteria were implemented, six articles remained for review. The results indicate that exergaming is generally enjoyed and can evoke some benefits for physical fitness and physical activity, but the current evidence does not support the ability of exergaming to increase physical fitness or physical activity levels sufficiently for significant health benefits. This systematic review also revealed several gaps in previous research. Additional high-quality research and systematic reviews concerning exergaming are needed.

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