Trends in Measles Cases in Bayelsa State, Nigeria: A Five-year Review of Case-based Surveillance Data (2014- 2018).

Abstract Background Measles is a vaccine preventable, highly transmissible viral infection that affects mostly children under five years. It has been ear marked for elimination and Nigeria adopted the measles elimination strategies of the World Health Organization (WHO) African region to reduce cases and deaths. This study was done to determine trends in measles cases in Bayelsa state, to describe cases in terms of person and place, identify gaps in the case-based surveillance data collection system and identify risk factors for measles infection. Methods We carried out a secondary data analysis of measles case-based surveillance data for the period of January 2014 to December 2018 obtained in Microsoft Excel from the State Ministry of Health. Cases were defined according to WHO standard case definitions. We calculated frequencies, proportions, estimated odds ratios (OR), 95% confidence intervals (CI) and multivariate analysis. Results A total of 449 cases of measles were reported. There were 245(54.6%) males and the most affected age group was 1-4 years with 288(64.1%) cases. Of all cases, 289(9.35%) were confirmed and 70 (48.27%) had received at least one dose of measles vaccine. There was an all-year transmission with increased cases in the 4 th quarter of the year. Yenegoa local government area had the highest number of cases. Timeliness of specimen reaching the laboratory and the proportion of specimens received at the laboratory with results sent to the national level timely was below WHO recommended 80% respectively. Predictors of measles infection were, age less than 5 years (AOR: 0.57, 95% CI: 0.36-0.91) and residing in an urban area (AOR: 1.55, 95% CI:1.02-2.34). Conclusions Measles infection occurred all-year round, with children less than 5 years being more affected. Measles case-based surveillance system showed high levels of case investigation with poor data quality and poor but improving indicators. Being less than 5 years was protective of measles while living in urban areas increased risk for infection. We recommended to the state government to prioritize immunization activities in the urban centers, start campaigns by the 4th quarter and continue to support measles surveillance activities and the federal government to strengthen regional laboratory capacities.

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Trends in Measles Cases in Bayelsa State, Nigeria: A Five-year Review of Case-based Surveillance Data (2014- 2018).

10.21203/rs.2.18136/v5 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

NENI AWORABHI ◽

Tamunowari Numbere ◽

Muhammed Shakir Balogun ◽

Aisha Usman ◽

Rowland Utulu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Urban Areas ◽

National Level ◽

The State ◽

Surveillance Data ◽

World Health ◽

African Region ◽

Case Definitions ◽

Standard Case ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Case Based

Abstract Background: Measles is a vaccine preventable, highly transmissible viral infection that affects mostly children under five years. It has been ear marked for elimination and Nigeria adopted the measles elimination strategies of the World Health Organization (WHO) African region to reduce cases and deaths. This study was done to determine trends in measles cases in Bayelsa state, to describe cases in terms of person and place, identify gaps in the case-based surveillance data collection system and identify risk factors for measles infection.Methods: We carried out a secondary data analysis of measles case-based surveillance data for the period of January 2014 to December 2018 obtained in Microsoft Excel from the State Ministry of Health. Cases were defined according to WHO standard case definitions. We calculated frequencies, proportions, estimated odds ratios (OR), 95% confidence intervals (CI) and multivariate analysis.Results: A total of 449 cases of measles were reported. There were 245(54.6%) males and the most affected age group was 1-4 years with 288(64.1%) cases. Of all cases, 289(9.35%) were confirmed and 70 (48.27%) had received at least one dose of measles vaccine. There was an all-year transmission with increased cases in the 4th quarter of the year. Yenegoa local government area had the highest number of cases. Timeliness of specimen reaching the laboratory and the proportion of specimens received at the laboratory with results sent to the national level timely were below WHO recommended 80% respectively. Predictors of measles infection were, age less than 5 years (AOR: 0.57, 95% CI: 0.36-0.91) and residing in an urban area (AOR: 1.55, 95% CI:1.02-2.34).Conclusions: Measles infection occurred all-year round, with children less than 5 years being more affected. Measles case-based surveillance system showed high levels of case investigation with poor data quality and poor but improving indicators. Being less than 5 years was protective of measles while living in urban areas increased risk for infection. We recommended to the state government to prioritize immunization activities in the urban centers, start campaigns by the 4th quarter and continue to support measles surveillance activities and the federal government to strengthen regional laboratory capacities.

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Trends in Measles Cases in Bayelsa State, Nigeria: A Five-year Review of Case-based Surveillance Data (2014- 2018).

10.21203/rs.2.18136/v4 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

NENI AWORABHI ◽

Tamunowari Numbere ◽

Muhammed Shakir Balogun ◽

Aisha Usman ◽

Rowland Utulu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Urban Areas ◽

National Level ◽

The State ◽

Surveillance Data ◽

World Health ◽

African Region ◽

Case Definitions ◽

Standard Case ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Case Based

Abstract Background Measles is a vaccine preventable, highly transmissible viral infection that affects mostly children under five years. It has been ear marked for elimination and Nigeria adopted the measles elimination strategies of the World Health Organization (WHO) African region to reduce cases and deaths. This study was done to determine trends in measles cases in Bayelsa state, to describe cases in terms of person and place, identify gaps in the case-based surveillance data collection system and identify risk factors for measles infection. Methods We carried out a secondary data analysis of measles case-based surveillance data for the period of January 2014 to December 2018 obtained in Microsoft Excel from the State Ministry of Health. Cases were defined according to WHO standard case definitions. We calculated frequencies, proportions, estimated odds ratios (OR), 95% confidence intervals (CI) and multivariate analysis. Results A total of 449 cases of measles were reported. There were 245(54.6%) males and the most affected age group was 1-4 years with 288(64.1%) cases. Of all cases, 289(9.35%) were confirmed and 70 (48.27%) had received at least one dose of measles vaccine. There was an all-year transmission with increased cases in the 4th quarter of the year. Yenegoa local government area had the highest number of cases. Timeliness of specimen reaching the laboratory and the proportion of specimens received at the laboratory with results sent to the national level timely were below WHO recommended 80% respectively. Predictors of measles infection were, age less than 5 years (AOR: 0.57, 95% CI: 0.36-0.91) and residing in an urban area (AOR: 1.55, 95% CI:1.02-2.34). Conclusions Measles infection occurred all-year round, with children less than 5 years being more affected. Measles case-based surveillance system showed high levels of case investigation with poor data quality and poor but improving indicators. Being less than 5 years was protective of measles while living in urban areas increased risk for infection. We recommended to the state government to prioritize immunization activities in the urban centers, start campaigns by the 4th quarter and continue to support measles surveillance activities and the federal government to strengthen regional laboratory capacities.

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Trends in Measles Cases in Bayelsa State, Nigeria: A Five-year Review of Case-based Surveillance Data (2014- 2018).

10.21203/rs.2.18136/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

NENI AWORABHI ◽

Tamunowari Numbere ◽

Mohammed Shakir Balogun ◽

Aisha Usman ◽

Rowland Utulu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Urban Areas ◽

National Level ◽

The State ◽

Surveillance Data ◽

World Health ◽

African Region ◽

Case Definitions ◽

Standard Case ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Case Based

Abstract Background Measles is a vaccine preventable, highly transmissible viral infection that affects mostly children under five years. It has been ear marked for elimination and Nigeria adopted the measles elimination strategies of the World Health Organization (WHO) African region to reduce cases and deaths. This study was done to determine trends in measles cases in Bayelsa state, to describe cases in terms of person and place, identify gaps in the case-based surveillance data collection system and identify risk factors for measles infection. Methods We carried out a secondary data analysis of measles case-based surveillance data for the period of January 2014 to December 2018 obtained in Microsoft Excel from the State Ministry of Health. Cases were defined according to WHO standard case definitions. We calculated frequencies, proportions, estimated odds ratios (OR), 95% confidence intervals (CI) and multivariate analysis. Results A total of 449 cases of measles were reported. There were 245(54.6%) males and the most affected age group was 1-4 years with 288(64.1%) cases. Of all cases, 289(9.35%) were confirmed and 70 (48.27%) had received at least one dose of measles vaccine. There was an all-year transmission with increased cases in the 4th quarter of the year. Yenegoa local government area had the highest number of cases. Timeliness of specimen reaching the laboratory and the proportion of specimens received at the laboratory with results sent to the national level timely was below WHO recommended 80% respectively. Predictors of measles infection were, age less than 5 years (AOR: 0.57, 95% CI: 0.36-0.91) and residing in an urban area (AOR: 1.55, 95% CI:1.02-2.34). Conclusions Measles infection occurred all-year round, with children less than 5 years being more affected. Measles case-based surveillance system showed high levels of case investigation with poor data quality and poor but improving indicators. Being less than 5 years was protective of measles while living in urban areas increased risk for infection. We recommended to the state government to prioritize immunization activities in the urban centers, start campaigns by the 4th quarter and continue to support measles surveillance activities and the federal government to strengthen regional laboratory capacities.

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Trends in Measles Cases in Bayelsa State, Nigeria: A Five-year Review of Case-based Surveillance Data (2014- 2018).

10.21203/rs.2.18136/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

NENI AWORABHI ◽

Tamunowari Numbere ◽

Mohammed Shakir Balogun ◽

Aisha Usman ◽

Rowland Utulu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

World Health Organization ◽

Urban Areas ◽

National Level ◽

Surveillance Data ◽

World Health ◽

Standard Case ◽

Increased Risk ◽

The World ◽

Health Organization ◽

Case Based

Abstract Measles is a vaccine preventable, highly transmissible viral infection that affects mostly children under five years. It has been ear marked for eradication and Nigeria adopted the measles elimination strategies of the World Health Organization (WHO) African region to reduce cases and deaths. This study was done to determine trends in measles cases in Bayelsa State, to describe cases in terms of person and place, identify gaps in the case-based surveillance data collection system and identify risk factors for measles infection. We carried out a secondary data analysis of measles case-based surveillance data for the period of January 2014 to December 2018 obtained in Microsoft Excel from the State Ministry of Health. Cases were defined according the World Health Organization (WHO) standard case definitions. We calculated frequencies, proportions, estimated odds ratios (OR), 95% confidence intervals (CI) and multivariate analysis. A total of 449 cases of measles were reported. There were 245(54.6%) males, the most affected age group was 1-4 years with 288(64.1%) cases. Of all cases, 289(9.35%) were confirmed and 70 (48.27%) had received at least one dose of measles vaccine. There was an all-year transmission with increased cases in the 4th quarter of the year. Yenegoa Local Government Area had the highest number of cases. Timeliness of specimen reaching the laboratory and the proportion of specimens received at the laboratory with results sent to the national level timely was below WHO recommended 80%. Predictors of measles infection were, age less than 5 years (AOR: 0.57, 95% CI: 0.36-0.91) and residing in an urban area (AOR: 1.55, 95% CI:1.02-2.34). Measles infection occurred all-year round, with children less than 5 years being more affected. Measles case-based surveillance system showed high levels of case investigation with poor data quality and poor but improving indicators. Being less than 5 years was protective of measles while living in urban areas increased risk for infection. We recommended to state government to prioritize immunization activities in the urban centers, start campaigns by 4th quarter and continue to support measles surveillance activities while the federal government to strengthen regional laboratory capacities. Measles, Surveillance, Vaccination, Nigeria, Trend, Predictors

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Prevalence of Underweight, Overweight and Obesity in School-Aged Children in the Urban Area of the Northwestern Part of Romania

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18105176 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (10) ◽

pp. 5176

Author(s):

Tudor Lucian Pop ◽

Dana Maniu ◽

Daniela Rajka ◽

Cecilia Lazea ◽

Gabriel Cismaru ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Urban Area ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Severe Obesity ◽

Task Force ◽

National Level ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Excess Weight ◽

World Health ◽

Northwestern Part ◽

Obesity In Children

Introduction: During the last three decades, there has been an excess weight epidemic due to changes in nutrition and lifestyle. Few data on the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children in Romania were published, without a single study representative at the national level. There are reports on the higher level of overweight and obesity in urban areas compared to rural ones. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of underweight, overweight, obesity and severe obesity in children enrolled in schools from the urban area. Material and methods: For this cross-sectional study, children from 177 schools from the urban area of five counties from the northwestern part of Romania were included after the parents signed written informed consent. Anthropometric data were recorded (weight, height) based on World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations and Body-Mass-Index (BMI), and the z-score for BMI were calculated. The nutritional status was estimated using three reference criteria: WHO, International Obesity Task Force (IOTC) and the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Results: We analyzed data of 21,650 children (48.19% boys) age between 7 and 18 years. The prevalence of overweight was 13.8%, 16.2% and 20.3%, of obesity was 10.7%, 10.0% and 5.7% and of severe obesity was 5.1%, 1.2% and 1.6% (using WHO, CDC and IOTF cut-offs). Underweight was present in 5.2% (WHO), 6% (CDC) and 2.6% (IOTF). The highest prevalence of overweight (including obesity) was found in children aged 10 years, and the lowest in adolescents at 18 years. Boys have a higher prevalence of excess weight than girls. Using IOTF cut-offs, the prevalence of obesity and severe obesity was lower than using WHO criteria. Conclusions: The prevalence of overweight (including obesity) in children from the urban area of Western Romania was recorded at alarming levels, higher in boys and at the pre-puberty ages. There are significant differences based on the reference system used. It is important to correctly choose the reference for the definition of overweight and obesity to have the correct estimation of the target for public health measures.

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Molecular detection of viral pathogens from suspected viral hemorrhagic fever patients in Ghana

Second Edition in 2020 of the HSI Journal Volume 1 Issue 2 Publication - Health Sciences Investigations Journal ◽

10.46829/hsijournal.2020.6.1.1.31-35 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 31-35

Author(s):

Joseph HK Bonney ◽

Theodore W Asigbee ◽

Erasmus Kotey ◽

Keren Attiku ◽

Franklin Asiedu-Bekoe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza A ◽

Virus Disease ◽

Health Facilities ◽

African Countries ◽

Case Definitions ◽

Viral Pathogens ◽

Standard Case ◽

Clinical Specimens ◽

Influenza A H1n1 ◽

Case Based

Background: Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are infectious illnesses that can cause serious morbidity and mortality to infected persons. During the 2014 Ebola virus disease outbreak in some West African countries, Ghana revamped its surveillance system across the country to prepare, effectively respond and pre-empt any public health concerns Objective: We report on suspected VHF clinical specimens submitted to the Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (NMIMR) from health facilities across the country for diagnosis within the period under review. This was partly to provide rapid response and to alert the health system to prevent outbreaks and its spread. Methods: From January 2017 to December 2018 clinical specimens of blood from 149 cases of suspected VHFs were collected at health facilities across the country and sent to NMIMR. Patient specimens were tested for viral pathogens including Lassa fever, Yellow fever, Dengue fever, Chikungunya, Zika, Ebola and Marburg by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. A case was however tested for influenza as the patient exhibited respiratory distress symptoms as well. Demographic and clinical information collected on a structured case-based forms were analyzed for each patient. Results: Out of the 149 clinical specimens tested, three (3) were found to be positive, with two (2) being Dengue and one (1) seasonal Influenza A H1N1. Analysis of the case-based forms revealed shortcomings with regards to standard case definitions used to enroll suspected cases. Conclusion: Our results buttress the need for a routine surveillance activity for VHFs to minimize spread and possibly forestall outbreaks. Moreover, febrile illnesses can be caused by a host of pathogens hence there is a need for enhanced diagnosis to help in patient management.

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Management of TB/HIV co-infection: the state of the evidence

Ghana Medical Journal ◽

10.4314/gmj.v54i3.10 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 54 (3) ◽

pp. 186-196

Author(s):

Kwasi Torpey ◽

Adwoa Agyei-Nkansah ◽

Lily Ogyiri ◽

Audrey Forson ◽

Margaret Lartey ◽

...

Keyword(s):

National Level ◽

Hiv Treatment ◽

The State ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

People Living With Hiv ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Mdr Tb ◽

Sub Saharan ◽

Living With Hiv ◽

Hiv Negative

Tuberculosis (TB) and HIV are strongly linked. There is a 19 times increased risk of developing active TB in people living with HIV than in HIV-negative people with Sub-Saharan Africa being the hardest hit region. According to the WHO, 1.3 million people died from TB, and an additional 300,000 TB-related deaths among people living with HIV. Although some progress has been made in reducing TB-related deaths among people living with HIV due to the evolution of diagnostics, treatment and antiretroviral HIV treatment, multi drug resistant TB is becoming a source of worry. Though significant progress has been made at the national level, understanding the state of the evidence and the challenges will better inform the national response of the opportunities for improved patient outcomes.Keywords: Tuberculosis, management, HIV, MDR TB, GhanaFunding: None

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Health Status and Access to Health Care Services in Jammu and Kashmir State

Asian Review of Social Sciences ◽

10.51983/arss-2018.7.3.1473 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 52-57

Author(s):

Ab. Hamid Mir ◽

Showkat Ahmad Bhat

Keyword(s):

Access To Health Care ◽

Service Sector ◽

National Level ◽

Crude Birth Rate ◽

Good Health ◽

The State ◽

Infant Mortality Rate ◽

World Health ◽

Jammu And Kashmir ◽

Health Infrastructure

Human capital, as characterized by good education and good health is an important determinant of economic growth. Health finds a predominant place in three of the eight goals, eight of the sixteen targets and eighteen of the forty-eight indicators of the “Millennium Development Goals of the United Nation”. Health is the most important social service sector having direct correlation with the welfare of the human being. This sector assumes focus for reaping the demographic dividend having healthy productive workforce and general welfare of a State. The State of Jammu and Kashmir has performed relatively well in providing health and medical facilities to the people, but the level is still beneath the satisfaction. The progress of health infrastructure in the State can be judged by the health infrastructure i.e., the availability of hospitals, dispensaries and doctors. There are 4433 Govt. Health institutions at primary, secondary and tertiary levels with 6674 doctors in-position. The doctor patient ratio in our State is 1:1880 as against the recommendations of World Health Organization (WHO) of 1:1000. The doctor patient ratio at the National level is 1:2000. Besides, 826 sub-centers, 371 New Type Primary Health Centers (NTPHCs) and 87 ISM dispensaries have been sanctioned recently. Further, 1443 Specialists, MBBS/AYUSH doctors and 5494 paramedics have been hired on contract basis under National Health Mission (NHM) respectively. The Bed Capacity of different hospital under GMC Srinagar /Jammu and its associate hospitals in the State is 12965 comprising of 6967 in Kashmir and 5998 in Jammu regions. Most of the health indices of the Jammu and Kashmir are far better as compared to all India level. This is especially a case with life expectancy, Crude Birth Rate, Crude Death Rate, Infant Mortality Rate and Institutional Births.

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Benefit packages for chronic disease outpatients in the New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme in 32 Chinese counties

F1000Research ◽

10.12688/f1000research.2-137.v1 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2 ◽

pp. 137

Author(s):

Chuangzhou Xu ◽

Christian A Gericke

Keyword(s):

Chronic Disease ◽

Chronic Diseases ◽

National Level ◽

Analytical Framework ◽

International Classification Of Diseases ◽

World Health ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Classification Of Diseases ◽

Icd 10 ◽

Cooperative Medical Scheme

Introduction: Chronic disease has become a major problem affecting the health of the Chinese population. In response to this situation, the New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme (NRCMS) has begun to provide health cover for outpatients with chronic disease expenses, made possible by the increased risk pool of previous years. We compare the differences between Benefit Packages for Chronic Diseases Outpatients (BPCDO) in order to produce a reference for policy makers.Methods: Information on the various BPCDO was located by searching the official NRCMS website in Chinese, using certain criteria to select the ideal BPCDO. Population coverage, service coverage and cost of coverage were chosen to form the analytical framework for this paper. The diseases were classified according to the World Health Organisation's (WHO) International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10).Results: To avoid “moral hazard”, complex processes have been created. This has resulted in chronic disease patients finding it very difficult to become beneficiaries. Forty-one types of chronic diseases were listed in 32 different BPCDO. We found that different counties have different co-payment rates, deductible lines, ceilings, coverage of drugs and tests, appointed hospitals and reimbursement frequencies.Conclusion: High mortality diseases and diseases with a heavier cost burden should be the priority on the list of reimbursement. The BPCDO scheme should be introduced urgently at the national level. It should include twenty-one types of disease and eight essential factors.

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Modelling COVID-19 With More Disaggregation and Less Nomothetic Parameterisation: UK and India Examples

10.21203/rs.3.rs-71372/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Wendy Olsen ◽

Manasi Bera ◽

Jihye Kim ◽

Arkadiusz Wisniowski ◽

Purva Yadav

Keyword(s):

Urban Areas ◽

National Level ◽

Central India ◽

World Health Organisation ◽

World Health ◽

Combining Data ◽

Development Context ◽

The Many ◽

Indian Census ◽

Older Populations

Abstract Modelling of pandemic vulnerability in a development context can be improved through combining disciplines, combining data, and recognising the many nested levels of the epidemic. Models of transmission have been constructed at national level or for multiple nations. We instead construct a model allowing for social-group differentials in risk, along with conditioning regional factors and lifestyle factors. Severe COVID-19 disease is our innovative key outcome. We use three data sources at once: National Family and Health Survey for India, Indian Census 2011, and COVID-19 deaths. We provide results for 11 states of India, enabling best-yet targeting of policy actions. The future uses of such models are many. COVID-19 deaths in north and central India were higher in areas with older populations and overweight populations, and was more common among those with pre-existing health conditions, or who smoke or live in urban areas. Policy experts may both want to ‘follow World Health Organisation advice’ and yet also use disaggregated and spatially-specific data to improve wellbeing outcomes during the pandemic.

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