Carriage of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among people living with HIV-AIDS in inner São Paulo State, Brazil: molecular and spatial epidemiology

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leticia Chamma Lastória ◽  
Maria de Lourdes Ribeiro de Souza da Cunha ◽  
Camila Sena Martins de Souza ◽  
Lenice do Rosário de Souza ◽  
Cassiano Victória ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Spatial Epidemiology ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Paulo State ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Mrsa Colonization ◽  
The City

Abstract Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is increasingly recognized as a threat for people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). However, the magnitude of asymptomatic MRSA colonization in that group varies among different countries and geographic regions. Methods: We conducted a study that aimed at identifying the prevalence, risk factors and spatial epidemiology of both overall S. aureus and MRSA colonization among PLWHA from small cities from inner São Paulo State, Brazil. MRSA isolates were characterized using Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE), and submitted to typing of the Staphylococcal Chromosome Cassete (SCC)mec. Spatial analysis was performed to search for geographical clusters and correlation with socioeconomic indicators. Results: In a first point prevalence survey, nasal and oropharyngeal swabs of 368 people were collected. Sixty-seven subjects from the city of Botucatu were surveyed for colonization in two other occasions, and had swabs collected from household members. The prevalence rates for S. aureus and MRSA in the first survey were 25.8% and 2.7%. The overall S. aureus colonization was negatively associated with the use of beta-lactams and of illicit drugs. On the other hand, MRSA colonized subjects were more likely to use crack and to have been admitted to a hospital during the past year. Repeated surveys found additional cases of MRSA colonization, but all subjects were positive in only one occasion. Four PFGE clusters were characterized, grouping subjects in household, city and region level. Of 19 total MRSA isolates, only one did not harbor SCCmec type IV. Spatial analysis of households of subjects living in the city of Botucatu found significant overdispersion of cases, but no association with socio-economic indicators. Conclusion: We found small but relevant prevalence of MRSA among PLWHA. Community and healthcare-associated risk factors were identified, so that predominant routes of transmission could not be determined on epidemiological grounds.

scholarly journals Perspective for Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus colonization, Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns and Risk factors for Colonization among People Living with HIV at Nyenga Hospital, Buikwe District, in Central Uganda

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Benedict Ssenyonga ◽  
Sarah Mwebaze ◽  
Christine Atuhairwe ◽  
Ivan MugishaTaremwa
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Swab ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Mrsa Colonization

Background Colonization with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is recognized as an association towards development of infections that may cause of morbidity among people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (PLWHIV). We report on the prevalence, antibiotic susceptibility pattern and risk factors associated with MRSA carriage among PLWHIV at Nyenga hospital, Buikwe district in central Uganda. Materials and Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study among PLWHIV attending Nyenga hospital anti-retroviral therapy (ART) clinic. Nasopharyngeal swab was collected from each participant, cultured to isolate Staphylococcus aureus, and drug susceptibility testing (DST) performed. Sociodemographic data and medical history was recorded. Results We enrolled 219 PLWHIV; of these, 58.4% (N=128) were females. The majority of participants (95.0%) were on ART. Ninety-eight (44.75%) of the nasopharyngeal swabs had growth, of which 41 (41.84%) were S. aureus. Of these, 11 (5.02%, 95% confidence interval: 3.67-7.02) were MRSA. Of 41 isolated S. aureus strains, only 8 (19.51%) were susceptible to all antibiotics tested. A total of three (7.32%) were multi-drug resistant (MDR), while one1 (2.43%) was a possible extensively drug resistant (XDR) strain. Deteriorating immunologic state as indicated by a low CD4 count showed a significant association with the MRSA colonization. Conclusion These results are reassuring that MRSA colonization is high among PLWHIV. As most of the antibiotics in use were resistant, it raises concerns of intricate clinical management in a low resource set up.

scholarly journals Frequent Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Introductions Into an Inner-city Jail: Indications of Community Transmission Networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle J Popovich ◽  
Evan S Snitkin ◽  
Chad Zawitz ◽  
Alla Aroutcheva ◽  
Darjai Payne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Molecular Epidemiology ◽  
Skin Infection ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Transmission Networks ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Community Transmission ◽  
Mrsa Colonization

Abstract Background Jails may facilitate spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in urban areas. We examined MRSA colonization upon entrance to a large urban jail to determine if there are MRSA transmission networks preceding incarceration. Methods Males incarcerated in Cook County Jail (Chicago) were enrolled, with enrichment for people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV), within 72 hours of intake. Surveillance cultures assessed prevalence of MRSA colonization. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) identified preincarceration transmission networks. We examined methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates to determine if there are transmission networks that precede incarceration. A large proportion of individuals enter jail colonized with MRSA. Molecular epidemiology and colonization risk factors provide clues to community reservoirs for MRSA. Results There were 718 individuals (800 incarcerations) enrolled; 58% were PLHIV. The prevalence of MRSA colonization at intake was 19%. In multivariate analysis, methamphetamine use, unstable housing, current/recent skin infection, and recent injection drug use were predictors of MRSA. Among PLHIV, recent injection drug use, current skin infection, and HIV care at outpatient clinic A that emphasizes comprehensive care to the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender community were predictors of MRSA. Fourteen (45%) of 31 detainees with care at clinic A had colonization. WGS revealed that this prevalence was not due to clonal spread in clinic but rather to an intermingling of distinct community transmission networks. In contrast, genomic analysis supported spread of USA500 strains within a network. Members of this USA500 network were more likely to be PLHIV (P < .01), men who have sex with men (P < .001), and methamphetamine users (P < .001). Conclusions A large proportion of individuals enter jail colonized with MRSA. Molecular epidemiology and colonization risk factors provide clues to identify colonized detainees entering jail and potential community reservoirs of MRSA.

S294 – Pre-op Prevalence of MRSA in Intranasal Surgery Patients

2008 ◽  
Vol 139 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. P173-P173
Author(s):  
Brian Nicholas ◽  
Geeta Bhargave ◽  
Ryan Heffelfinger ◽  
Marc R Rosen ◽  
Edmund A Pribitkin
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Preliminary Data ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Sinus Surgery ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Intranasal Surgery ◽  
Mrsa Colonization

Objectives 1) Understand the extent of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among those undergoing intranasal surgery. 2) Be able to describe potential risk factors for MRSA colonization. The purpose of this study is to outline a prevalance of MRSA colonization among those undergoing inranasal surgery, with an exploration of potential risk factors for colonization. Methods Patients undergoing intranasal surgery (endoscopic sinus surgery, rhinoplasty, septoplasty, etc) at a tertiary care medical center had preoperative nasal swab cultures. The primary endpoint was positive culture of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Patient demographic information was also collected to ascertain potential risk factors for colonization of MRSA. Results Early results have demonstrated that the prevalence of MRSA in patients is less than the reported prevalence in hospital inpatient populations. Of the initial 25 patients enrolled in this study, none were shown to be colonized with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (0/25), with 1 patient having reported a history of MRSA infection (4%). Conclusions Preliminary data suggests that the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among patients undergoing intranasal surgery is less than the prevalence of inpatient populations as reported in several previous studies. While preliminary data suggests a potential decreased prevalence of MRSA in this population, a much larger sample of patients is needed to make a more definitive statement. In the coming weeks and months, as more data is gathered and the sample size included in the study grows, it will be interesting to note whether the initial trend, as suggested here, continues.

scholarly journals Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization among healthcare workers in Oman

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. 1426-1435
Author(s):  
Loay Al Wahaibi ◽  
Rajaa Al Sudairi ◽  
Abdullah Balkhair ◽  
Huda Al-Awaisi ◽  
Mohamed Mabruk
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Nasal Swab ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Aureus Strain ◽  
Nasal Colonization ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
Mrsa Colonization

Introduction: Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a S. aureus strain characterized by resistance to cloxacillin. Healthcare workers (HCWs), are recognized for their heightened risk for MRSA acquisition and possibly for MRSA nosocomial transmission. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the prevalence and the associated risk factors of MRSA colonization among healthcare workers at Sultan Qaboos University Hospital (SQUH) in Oman. Methodology: A total of 200 nasal swab samples were collected from the healthcare workers at SQUH during the period October 2nd 2018 to January 7th 2019. All nasal swab samples were examined microbiologically for the presence of MRSA using the standard method and the results were confirmed by detection of the mecA product (PBP2a). Data on associated risk factors for MRSA colonization was collected and analyzed. Results: Forty-one of the 200 screened healthcare workers (20.5%) were found to have nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus of which 63.4% were Methicillin Sensitive and 36.6% were Methicillin-Resistant (MRSA). Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was isolated from fifteen of the 200 screened healthcare workers giving a prevalence rate of nasal colonization with MRSA of 7.5%. We found no statistical association between healthcare worker MRSA nasal colonization and age, gender, HCWs specialty, hand hygiene practices, skin condition, previous MRSA infection, and previous exposure to antibiotics. Conclusions: Identification of the prevalence and the associated risk factors of MRSA colonization in healthcare workers mandates continuous surveillance and the implementation of all possible preventive measures to reduce re-occurrences.

scholarly journals Risk Factors for Persistent Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Colonization in Children with Multiple Intensive Care Unit Admissions

2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (7) ◽  
pp. 748-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor O. Popoola ◽  
Pranita Tamma ◽  
Nicholas G. Reich ◽  
Trish M. Perl ◽  
Aaron M. Milstone
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Contact Precautions ◽  
Mrsa Colonization

We studied methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)-colonized children with multiple intensive care unit (ICU) admissions to assess the persistence of MRSA colonization. Our data found that children with more than 1 year between ICU admissions had a higher prevalence of MRSA colonization than the overall ICU population, which supports empirical contact precautions for children with previous MRSA colonization.

scholarly journals Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among healthcare workers: screening, risk factors and treatment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahmathulla Safiyul Rahman ◽  
Badr Mohammed Beyari ◽  
Kawlah Essam Samarin ◽  
Khalid Mohammed Alamri ◽  
Marwan Abdulaziz Bader ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Bloodstream Infections ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Mrsa Colonization

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a common pathogen of clinical significance within the community and healthcare settings. It has been reported with a variety of infections, including endocarditis, bloodstream infections, pneumonia, joint and bone infections, and soft tissue and skin infections. Although many efforts have been exerted to eradicate the rates of infections and studies have reported a decreasing pattern in the prevalence rates over the years, it has been demonstrated that MRSA represents a significant challenge to the healthcare systems and the affected patients. In this literature review, we have provided a discussion regarding the risk factors, screening, and treatment of MRSA among healthcare workers (HCWs) based on the evidence obtained from the current relevant studies in the literature. HCWs are at increased risk of MRSA colonization, and many risk factors have been identified. These mainly include poor hygiene practices, chronic skin diseases, and having a history of working in an MRSA-endemic country. Decolonization practices are the main line of treatment of MRSA colonization among HCWs because antibiotic therapy is usually of limited use because of the increasing resistance to a wide range of antibiotics. Applying adequate interventions as taking care of hand hygiene and using alcohol-based disinfectants is recommended to achieve better outcomes. Increasing awareness among HCWs is also a potential approach to achieve better management.

Hospitalization Earlier than 1 Year Prior to Admission as an Additional Risk Factor for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Colonization

2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (05) ◽  
pp. 538-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura McAllister ◽  
Robert P. Gaynes ◽  
David Rimland ◽  
John E. McGowan
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Hospital Admission ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Additional Risk Factor ◽  
Additional Risk ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Related Risk ◽  
Mrsa Colonization ◽  
Control Study

Our case-control study sought to identify risk factors for colonization with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) at hospital admission among patients with no known healthcare-related risk factors. We found that patients whose most recent hospitalization occurred greater than 1 year before their current hospital admission were more likely to have MRSA colonization. In addition, both the time that elapsed since the most recent hospitalization and the duration of that hospitalization affected risk.

Acquisition of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the Acute Care Setting: Incidence and Risk Factors

2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 733-736 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christophe Rioux ◽  
Laurence Armand-Lefevre ◽  
Wafaa Guerinot ◽  
Antoine Andremont ◽  
Jean-Christophe Lucet
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Acute Care ◽  
Care Setting ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Acute Care Setting ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Chronic Skin ◽  
Mrsa Colonization

Our objective was to assess the incidence of and risk factors for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) acquisition among patients in acute care wards. For 5 months, patients were screened for MRSA colonization at admission and at discharge. At admission, 6.6% of patients had cultures positive for MRSA, and 3.1% of patients who had tested negative for MRSA on admission had cultures positive for MRSA at discharge. Only the presence of chronic skin breaks at admission was independently associated with MRSA acquisition.

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