Application of alkaline Pulping to Pruned Branches of Citrus limon from Sudan

Abstract The aim of this study to utilize the pruned branches of Citrus limon in pulping with alkaline pulping methods and to determine the suitability of guar gum to improve the strength properties of pulps. The physical properties of these branches exhibited high medium density and very low percentages of bark to wood ratio. The whole chemical components of these raw materials indicated the suitability to pulp with alkaline cooking methods. Alkaline sulfite anthrquinone with methanol methods gave very good screened yield (60.1%), negligible rejects and bleachable Kappa number 19.5 and best strength properties especially tensile and strengths. Alkaline sulfite with anthraquinone gave very good screened yield with small percentage of rejects and bleachable Kappa number. On the other hand soda cooking produced pulps with acceptable yield (41.9%), rejects (3%) and suitable strengths. The soda anthraquinone pulping methods produced pulp with good yields (56 -59.7%).It is obvious the effect of anthraquinone in preserving carbohydrates specifically hemicelluloses which increase the yields and strengths. Guar gum improved the physical properties of pulps when added during beating with (0.25% on oven dry Soda-AQ pulps) It clear the suitability of Citrus limon branches with age of two years in cooking with all alkaline pulping methods applied.

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Application of Alkaline Pulping to Pruned Branches of Citrus limon from Sudan

Walailak Journal of Science and Technology (WJST) ◽

10.48048/wjst.2021.9409 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (7) ◽

Author(s):

Tarig KHIDER ◽

Safaa OMER ◽

Osman ELZAKI ◽

Salaheldin MOHIELDIN ◽

Suhair SHOMEINA

Keyword(s):

Physical Properties ◽

Guar Gum ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Environmental Issues ◽

Strength Properties ◽

Kappa Number ◽

Chemical Components ◽

Cooking Methods ◽

Citrus Limon ◽

Alkaline Pulping

This study aims to utilize the pruned branches of Citrus limon in pulping with alkaline pulping methods and to determine the suitability of guar gum to improve the strength properties of pulps and limitations of cutting trees for environmental issues and utilization of lemon branches as horticultural residues. These branches’ physical properties exhibited high medium density and very low percentages of bark to wood ratio. The whole chemical components of these raw materials indicated the suitability to a pulp with alkaline cooking methods. In addition, alkaline sulfite anthraquinone with methanol methods gave excellent screened yield (60.1 %), negligible rejects, bleachable Kappa number 19.5, and best strength properties, especially tensile and strengths. Alkaline sulfite with anthraquinone gave excellent screened yield with a small percentage of rejects and bleachable Kappa number. On the other hand, soda cooking produced pulps with acceptable yield (41.9 %), rejects (3 %), and suitable strengths. The soda anthraquinone pulping methods produced pulp with good yields (56 - 59.7 %). Obviously, anthraquinone’s effect in preserving carbohydrates, specifically hemicelluloses, increases the yields and strengths. Guar gum improved pulps’ physical properties when added during beating with (0.25 % on oven-dry Soda-AQ pulps). It clears Citrus limon branches’ suitability with an age of 2 years in cooking with all alkaline pulping methods applied.

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Nonwood pulping: use of jute cuttings and caddis in Bangladesh

TAPPI Journal ◽

10.32964/tj12.9.41 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 12 (9) ◽

pp. 41-46 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

M. SARWAR JAHAN ◽

SUMON GOSH ◽

M. MOSTAFIZUR RAHMAN ◽

YONGHAO NI

Keyword(s):

Physical Properties ◽

Chlorine Dioxide ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Strength Properties ◽

Economic Importance ◽

Kappa Number ◽

Pulp Yield ◽

Tensile Index ◽

Tear Index ◽

Better Than

Utilization of jute cutting and caddis is of social and economic importance in Bangladesh. In this study, soda-anthraquinone, alkaline sulfite-anthraquinone, and neutral sulfite-anthraquinone processes were evaluated for jute-cutting and caddis pulping. The NS-AQ process showed favorable pulp yield and kappa number for both of these raw materials: 66.1% for jute cuttings and 59.9% for caddis at kappa no. 11. The physical properties of NS-AQ pulps were also better than those of soda-AQ and AS-AQ pulps. At 0SR 44, the tensile index of NS-AQ pulp was about 100 N.m/g for jute cutting and 70 N.m/g for caddis, and the tear index was similar. All pulps were bleached by D0EpD1 bleaching sequences. The NS-AQ pulp showed excellent bleachability. Its brightness reached 89.0% for jute cuttings and 85.0% for caddis using total chlorine dioxide of about 15 kg/ton. After bleaching, the strength properties of NS-AQ pulp were slightly better compared to soda-AQ and AS-AQ pulps.

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Chemical, anatomical, and technology aspects of Eucalyptus benthamii and Eucalyptus dunii for use in an integrated pulp and paper mill

TAPPI Journal ◽

10.32964/tj14.2.73 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 73-81 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

GISELY SAMISTRARO ◽

PETER W. HART ◽

JORGE LUIZ COLODETTE ◽

RICARDO PAIM

Keyword(s):

Energy Levels ◽

Black Liquor ◽

Basic Density ◽

Paper Mill ◽

Frost Tolerance ◽

Strength Properties ◽

Kappa Number ◽

Pulp Yield ◽

Chemical Compositions ◽

Physical Strength

Eucalyptus dunii has been commercially used in southern Brazil because of its relatively good frost tolerance and adequate productivity in the winter months. More recently, interest has grown in cultivating Eucalyptus benthamii Maiden & Cambage, which presents even superior frost tolerance compared to E. dunii and is highly productive as well. The quality of E. benthamii for pulp production is not yet proven. Thus, the chemical, anatomical, and technological aspects of pulp made from E. benthamii were compared with those of E. dunii for unbleached paper production. Samples of E. benthamii chips were obtained and analyzed for their basic density, chemical composition, higher heating value, trace elemental analysis, and chip size distribution. The chips were kraft cooked using conditions that produced a 74 ± 6 kappa number. The pulps were characterized for kappa number, yield, viscosity, and morphologic characteristics (e.g., length, wall thickness, and coarseness). Black liquor was analyzed for total solids, organics, inorganics, sodium sulfide, sodium hydroxide, and sodium carbonate. Brownstocks were beaten at five different energy levels in a Valley beater, and the physical strength properties of 120 g/m² handsheets were measured to develop a beater curve. The results of this study showed differences in delignification between the two woods and lower pulp yield for E. benthamii , which are related to their chemical compositions and basic densities. The E. benthamii studied in this work exhibited higher amounts of lignin and extractives, lower carbohydrate content, and lower basic density. However, cooking a blend of the two woods afforded good results in pulping and in physical pulp properties.

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Does kraft hardwood and softwood pulp viscosity correlate to paper properties?

TAPPI Journal ◽

10.32964/tj15.10.643 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 15 (10) ◽

pp. 643-651 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

ROBERT J. OGLESBY ◽

HUMPHREY J. MOYNIHAN ◽

RICARDO B. SANTOS ◽

ASHOK GHOSH ◽

PETER W. HART

Keyword(s):

Physical Properties ◽

Strength Loss ◽

Strength Properties ◽

Clear Correlation ◽

Paper Properties ◽

Physical Strength ◽

Pulp Viscosity ◽

Softwood Pulp ◽

The Impact ◽

Increased dryness after pressing and wet web strength by utilizing foam application technology

TAPPI Journal ◽

10.32964/tj15.11.731 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 15 (11) ◽

pp. 731-738 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

KARITA KINNUNEN-RAUDASKOSKI ◽

KRISTIAN SALMINEN ◽

JANI LEHMONEN ◽

TUOMO HJELT

Keyword(s):

Tensile Strength ◽

Guar Gum ◽

Paper Industry ◽

Reference Sample ◽

Strength Properties ◽

Cellulose Microfibrils ◽

Application Technology ◽

Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol ◽

Wet Pressing ◽

Web Strength

Production cost savings by lowering basis weight has been a trend in papermaking. The strategy has been to decrease the amount of softwood kraft pulp and increase use of fillers and recycled fibers. These changes have a tendency to lower strength properties of both the wet and dry web. To compensate for the strength loss in the paper, a greater quantity of strength additives is often required, either dosed at the wet end or applied to the wet web by spray. In this pilot-scale study, it was shown how strength additives can be effectively applied with foam-based application technology. The technology can simultaneously increase dryness after wet pressing and enhance dry and wet web strength properties. Foam application of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), guar gum, starch, and cellulose microfibrils (CMF) increased web dryness after wet pressing up to 5.2%-units compared to the reference sample. The enhanced dewatering with starch, guar gum, and CMF was detected with a bulk increase. Additionally, a significant increase in z-directional tensile strength of dry web and and in-plane tensile strength properties of wet web was obtained. Based on the results, foam application technology can be a very useful technology for several applications in the paper industry.

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MAGNESIUM ZK61A

Alloy Digest ◽

10.31399/asm.ad.mg0067 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 18 (10) ◽

Keyword(s):

Corrosion Resistance ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Tensile Properties ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Heat Treating ◽

Strength Properties ◽

Casting Alloy ◽

Chemical Company ◽

Casting Alloys ◽

Magnesium Casting

Abstract Magnesium ZK61A is a heat treatable sand casting alloy offering higher strength properties for room-temperature applications than other magnesium casting alloys. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as casting, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: Mg-67. Producer or source: The Dow Chemical Company.

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BÖHLER W403 VMR

Alloy Digest ◽

10.31399/asm.ad.ts0721 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 62 (9) ◽

Keyword(s):

Heat Treatment ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Tool Steel ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Heat Treating ◽

Diffusion Annealing ◽

Selection Of

Abstract Böhler (or Boehler) W403 VMR is a tool steel with outstanding properties, based not only on a modified chemical composition, but on the selection of highly clean raw materials for melting, remelting under vacuum (VMF), optimized diffusion annealing, and a special heat treatment. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, and elasticity. It also includes information on forming and heat treating. Filing Code: TS-721. Producer or source: Böhler Edelstahl GmbH.

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Organic chemical devulcanization of rubber vulcanizates in supercritical carbon dioxide and associated less eco-unfriendly approaches: A review

Waste Management & Research ◽

10.1177/0734242x211008515 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 0734242X2110085

Author(s):

Jabulani I Gumede ◽

Buyiswa G Hlangothi ◽

Chris D Woolard ◽

Shanganyane P Hlangothi

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Supercritical Carbon Dioxide ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Chemical Components ◽

Organic Chemical ◽

Attractive Alternative ◽

Special Focus ◽

Waste Tyres ◽

Supercritical Carbon

There is a growing need to recover raw materials from waste due to increasing environmental concerns and the widely adopted transition to circular economy. For waste tyres, it is necessary to continuously develop methods and processes that can devulcanize rubber vulcanizates into rubber products with qualities and properties that can closely match those of the virgin rubber. Currently, the most common, due to its efficiency and perceived eco-friendliness in recovering raw rubber from waste rubbers, such as tyres, is devulcanization in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) using commercial and typical devulcanizing agents. The scCO2 has been generally accepted as an attractive alternative to the traditional liquid-based devulcanization media because of the resultant devulcanized rubber has relatively better quality than other processes. For instance, when scCO2 is employed to recover rubber from waste tyres (e.g. truck tyres) and the recovered rubber is blended with virgin natural rubber (NR) in various compositions, the curing and mechanical properties of the blends closely match those of virgin NR. The atmospheric toxicity and cost of the commonly used devulcanization materials like chemical agents, oils and solvents have enabled a shift towards utilization of greener (mainly organic) and readily available devulcanization chemical components. This literature review paper discusses the approaches, which have less negative impact on the environment, in chemical devulcanization of rubber vulcanizates. A special focus has been on thermo-chemical devulcanization of waste tyres in scCO2 using common organic devulcanizing agents.

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