scholarly journals Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Staphylococcus Aureus isolated from clinical specimens at the Mater Hospital Nairobi, Kenya.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Okello ◽  
Loice Achieng ◽  
Christina Mwachari ◽  
Davies Otieno ◽  
Frederick Otieno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Mater Hospital ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Clinical Specimens ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Susceptibility Patterns

Abstract Background Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of hospital and community acquired infections globally. Surveillance of prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility patterns is important to ensure appropriate antibiotic prescription. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and susceptibility patterns of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical specimens in a tertiary hospital with diverse and empirical prescribing habits. Methods A retrospective study was conducted at the Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Nairobi. The study involved records of specimens analyzed between January 2014 and December 2018. S aureus was identified using catalase and coagulase tests. Strains phenotypically resistant to <3 non β-lactam antimicrobial categories were defined as non-multidrug-resistant MRSA (nmMRSA) and strains that were resistant to ≥3 non-β-lactam antimicrobial groups were defined as multidrug-resistant MRSA (mMRSA). A specimen was categorized as Penicillin susceptible (PSSA) if susceptible to penicillin and oxacillin, MSSA if resistant to penicillin and susceptible to oxacillin, and MRSA if resistant to oxacillin and penicillin. Isolates were screened for MRSA using 6μg/ml of oxacillin disc in Mueller-Hinton agar supplemented with 4%NaCl.Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences(SPSS) version 20 software. Pearson’s chi square and Logistic regression were used to assess association between dependent and independent variables. Results A total of 890 specimens of S. aureus were analyzed in the 5-year period. ​​PSSA was the most prevalent organism seen (45%) while MRSA was the least prevalent (0.45% ). There was a fluctuation in the annual prevalence of MRSA between 0-1% over the five years. Most S. aureus was isolated in pus-644(73. 3%). A significant increase in susceptibility of S. aureus to Penicillin and Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid was observed during the study period however, sensitivity to Amoxicillin declined. No mMrsa was detected. Resistance of MRSA to Ampicillin, Penicillin, Tazopiperacillin, Cephalosporins, Erythromycin, Clindamycin, Ciprofloxacin and Meropenem was 100% with both Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and Levofloxacin recording 50% and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 75% resistance. Conclusion This study demonstrated a steady decline in average annual resistance of S. aureus to commonly used antibiotics. Furthermore, there was a low prevalence of MRSA. No multi-drug Methicillin resistant S. aureus have been isolated in the last five years in this hospital.

scholarly journals Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Staphylococcus Aureus isolated from clinical specimens at the Mater Hospital Nairobi, Kenya.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Okello ◽  
Loice Achieng ◽  
Christina Mwachari ◽  
Davies Otieno ◽  
Frederick Otieno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Prescription ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Viable Option ◽  
Mater Hospital ◽  
Clinical Specimens ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns ◽  
And Training ◽  
Susceptibility Patterns

Abstract Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of hospital and community acquired infections globally. Surveillance of prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility patterns is important to ensure appropriate antibiotic prescription. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and susceptibility patterns of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical specimens in a tertiary referral and training hospital.A retrospective study was conducted at the Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Nairobi.It involved analyzing records of specimens analyzed between January 2014 and December 2018. Strains phenotypically resistant to <3 non β-lactam antimicrobial categories were defined as non-multidrug-resistant MRSA (nmMRSA) and strains that were resistant to ≥3 non-β-lactam antimicrobial groups were defined as multidrug-resistant MRSA (mMRSA). A specimen was categorized as Penicillin susceptible (PSSA) if susceptible to Penicillin and Oxacillin, MSSA if resistant to Penicillin and susceptible to Oxacillin, and MRSA if resistant to Oxacillin and Penicillin.ResultsPSSA accounted for 60.85%, (401/659)of S.aureus cultured.The prevalence of MSSA was 38.54%(254/659).MRSA was the least prevalent.(0.61%,4/659).No multi-drug Methicillin resistant S. aureus were isolated in the five-year period.PSSA accounted for 60.85%(401/659)of all S.aureus isolates.100% of MRSA isolated was sensitive to Vancomycin, Linezolid, Tigecycline, Tetracycline and Rifampicin. MRSA was resistant to Clindamycin and Erythromycin.Conclusion;The prevalence of MRSA was low compared to previous studies.All strains isolated were non-multidrug resistant.There was no resistance to Vancomycin detected.Penicillins are still a viable option in the treatment of majority of S.aureus infections in our setting.

scholarly journals Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Staphylococcus Aureus isolated from clinical specimens at the Mater Hospital Nairobi, Kenya.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Okello ◽  
Loice Achieng ◽  
Enoch Omonge ◽  
Frederick Otieno ◽  
Davies Otieno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Clinical Specimen ◽  
Mater Hospital ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Low Prevalence ◽  
Susceptibility Patterns

Abstract Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a leading cause of hospital and community acquired infections globally. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) prevalence has been reported to be high in various settings and is associated with increased morbidity, mortality and risk of nosocomial outbreaks. Surveillance of prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility patterns is important to ensure appropriate antibiotic prescription. The objective of our study was to establish the prevalence of S. aureus, to identify patterns of susceptibility to commonly used antibiotics and quantify contemporary penicillin resistance among S. aureus. A retrospective study was conducted at the Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Nairobi. The study involved a review of non-duplicate records of specimens analyzed between January 2014 and December 2018.A specimen was categorized as Penicillin susceptible (PSSA) if susceptible to Penicillin and Oxacillin, MSSA if resistant to Penicillin but susceptible to Oxacillin, and MRSA if resistant to Oxacillin. We present proportions of S. aureus that was PSSA, MSSA and MRSA. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine the association between the presence of S. aureus isolates and the source of the clinical specimen (in vs. outpatient), age and gender. A total of 659 specimens of S. aureus were analyzed in the 5-year period. ​​PSSA was the most prevalent organism seen (60.85%) while MRSA was the least prevalent (0.61 %). Most S. aureus was isolated in pus from wound swabs-644 (73. 3%). A significant increase in susceptibility of S. aureus to Penicillin and Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid was observed during the study period however, sensitivity to Amoxicillin declined. This study demonstrated a high prevalence of Penicillin Sensitive S. aureus and a low prevalence of MRSA.

scholarly journals Novel Antibiotic Combinations of Diverse Subclasses for Effective Suppression of Extensively Drug-Resistant Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Shumyila Nasir ◽  
Muhammad Sufyan Vohra ◽  
Danish Gul ◽  
Umm E Swaiba ◽  
Maira Aleem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Combination Antibiotics ◽  
Time Kill

The emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), the chief etiological agent for a range of refractory infections, has rendered all β-lactams ineffective against it. The treatment process is further complicated with the development of resistance to glycopeptides, primary antibiotics for treatment of MRSA. Antibiotic combination therapy with existing antimicrobial agents may provide an immediate treatment option. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 18 different commercially available antibiotics were determined along with their 90 possible pairwise combinations and 64 triple combinations to filter out 5 best combinations. Time-Kill kinetics of these combinations were then analyzed to find collateral bactericidal combinations which were then tested on other randomly selected MRSA isolates. Among the top 5 combinations including levofloxacin-ceftazidime; amoxicillin/clavulanic acid-tobramycin; amoxicillin/clavulanic acid-cephradine; amoxicillin/clavulanic acid-ofloxacin; and piperacillin/tazobactam-tobramycin, three combinations were found to be collaterally effective. Levofloxacin-ceftazidime acted synergistically in 80% of the tested clinical MRSA isolates. First-line β-lactams of lower generations can be used effectively against MRSA infection when used in combination. Antibiotics other than glycopeptides may still work in combination.

Multidrug-resistant pathogens isolated from ready-to-eat salads available at a local market in Pakistan

2016 ◽  
Vol 118 (8) ◽  
pp. 2068-2075 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sana Ilyas ◽  
Muhammad Usman Qamar ◽  
Muhammad Hidayat Rasool ◽  
Nazia Abdulhaq ◽  
Zeeshan Nawaz
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
National Level ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Local Market ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Multidrug Resistant Pathogens

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the frequency and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of pathogens present in ready-to-eat salads available at a local market. Design/methodology/approach – A 100 salad samples were collected aseptically. Each sample (25 g) was homogenized in 225 ml of sterile peptone water and was serially diluted up to 1×106. Dilutions were inoculated on nutrient agar by surface spread plate technique. Aerobic colony count (ACC) was estimated by counting the colonies. Bacterial isolates were cultured on blood and MacConkey agar and identified on the basis of their morphology, culture characteristics and confirmed by API 20E and 20NE. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined as per CLSI 2014. Findings – ACC range was 1.1×103 cfu/g to 5.8×109 cfu/g. Among these the highest ACC was found in channa chat (4.9×104 to 5.8×109 cfu/g). A total of 127 microorganisms were identified; 73 were gram negative rods (GNRs) and 24 were gram positive cocci (GPC). Among GNRs; Klebsiella spp. (n=18) was the predominant whereas among GPC, Staphylococcus aureus (n=6) were the chief pathogen. Klebsiella spp. showed 100 percent resistance to ampicillin, 89-78 percent to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and 33 percent to imipenem, however, Enterobacter spp. were resistant to ampicillin (100 percent) amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (77 percent) and imipenem (23 percent). Staphylococcus aureus showed resistance to co-amoxiclav (83 percent) and penicillin (75 percent). Practical implications – This study revealed that effective control measures must been implemented and respected by throughout the entire food chain and better surveillance studies should be performed at national level to reduce the spread of bacteria by fresh salads. Originality/value – This paper explore the high prevalence of multidrug-resistant pathogens in different salads and most of the salads were found to be unhygienic for consumption.

scholarly journals Prevalence of enterotoxin genes (SEA to SEE) and antibacterial resistant pattern of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical specimens in Assiut city of Egypt

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed A. Baz ◽  
Elsayed K. Bakhiet ◽  
Usama Abdul-Raouf ◽  
Ahmed Abdelkhalek
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Clinical Specimens ◽  
Specific Pcr ◽  
Enterotoxin Genes ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Relationship Of

Abstract Background Infections in communities and hospitals are mostly caused by Staphylococcus aureus strains. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of five genes (SEA, SEB, SEC, SED and SEE) encoding staphylococcal enterotoxins in S. aureus isolates from various clinical specimens, as well as to assess the relationship of these isolates with antibiotic susceptibility. Traditional PCR was used to detect enterotoxin genes, and the ability of isolates expressing these genes was determined using Q.RT-PCR. Results Overall; 61.3% (n = 46) of the samples were positive for S. aureus out of 75 clinical specimens, including urine, abscess, wounds, and nasal swabs. The prevalence of antibiotic resistance showed S. aureus isolates were resistant to Nalidixic acid, Ampicillin and Amoxicillin (100%), Cefuroxime (94%), Ceftriaxone (89%), Ciprofloxacin (87%), Erythromycin and Ceftaxime (85%), Cephalexin and Clarithromycin (83%), Cefaclor (81%), Gentamicin (74%), Ofloxacin (72%), Chloramphenicol(59%), Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid (54%), while all isolates sensitive to Imipinem (100%). By employing specific PCR, about 39.1% of isolates were harbored enterotoxin genes, enterotoxin A was the most predominant toxin in 32.6% of isolates, enterotoxin B with 4.3% of isolates and enterotoxin A and B were detected jointly in 2.1% of isolates, while enterotoxin C, D and E weren’t detected in any isolate. Conclusion This study revealed a high prevalence of S. aureus among clinical specimens. The isolates were also multidrug resistant to several tested antibiotics. Enterotoxin A was the most prevalent gene among isolates. The presence of antibiotic resistance and enterotoxin genes may facilitate the spread of S. aureus strains and pose a potential threat to public health.

Antibiotic Molecules Efficacy in Pediatric Bacterial Infections

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 915-920
Author(s):  
Petronela Cristina Chiriac ◽  
Vladimir Poroch ◽  
Alina Mihaela Pascu ◽  
Mircea Daniel Hogea ◽  
Ileana Antohe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Acute Therapy ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid

The antibiotic resistance of microorganisms involved in pediatric infections represents a significant cause of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), and is also a matter of management, requiring specific intervention. The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of some antibiotic molecules on pathogens isolated from patients admitted in a pediatric hospital. We carried out a descriptive study on a group of 411 patients admitted to the Sf. MariaClinical Emergency Hospital for Children Iasi, between January 1st and March 31st, 2016. Bacterial infections were most prevalent in the age group of 0-1 year (54.98% of the total isolates). Most affected by multidrug-resistant bacterial infections services were: general pediatrics (24.08% of the total isolates), then the intensive care unit (19.95%), surgical wards (14.84%), and acute therapy (11.43%). The germs were isolated from pathological samples: most often pus (23.85%), hypo-pharyngeal aspiration (21.65%), conjunctival secretion (12.42%), and ear secretion (9.48%). Penicillin G and oxacillin were inefficient in 30.26% of the Staphylococcus aureus strains, while erythromycin in 18.42%. Antibiotic resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae was observed for penicillin G in 7.14% of the strains, while for erythromycin in 13.09%. Klebsiella pneumoniae strains were resistant to amoxicillin + clavulanic acid in 35.85% of the cases, and to cefuroxime, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefepime in 33.96%. Our study highlighted that Staphylococcus aureus was resistant to penicillin G and oxacillin in more than one-third of the isolates, Streptococcus pneumoniae was resistant to penicillin G and erythromycin, and Klebsiella pneumoniae to amoxicillin + clavulanic acid and 1st, 2nd and 3rd generation cephalosporins. Continuing antibioresistance monitoring is crucial in order to promote appropriate guidelines in antibiotic prescription, which could result in decreasing HAIs� rates.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Bacterial Infections in Bahraini Pediatric Patients From A Tertiary Care Hospital – A Prospective Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Prospective Study ◽  
Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Susceptibility Patterns

Background & Objective: Children are prone to a plethora of infections. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of most common microorganisms isolated from the bacterial cultures infecting pediatric patients and their resistance to antibiotics in Bahrain. Methods: This prospective study included 1146 isolates collected from pediatric patients of Bahrain. Demographic details such as age, gender, and nationality were recorded for each of the patients. Samples were cultured using different nutrient media (MacConkey agar, Sheep blood agar etc.), and analysis was done using standard microbiological techniques and Vitex automated analyzer. Application of Kirby- Bauer procedure and Vitex aided in the assessment of antibiotic resistance of the isolates. Proportion test was used to calculate the study outcomes. P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Streptococcus group A (52.98%) and E. coli (35.97%) were the two most common microorganisms observed in pediatric patients. A high prevalence of Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL), Campylobacter sp., and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were also observed (P<0.001). A majority of the organisms were identified from urine (27.66%) and throat cultures (25.22%). E-coli showed significant resistance towards trimethoprim /sulfamethoxazole (22.97%) and amoxicillin/ clavulanic acid (20.19%). Susceptibility patterns of gentamicin, amoxicillin, trimethoprim, ciprofloxacin showed significant association with the isolates. Odds of susceptibility of amoxicillin/ clavulanic acid (2.89 times), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (2.29 times) was more for gram-positive isolates but for ciprofloxacin (2.08 times), which was more for gram-negative isolates. Conclusion: Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns were unique among the pediatric patients of Bahrain. Keywords: Anti-bacterial Agents, Antimicrobial Stewardship, Escherichia coli, Child, Methicillin- Resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

scholarly journals Achromobacter Xylosoxidans Bloodstream Infection in Elderly Patient with Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Case Report and Review of Literature

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (02) ◽  
pp. 124-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kausalya Raghuraman ◽  
Nishat H Ahmed ◽  
Frincy K Baruah ◽  
Rajesh K Grover
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Bloodstream Infection ◽  
Acid Treatment ◽  
Achromobacter Xylosoxidans ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid

ABSTRACT Achromobacter xylosoxidans is a nonfermentative Gram-negative organism, known to cause opportunistic infection in humans. We report a case of septicemia in a 76-year-old male patient with underlying hepatocellular carcinoma due to A. xylosoxidans, which showed a different antimicrobial susceptibility pattern from what is usually reported. From aerobic blood culture of the patient, A. xylosoxidans was isolated which was found to be sensitive to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, piperacillin-tazobactam, ceftazidime, cefoperazone-sulbactam, meropenem, minocycline, tigecycline, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. The patient recovered with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid treatment, which was given empirically to the patient. The present case highlights the possible role of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid for treatment of bloodstream infection with A. xylosoxidans.

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