scholarly journals Spatial Similarity of MRI-Visible Perivascular Spaces in Healthy Young Adult Twins

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boeun Lee ◽  
Na-Young Shin ◽  
Chang-hyun Park ◽  
Yoonho Nam ◽  
Soo Mee Lim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adult ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Perivascular Spaces ◽  
Healthy Young Adult ◽  
Sibling Pairs ◽  
Spatial Similarity ◽  
Human Connectome Project ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Adult Twins ◽  
Mz Twins

Abstract Purpose This study aims to determine whether genetic factors affect the location of dilated perivascular spaces (dPVS) by comparing healthy young twins and non-twin (NT) siblings. Methods A total of 700 healthy young adult twins and NT siblings (138 monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs, 79 dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs, and 133 NT sibling pairs) were collected from the Human Connectome Project dataset. dPVS was automatically segmented and normalized to standard space. Then, spatial similarity indices (mean squared error [MSE], structural similarity [SSIM], and dice similarity [DS]) were calculated for dPVS in the basal ganglia (BGdPVS) and white matter (WMdPVS) between paired subjects before and after propensity score matching of dPVS volumes between groups. Within-pair correlations for the regional volumes of dVPS were also assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Results The spatial similarity of dPVS was significantly higher in MZ twins (higher DS [median, 0.382 and 0.310] and SSIM [0.963 and 0.887] and lower MSE [0.005 and 0.005] for BGdPVS and WMdPVS, respectively) than DZ twins (DS [0.121 and 0.119], SSIM [0.941 and 0.868], and MSE [0.010 and 0.011]) and NT siblings (DS [0.106 and 0.097], SSIM [0.924 and 0.848], and MSE [0.016 and 0.017]). No significant difference was found between DZ twins and NT siblings. Similar results were found even after subjects were matched according to dPVS volume. Regional dPVS volumes were also more correlated within pairs in MZ twins than DZ twins and NT siblings. Conclusion Our results suggest that genetic factors affect the location of dPVS.

scholarly journals Liver Fat But Not Other Adiposity Measures Influence Circulating FGF21 Levels in Healthy Young Adult Twins

2011 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. E351-E355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henna Tyynismaa ◽  
Taneli Raivio ◽  
Antti Hakkarainen ◽  
Alfredo Ortega-Alonso ◽  
Nina Lundbom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adult ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Liver Fat ◽  
Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Healthy Young Adult ◽  
Adult Twins

abstract Context: Emerging as an important metabolic regulator, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has gained considerable interest in diabetes and obesity research. The circulating FGF21 concentration is fairly low in normal individuals, but elevated hormone levels may associate with obesity. The determining factors of FGF21 levels in humans are not clear. Objective: Our objective was to study the influence of genetic and acquired components to serum FGF21 variability in healthy young adult twins. Design and Participants: Fasting serum FGF21, lipids, body fat, and oral glucose tolerance test were investigated in 46 monozygotic (MZ) and 75 dizygotic twin pairs aged 22.8–33.1 yr. Subcutaneous, intraabdominal, and liver fat content were measured by magnetic resonance imaging/spectroscopy in a subsample of 24 MZ pairs. Results: Genetic factors contributed moderately (heritability 40%) to circulating serum FGF21 levels. Subjects with high FGF21 concentrations (≥ 250 pg/ml, n = 30) had higher fasting triglycerides, insulin, homeostasis model assessment index, and area under the curve glucose and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol but similar measures of overall adiposity (body mass index, body fat percent) than subjects with lower FGF21 (<100 pg/ml, n = 148). Importantly, in the MZ subsample, higher liver fat but not sc or intraabdominal fat content was found in subjects with high FGF21. Furthermore, in analyses controlling for genetic/familial effects in twin pairs, within-pair differences in liver fat (MZ) and triglycerides (dizygotic pairs) were the major acquired factors that correlated with differences in FGF21 concentrations. Conclusions: Genetic factors influence serum FGF21 levels. Of the acquired components, high liver fat and triglycerides rather than overall adiposity associate with high FGF21 levels.

Revisiting the Children of Twins: Can They Be Used to Resolve the Environmental Effects of Dyadic Parental Treatment on Child Behavior?

2005 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 283-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindon J. Eaves ◽  
Judy L. Silberg ◽  
Hermine H. Maes
Keyword(s):  
Child Behavior ◽  
Analytical Approach ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Causal Effects ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Adoption Study ◽  
Children Of Twins ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Parental Treatment ◽  
Mz Twins

AbstractThe children of twins (COT) design has been proposed as an alternative to the adoption study to resolve the direct effects of parental treatment from secondary parent–child association due to genetic factors. The basic analytical approach compares the parent–offspring correlation with the correlation between children and the monozygotic (MZ) twins of their parents. We show that a significant difference between these correlations does not imply direct environmental causality when the measured parental treatment in question is dyadic, that is, influenced by both parents even when mating is random. Nongenetic causal effects yield very similar patterns of correlation to secondary genetic effects on dyadic treatment variables. The fact that many candidate environments, such as parental divorce, are dyadic gives reason to question the interpretation of their correlations with behavior in the children of twins.

Genetic and Environmental Covariations Among Obsessive–Compulsive Symptoms, Neuroticism, and Extraversion in South Korean Adolescent and Young Adult Twins

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoon-Mi Hur
Keyword(s):  
Young Adult ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Adolescent And Young Adult ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
South Korean ◽  
Psychiatric Illnesses ◽  
Adult Twins

AbstractA growing literature suggests that personality traits may be endophenotype markers for psychiatric illnesses. Although the phenotypic relationships between obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) and high neuroticism and low extraversion have been well documented, underlying genetic and environmental contributions to these associations have not been explored previously. Five hundred and twenty-four monozygoitc (MZ) and 228 dizygotic (DZ) pairs of adolescent and young adult twins (aged 13–24 years) drawn from the South Korean Twin Registry completed the Maudsley Obsessive Compulsive Inventory (MOCI) and the Neuroticism and Extraversion scale of the Eysenck Personality Scale by mail. The total score of MOCI (MOCIT) was significantly and positively correlated with Neuroticism (r= .44), but only weakly and negatively related to Extraversion (r= –.10). A trivariate Cholesky model was applied to the data. The additive genetic correlations in the best-fitting model were .51 between Neuroticism and MOCIT and –.17 between Extraversion and MOCIT, suggesting that additive genetic factors that lead to high neuroticism and low extraversion overlap with those genetic factors influencing high OC symptoms. These findings add to the cumulative evidence of the shared genetic etiology for the associations between a personality profile of high neuroticism and low extraversion and mental illnesses.

scholarly journals Genetic correlates of psychological responses to the COVID-19 crisis in young adult twins in Great Britain

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaili Rimfeld ◽  
Margherita Malancini ◽  
Andrea Allegrini ◽  
Amy E. Packer ◽  
Andrew McMillan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Psychological Responses ◽  
Phenotypic Stability ◽  
Behavioural Responses ◽  
Negative Direction ◽  
T1 And T2 ◽  
Adult Twins

Abstract We investigated how the COVID-19 crisis and the extraordinary experience of lockdown affected young adults in England and Wales psychologically. One month after lockdown commenced (T2), we assessed 30 psychological and behavioural traits in 4,000 twins in their mid-twenties and compared their responses to the same traits assessed in 2018 (T1). Mean changes from T1 to T2 were modest and inconsistent: just as many changes were in a positive as negative direction. Twin analyses revealed that genetics accounted for about half of the reliable variance at T1 and T2. Genetic factors correlated on average .86 between T1 and T2 and accounted for over half of the phenotypic stability. Systematic environmental influences had negligible impact on T1, T2 or T2 change. Rather than the crisis fundamentally changing people psychologically, our results suggest that genetic differences between individuals play a fundamental role in shaping psychological and behavioural responses to the COVID-19 crisis.

Associations between sports participation, cardiorespiratory fitness, and adiposity in young adult twins

2011 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 681-686 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Mustelin ◽  
A. Latvala ◽  
K. H. Pietiläinen ◽  
P. Piirilä ◽  
A. R. Sovijärvi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adult ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Sports Participation ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Bicycle Ergometer ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Ergometer Exercise ◽  
Adult Twins

Exercise behavior, cardiorespiratory fitness, and obesity are strongly influenced by genetic factors. By studying young adult twins, we examined to what extent these interrelated traits have shared genetic and environmental etiologies. We studied 304 twin individuals selected from the population-based FinnTwin16 study. Physical activity was assessed with the Baecke questionnaire, yielding three indexes: sport index, leisure-time index, and work index. In this study, we focused on sport index, which describes sports participation. Body composition was determined using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and cardiorespiratory fitness using a bicycle ergometer exercise test with gas exchange analysis. The Baecke sport index was associated with high maximal oxygen uptake adjusted for lean body mass (V̇o2max[adj]) ( r = 0.40), with low body fat percentage (BF%) ( r = −0.44) and low waist circumference (WC) ( r = −0.29). Heritability estimates for the key traits were as follows: 56% for sport index, 71% for V̇o2max[adj], 77% for body mass index, 66% for WC, and 68% for BF%. The association between sport index and V̇o2max was mostly explained by genetic factors (70%), as were both the association between sport index and BF% (71%) and that between sport index and WC (59%). Our results suggest that genetic factors explain a considerable part of the associations between sports participation, cardiorespiratory fitness, and obesity.

scholarly journals Comparing Blood Pressure of Twins and Their Singleton Siblings: Being a Twin Does Not Affect Adult Blood Pressure

Twin Research ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 385-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eco J.C. de Geus ◽  
Danielle Posthuma ◽  
Richard G. IJzerman ◽  
Dorret I. Boomsma
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Medication Use ◽  
Twin Studies ◽  
Average Birth Weight ◽  
Age Cohorts ◽  
Sibling Pairs ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Twin Families ◽  
Mz Twins

AbstractThe hypothesis was tested that monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins, with their lower average birth weight, have higher adult blood pressure than their singleton brothers or sisters. From the Netherlands Twin Registry, 261 twin families were recruited from a young adult and an older adult cohort with mean ages of 26.2 and 50.4 respectively. These families yielded 204 MZ twins with 71 singleton siblings and 271 DZ twins with 103 of their singleton siblings. Anti-hypertensive medication use of these 649 participants was assessed twice with a two-year interval. Resting blood pressure was measured thrice during a standardized laboratory protocol. In spite of a significant difference in birth weight (1036 gram), no differences were found in anti-hypertensive medication use at both time points between twins and singletons nor between their resting laboratory diastolic or systolic blood pressure. These results applied to each gender and to both age cohorts. Limiting the analyses to matched twin-sibling pairs of the same families and taking current weight and height into account did not change the results; no evidence was found for a twin-singleton difference. It was concluded that estimates of genetic and environmental contributions to blood pressure deriving from twin studies do not appear to be biased and may be generalized to singletons. Our results suggest that the lower birth weight in twins does not reflect the intrauterine disadvantage described by the Barker hypothesis.

scholarly journals Iatrogenic Influences on the Heritability of Childhood Tonsillectomy: Cohort Differences in Twin Concordance

1991 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.G. Martin ◽  
U. Kehren ◽  
D. Battistutta ◽  
J.D. Mathews
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Equal Size ◽  
Shared Environment ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Cohort Differences ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Adult Twins ◽  
Mz Twins

AbstractIn 1980-82, a mailed questionnaire was completed by 3,810 pairs of adult twins enrolled on the Australian NH&MRC Twin Register. Twins were asked whether they had had their tonsils out and, if so, at what age. The sample was divided into four birth cohorts of approximately equal size, and only childhood tonsillectomy (to the age of 18) was considered. The prevalence of tonsillectomy differed markedly between cohorts, being highest in those born in the 1940s and early 1950s. Within each cohort, the prevalence was very similar in MZ and DZ twins, yet concordance was much higher in MZ twins, indicating the importance of genetic factors in predisposition to tonsillectomy. However, the proportions of variance in liability due to genetic and shared environmental factors differed markedly between cohorts. In the 1950s, when tonsillectomy was fashionable, shared environment accounted for 60% of variance and genetic factors for only 29%. However, by the early 1960s, when tonsillectomy was going out of fashion, heritability was up to 0.82 and shared environment accounted for only 10% of variance. Our results illustrate, once again, that heritability is not a constant, but depends on the precise characteristics of the population and the time at which it is studied.

155 SERUM LEVELS OF ANGIOPOIETIN-LIKE PROTEIN 4 (ANGPTL4) ARE INVERSELY CORRELATED WITH OBESITY IN HEALTHY YOUNG ADULT TWINS

2011 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
M.R. Robciuc ◽  
J. Naukkarinen ◽  
H. Tyynismaa ◽  
T. Raivio ◽  
A. Ortega-Alonso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adult ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Healthy Young Adult ◽  
Adult Twins

A Single-Dose Bioequivalence and Food Effect Study With Aprepitant and Fosaprepitant Dimeglumine in Healthy Young Adult Subjects

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 93-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Shadle ◽  
M. G. Murphy ◽  
Y. Liu ◽  
M. Ho ◽  
D. Tatosian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Food Effect ◽  
Effect Study ◽  
Healthy Young Adult

Neuroanatomical Hippocampal Structures and Heritability of Hippocampal Volume in Relation to Memory

1969 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaughnelene Smith
Keyword(s):  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Environmental Control ◽  
Data Bank ◽  
Monozygotic Twin ◽  
Hippocampal Volume ◽  
Brain Images ◽  
Sibling Pairs ◽  
Human Connectome Project ◽  
Mri Scans ◽  
The Right

The goal of this project was to investigate the genetic heritability of hippocampal volume using twin pairs and assess the neuroanatomical structures of the hippocampus and how these properties relate to memory in humans. Data for this project was obtained from the Human Connectome Project: a data bank established to provide neural images to the public. MRI scans were used to obtain brain images of each of the participants and basic cognitive tasks were used to obtain memory ability. To date, 506 subjects have been analyzed: 66 monozygotic twin pairs, 44 dizygotic twin pairs, and 47 sibling pairs. The data collection for of this project was three-fold. First, segmentations were performed to calculate the volume of the anterior and posterior regions of the hippocampus. Secondly, the magnitudes of hippocampus dentations were recorded within the three segments – the head, body, and tail – of the hippocampus. Lastly, visual inspection was used to asses incomplete inversions, which was defined as an atypical anatomical pattern in the hippocampus. The results of this project showed a strong heritability observed on the right anterior hippocampus (hb2=1.365) and right amygdala (hb2=1.315), moderate heritability observed on the left posterior hippocampus (hb2=0.765), and weak heritability observed on the right posterior hippocampus (hb2=0.2654). This indicates that hippocampal volumetric heritability showed strong genetic control for the right hemisphere and strong environmental control for the left hemisphere. The project is still in the process of correlating the anatomical structures to the memory capabilities of the participants. 

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document