Anxiety increases the willingness to be exposed to COVID-19 risk among young adults in France

Psychological State ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Percentage Points ◽

Abstract The COVID-19 outbreak has generated significant uncertainty about the future, especially for young adults. Health and economic threats, as well as more diffuse concerns about the consequences of COVID-19, can trigger feelings of anxiety, leading individuals to adopt uncertainty-reducing behaviours. We tested whether anxiety was associated with an increase in willingness to be exposed to the risk of COVID-19 infection (WiRE) using an online survey administered to 3,110 French individuals aged between 18 and 35 years old during the lockdown period (April 2020). Overall, 56.5% of the sample declared a positive WiRE. Unemployment was associated with a higher WiRE (+8.2 percentage points (pp); 95% CI +0.9-15.4 pp). One standard deviation increases in income (+1160€) and psychological state anxiety raised the WiRE by +2.7 pp (95% CI: +1.1-4.4 pp) and +3.9 pp (95% CI: +1.6-6.2 pp),respectively. A one standard deviation increase in perceived hospitalisation risk was associated with a -4.1 pp (95% CI: -6.2-2.1 pp) decrease in the WiRE. Overall, our results suggest that both the prospect of economic losses and psychological anxiety can undermine young adults’ adherence to physical distancing recommendations. Public policies targeting young adults must consider both their economic situation and their mental health, and they must use uncertaintyreducing communication strategies.

Anxiety increases the willingness to be exposed to COVID-19 risk among young adults in France

10.21203/rs.3.rs-105842/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Fabrice Etilé ◽

Pierre-Yves Geoffard

Keyword(s):

Young Adults ◽

Standard Deviation ◽

State Anxiety ◽

Online Survey ◽

Psychological State ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Percentage Points ◽

Abstract The COVID-19 outbreak has generated significant uncertainty about the future, especially for young adults. Health and economic threats, as well as more diffuse concerns about the consequences of COVID-19, can trigger feelings of anxiety, leading individuals to adopt uncertainty-reducing behaviours. We tested whether anxiety was associated with an increase in willingness to be exposed to the risk of COVID-19 infection (WiRE) using an online survey administered to 3,110 French individuals aged between 18 and 35 years old during the lockdown period (April 2020). Overall, 56.5% of the sample declared a positive WiRE. Unemployment was associated with a higher WiRE (+8.2 percentage points (pp); 95% CI +0.9-15.4 pp). One standard deviation increases in income (+1160€) and psychological state anxiety raised the WiRE by +2.7 pp (95% CI: +1.1-4.4 pp) and +3.9 pp (95% CI: +1.6-6.2 pp), respectively. A one standard deviation increase in perceived hospitalisation risk was associated with a -4.1 pp (95% CI: -6.2-2.1 pp) decrease in the WiRE. Overall, our results suggest that both the prospect of economic losses and psychological anxiety can undermine young adults’ adherence to physical distancing recommendations. Public policies targeting young adults must consider both their economic situation and their mental health, and they must use uncertainty-reducing communication strategies.

The sooner the better? Anxiety and deliberate exposure to COVID-19 risk among young adults in France

10.21203/rs.3.rs-105842/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Fabrice Etilé ◽

Pierre-Yves Geoffard

Keyword(s):

Young Adults ◽

Standard Deviation ◽

State Anxiety ◽

Online Survey ◽

Psychological State ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Percentage Points ◽

Abstract The COVID-19 outbreak has generated significant uncertainty about the future, especially for young adults. Health and economic threats, as well as more diffuse concerns about the consequences of COVID-19, can trigger feelings of anxiety, leading individuals to adopt uncertainty-reducing behaviours. We tested whether anxiety was associated with an increase in willingness to be exposed to the risk of COVID-19 infection (WiRE) using an online survey administered to 3,110 French individuals aged between 18 and 35 years old during the lockdown period (April 2020). Overall, 56.5% of the sample declared a positive WiRE. Unemployment was associated with a higher WiRE (+8.2 percentage points (pp); 95% CI +0.9-15.4 pp). One standard deviation increases in income (+1160€) and psychological state anxiety raised the WiRE by +2.7 pp (95% CI: +1.1-4.4 pp) and +3.9 pp (95% CI: +1.6-6.2 pp), respectively. A one standard deviation increase in perceived hospitalisation risk was associated with a -4.1 pp (95% CI: -6.2-2.1 pp) decrease in the WiRE. Overall, our results suggest that both the prospect of economic losses and psychological anxiety can undermine young adults’ adherence to physical distancing recommendations. Public policies targeting young adults must consider both their economic situation and their mental health, and they must use uncertainty-reducing communication strategies.

ANXIETY INCREASES THE WILLINGNESS TO BE EXPOSED TO COVID-19 RISK AMONG YOUNG ADULTS IN FRANCE

10.31234/osf.io/5ntzc ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Fabrice Etilé ◽

Pierre-Yves Geoffard

Keyword(s):

Young Adults ◽

Standard Deviation ◽

State Anxiety ◽

Online Survey ◽

Psychological State ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Percentage Points ◽

The COVID-19 outbreak has generated significant uncertainty about the future, especially for young adults. Health and economic threats, as well as more diffuse concerns about the consequences of COVID-19, can trigger feelings of anxiety, leading individuals to adopt uncertainty-reducing behaviours. We tested whether anxiety was associated with an increase in willingness to be exposed to the risk of COVID-19 infection (WiRE) using an online survey administered to 3,110 French individuals aged between 18 and 35 years old during the lockdown period (April 2020). Overall, 56.5% of the sample declared a positive WiRE. Unemployment was associated with a higher WiRE (+8.2 percentage points (pp); 95% CI +0.9-15.4 pp). One standard deviation increases in income (+1160€) and psychological state anxiety raised the WiRE by +2.7 pp (95% CI: +1.1-4.4 pp) and +3.9 pp (95% CI: +1.6-6.2 pp),respectively. A one standard deviation increase in perceived hospitalisation risk was associated with a -4.1 pp (95% CI: -6.2-2.1 pp) decrease in the WiRE. Overall, our results suggest that both the prospect of economic losses and psychological anxiety can undermine young adults’ adherence to physical distancing recommendations. Public policies targeting young adults must consider both their economic situation and their mental health, and they must use uncertainty-reducing communication strategies.

Banking and Industrialization

Journal of the European Economic Association ◽

10.1093/jeea/jvy037 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 17 (6) ◽

pp. 1753-1796 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Stephan Heblich ◽

Alex Trew

Keyword(s):

Standard Deviation ◽

Industrial Revolution ◽

Employment Growth ◽

Percentage Points ◽

Industrial Employment ◽

Employment Share ◽

Capital Intensive ◽

Employment Data

AbstractWe establish a causal role for banking access in the spread of the Industrial Revolution over the period 1817–1881 by exploiting unique employment data from 10,528 parishes across England and Wales and a novel instrument. We estimate that a one standard deviation increase in 1817 finance employment increases annualized industrial employment growth by 0.93 percentage points. We establish the role of structural transformation as an underlying growth mechanism and show that banking access: (i) increases the industrial employment share; (ii) stimulates urbanization; and (iii) fosters inter-industry transition to high TFP, intermediate and capital-intensive sub-sectors.

Pandemics and protectionism: evidence from the “Spanish” flu

Humanities and Social Sciences Communications ◽

10.1057/s41599-021-00833-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Nina Boberg-Fazlic ◽

Markus Lampe ◽

Maja Uhre Pedersen ◽

Paul Sharp

Keyword(s):

Standard Deviation ◽

World War ◽

Difference In Differences ◽

Percentage Points ◽

The First World War ◽

Macroeconomic Impact ◽

Spanish Flu ◽

The Impact ◽

First World

AbstractThe impact of COVID-19 on recent tendencies towards international isolationism has been much speculated on but remains to be seen. We suggest that valuable evidence can be gleaned from the “Spanish” flu of 1918–20. It is well-known that the world fell into a protectionist spiral following the First World War, but scholars have almost exclusively ignored the impact of the pandemic. We employ a difference-in-differences strategy and find that the flu had a significant impact on trade policy, independent of the war. In our preferred specification, a one standard deviation increase in excess deaths during the outbreak implied 0.022 percentage points higher tariffs subsequently, corresponding to an increase of one third of a standard deviation in tariffs. Health policy should aim to avoid the experience of the interwar period and consider the international macroeconomic impact of measures (not) taken.

The Effect of Social Connectedness on Crime: Evidence from the Great Migration

Review of Economics and Statistics ◽

10.1162/rest_a_00860 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-16 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Bryan A. Stuart ◽

Erin J. Taylor

Keyword(s):

Young Adults ◽

Standard Deviation ◽

African Americans ◽

Social Connectedness ◽

Motor Vehicle ◽

Adolescents And Young Adults ◽

Drug Activity ◽

Migration Networks ◽

The Great Migration

This paper estimates the effect of social connectedness on crime across U.S. cities from 1970 to 2009. Migration networks among African Americans from the South generated variation across destinations in the concentration of migrants from the same birth town. Using this novel source of variation, we find that social connectedness considerably reduces murders, rapes, robberies, assaults, burglaries, and motor vehicle thefts, with a 1 standard deviation increase in social connectedness reducing murders by 21% and motor vehicle thefts by 20%. Social connectedness especially reduces murders of adolescents and young adults committed during gang and drug activity.

Members of Parliament are Minimally Accountable for Their Issue Stances (and They Know It)

American Political Science Review ◽

10.1017/s0003055421000514 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-17

Author(s):

CHRIS HANRETTY ◽

JONATHAN MELLON ◽

PATRICK ENGLISH

Keyword(s):

Standard Deviation ◽

Vote Share ◽

Electoral Accountability ◽

Members Of Parliament ◽

Percentage Points ◽

Individual Effects

For incumbents to be accountable for their issue stances, voters must sanction incumbents whose positions are “out of step” with their own. We test the electoral accountability of British legislators for their stance on Brexit. We find that there is very limited issue accountability. Individuals who disagreed with their representative’s stance on Brexit were 3 percentage points less likely to vote for them. The aggregate consequences of these individual effects are limited. A one-standard-deviation increase in the proportion of constituents agreeing with their incumbent’s Brexit stance is associated with an increase of 0.53 percentage points in incumbent vote share. These effects are one and a half times larger when the main challenger has a different Brexit stance to the incumbent. A follow-up survey of Members of Parliament (MPs) shows that MPs’ estimates of the effects of congruence are similar in magnitude. Our findings suggest that issue accountability is conditional in nature and limited in magnitude even for an issue such as Brexit, which should be maximally amenable to such effects.

Financial Media, Price Discovery, and Merger Arbitrage

Review of Finance ◽

10.1093/rof/rfaa037 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Matthias M M Buehlmaier ◽

Josef Zechner

Keyword(s):

Standard Deviation ◽

Computational Linguistics ◽

Stock Prices ◽

High Yield ◽

Yield Spreads ◽

Percentage Points ◽

The Media ◽

Financial Media ◽

Merger Arbitrage

Abstract Using merger announcements and applying methods from computational linguistics we find strong evidence that stock prices underreact to information in financial media. A one standard deviation increase in the media-implied probability of merger completion increases the subsequent 12-day return of a long-short merger strategy by 1.2 percentage points. Filtering out the 28% of announced deals with the lowest media-implied completion probability increases the annualized alpha from merger arbitrage by 9.3 percentage points. Our results are particularly pronounced when high-yield spreads are large and on days when only few merger deals are announced.

Young adults’ coping strategies against loneliness during the COVID-19-related quarantine in Greece

Health Promotion International ◽

10.1093/heapro/daab053 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Adrianos Golemis ◽

Panteleimon Voitsidis ◽

Eleni Parlapani ◽

Vasiliki A Nikopoulou ◽

Virginia Tsipropoulou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Social Media ◽

Young Adults ◽

Social Responsibility ◽

Coping Strategies ◽

Online Survey ◽

Adult Population ◽

Psychological Impact ◽

Well Being ◽

Daily Routine ◽

Cross Sectional

Summary COVID-19 and the related quarantine disrupted young adults’ academic and professional life, daily routine and socio-emotional well-being. This cross-sectional study focused on the emotional and behavioural responses of a young adult population during the COVID-19-related quarantine in April 2020, in Greece. The study was conducted through an online survey. A total of 1559 young adults, aged 18−30 years, completed Steele’s Social Responsibility Motivation Scale and the De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale, and answered questions about compliance with instructions, quarantine-related behaviours and coping strategies. According to the results, participants displayed a relatively high sense of social responsibility (M = 16.09, SD = 2.13) and a trend towards moderate feeling of loneliness (M = 2.65, SD = 1.62); young women reported significantly higher levels of loneliness than men. The majority complied with instructions often (46.4%) or always (44.8%). Significantly more women created a new social media account and used the social media longer than 5 h/day, compared with men. Resorting to religion, practicing sports and sharing thoughts and feelings about COVID-19 with others predicted higher levels of social responsibility; humour, practicing sports and sharing thoughts and feelings about COVID-19 with others predicted lower levels of loneliness. Conclusively, COVID-19 is expected to have a significant psychological impact on young adults. Currently, Greece is going through the second quarantine period. This study raises awareness about loneliness in young adults during the COVID-19-related quarantine and highlights the importance of developing online programmes, attractive to younger people, to nurture adaptive coping strategies against loneliness.

434 - Treatment Patterns and Needs for Dementia-related Psychosis Described by Patients and Care Partners (Caregivers): an Observational, Prospective Study to Describe the Patient Experience

International Psychogeriatrics ◽

10.1017/s1041610220002872 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 32 (S1) ◽

pp. 151-151

Author(s):

Teresa Brandt ◽

Theresa Frangiosa ◽

Virginia Biggar ◽

Angela Taylor ◽

Bill Keller ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Standard Deviation ◽

Prospective Study ◽

Online Survey ◽

Atypical Antipsychotics ◽

Qualitative Interviews ◽

Unmet Need ◽

Current Treatment ◽

Treatment Patterns ◽

Symptom Improvement ◽

Vas Score

AbstractBackground:We aimed to describe current treatment patterns and unmet needs of persons with DRP from a patient and care partner (CP) perspective.Methods:This observational, non-interventional, prospective study used a mixed-methods approach with qualitative interviews and a quantitative online survey. Persons with DRP and CP of persons with DRP reported the effectiveness of current treatments using a visual analog scale (VAS) of 0 (“not at all well”) to 5 (“extremely well”) and ranked benefits of an ideal treatment. CP burden was outside the scope of this study.Results:The qualitative interview was completed by 1 patient and 15 CP. Current treatments included atypical antipsychotics, antidepressants, anxiolytics, and benzodiazepines. Participants commonly indicated a need to improve patients’ ability to know what is real vs not real.The online survey was completed by 26 patients and 186 CP on behalf of patients under their care. Common treatments used included atypical antipsychotics (27% of patients, 41% of CP) and psychological/ behavioral therapy (23% of patients, 8% of CP). Many participants reported no current treatment (42% of patients, 42% of CP). Participants reported that current treatment methods were less than moderately helpful in treating patients’ most impactful symptoms with a median VAS score of 2.0/5 reported by patients and CP (mean VAS score [standard deviation] = 2.33 [1.0] for patients [n=15], mean [standard deviation] VAS score = 2.4 [1.3] for CP [n=104]). Discontinuation of a treatment was reported by 11 patients and 115 CP, most commonly due to a side effect (27% of patients, 31% of CP), doctor’s recommendation (27% of patients, 14% of CP), or lack of symptom improvement (9% of patients, 28% of CP). Participants ranked the ability to distinguish what is real vs not real (35% of patients, 49% of CP) and overall symptom improvement (42% of patients, 23% of CP) as the most important benefits of an ideal treatment.Conclusions:Patients and CPs reported either not taking any DRP treatments or that current treatments were associated with side effects along with limited efficacy. There is an unmet need for safe and effective treatments for DRP.Study Sponsored By:ACADIA Pharmaceuticals Inc.DisclosuresTF is a consultant with Frangiosa & Associates, LLC.VB and AT have no relevant financial relationships to disclose.TB, BK, and VA are employees of and may hold stock and/or stock options with ACADIA Pharmaceuticals Inc.