Distance as Explanatory Factor for Sexual Health Centre Utilisation in an Infrastructure-Rich Urban Area in the Netherlands: A Population-Based Multilevel Study
Abstract BackgroundThe sole sexual health centre (SHC) in the greater Rotterdam area, the Netherlands, is instrumental in finding people unaware of their STI/HIV status. We hypothesized that travel distance to the SHC is inversely associated with SHC utilisation. Insight in area-specific utilisation is needed for potential new outreach policies to enhance STI testing. MethodsThe study population consists of all residents aged 15 to 45 years in the greater Rotterdam area (2015-2017). We linked SHC consultation data from STI tested heterosexual clients to the population registry. The association between SHC utilisation and distance was investigated by multilevel modelling, adjusting for sociodemographic and area-specific determinants. The data was also stratified by age (aged below 25) and migratory background (non-Western), since SHC triage may affect their utilisation. We used straight-line distance between the centroid of the postal code area and SHC address as a proxy for travel distance. ResultsWe found large area variation in SHC utilisation (ranged from 1.13 to 48.76 per 1,000 residents). Both individual and area level determinants determine utilisation. Travel distance explained most area variation and was inversely associated with SHC utilisation when adjusted for other sociodemographic and area-specific determinants (odds ratio [OR] per kilometre: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.93-0.96). Similar results were obtained for residents aged below 25 (OR: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.94-0.96), but not for non-Western residents (OR: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.99-1.00). ConclusionLiving further away from the sole SHC in the greater Rotterdam area decreases utilisation. This provides evidence for local policy to enhance STI testing, for example by offering STI testing services closer to the population.