scholarly journals Transdermal Delivery of Rhizoma Coptidis and Evodia Rutaecarpa: The Effects of Enhancers on Permeation Across SD Mouse Skin

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu yao Guan ◽  
Xue mei Liu ◽  
Lei Zheng ◽  
Jing Yang ◽  
Ji bo Ren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Mouse Skin ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Good Effect ◽  
Skin Permeability ◽  
Enhancement Effect ◽  
Painful Condition ◽  
Rhizoma Coptidis ◽  
Berberine Hydrochloride ◽  
Evodia Rutaecarpa

Abstract Background: Oral ulceration is a common, painful condition of uncertain aetiology. Traditional Chinese medicine has good effect. One kind of treatment method is to use rhizoma coptidis, evodia rutaecarpa powder 10g each mixed with vinegar to paste in the foot springs point. The purpose of this study is to convert this prescription into a corresponding preparation for everyone's convenience. Methods: The enhancement effect of a series of different concentrations of fat-soluble azone, water-soluble azone, dimethyl sulfoxides, acetic acid, on the skin permeability of rhizoma coptidis, evodia rutaecarpa powder was studied in vitro by using Franz diffusion cells and SD mouse skin. The concentrations of the main components palmatine hydrochloride, berberine hydrochloride, evodiamine, rutacarpine in the preparation were determined by an HPLC method. Results: The addition of dimethyl sulfoxide, 2-8% w/w water-soluble azone, 8% w/w fat-soluble azone never increased palmatine hydrochloride and berberine hydrochloride flux with respect to the control preparation. The enhancing effects of 45% acetic acid, 1% water-soluble azone and 5% fat-soluble azone were evident on the palmatine hydrochloride and berberine hydrochloride permeability. The target substances evodiamine and rutacarpine were not detected in the receiving solution, and there were residues in the skin, respectively. The amount of evodiamine and rutacarpine residued in the skin obtained from formulations including 45% w/w acetic acid or 5% w/w fat-soluble azone were significantly higher (p<0.05) than that obtained from the blank control formulation. Conclusions: The experimental results revealed that 5% fat-soluble azone transdermal agent has the optimal performance in the rhizoma coptidis, evodia rutaecarpa preparation.

scholarly journals The Combined Effects of Magnesium Oxide and Inulin on Intestinal Microbiota and Cecal Short-Chain Fatty Acids

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 152
Author(s):  
Kanako Omori ◽  
Hiroki Miyakawa ◽  
Aya Watanabe ◽  
Yuki Nakayama ◽  
Yijin Lyu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Dietary Fiber ◽  
Magnesium Oxide ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Acetic Acid Concentration ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Constipation is a common condition that occurs in many people worldwide. While magnesium oxide (MgO) is often used as the first-line drug for chronic constipation in Japan, dietary fiber intake is also recommended. Dietary fiber is fermented by microbiota to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). SCFAs are involved in regulating systemic physiological functions and circadian rhythm. We examined the effect of combining MgO and the water-soluble dietary fiber, inulin, on cecal SCFA concentration and microbiota in mice. We also examined the MgO administration timing effect on cecal SCFAs. The cecal SCFA concentrations were measured by gas chromatography, and the microbiota was determined using next-generation sequencing. Inulin intake decreased cecal pH and increased cecal SCFA concentrations while combining MgO increased the cecal pH lowered by inulin and decreased the cecal SCFA concentrations elevated by inulin. When inulin and MgO were combined, significant changes in the microbiota composition were observed compared with inulin alone. The MgO effect on the cecal acetic acid concentration was less when administered at ZT12 than at ZT0. In conclusion, this study suggests that MgO affects cecal SCFA and microbiota during inulin feeding, and the effect on acetic acid concentration is time-dependent.

scholarly journals Synthesis of Water-Soluble 7-O-Carboxymethyl-Genistein

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-185
Author(s):  
Zhiling Cao ◽  
Qiao Wu ◽  
Jing Cheng ◽  
Dandan Zhu ◽  
Wengqi Teng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Sodium Salt ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Clinical Chemistry ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Aqueous Acetic Acid ◽  
Carboxylate Group ◽  
Target Compound ◽  
Catalysed Reaction

A three-step synthesis from genistein of the water-soluble sodium salt of 7-O-carboxymethyl-genistein is described. Base-catalysed reaction of genistein with t-butyl bromoacetate gave 7-O-(carbo-t-butoxy)methyl-genistein, which was hydrolysed by aqueous acetic acid to 7-O-carboxymethyl-genistein and neutralised (NaHCO3) to give the target compound. The carboxylate group enhanced the water-solubility of genistein more than a thousand-fold and the new derivate will be useful as a candidate compound in pharmacological and clinical chemistry studies of isoflavones.

scholarly journals Changes in Leaf-Sugar Content and Enzyme Activity of Immature Sugarcane Following Foliar Application of Indole-3-Acetic Acid, 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid, and Maleic Hydrazide

1969 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-34
Author(s):  
Alex G. Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Maleic Hydrazide ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Enzyme Preparations ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Indole 3 Acetic Acid

Indole-3-acetic acid, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and maleic hydrazide were applied as foliar sprays to 10-week-old sugarcane plants during initial studies of the interrelationships of growth-regulating materials with the sugar-metabolizing enzymes of sugarcane. Leaf samples were harvested at 1, 3, 9, and 27 days following treatment for sugar and enzyme assays. Sugar analyses were run for total ketoses, sucrose, fructose, and total reducing sugars, with glucose being determined by calculation. A series of acid phosphatase assays were conducted using as substrates the following compounds: ß-glycerophosphate, adenosinetriphosphate, uridine diphosphate glucose, glucose-1-phosphate, glucose-6-phosphate, fructose-6- phosphate, fructose-1,6-diphosphate, and 3-phosphoglyceric acid. Additional enzymes included invertase, amylase, hexokinase, phosphohexose isomerase, aldolase, triosephosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoglyceryl kinase, condensing enzyme, isocitric acid dehydrogenase, transaminase, peroxidase, and glucose oxidase. All enzyme preparations consisted of dialyzed water-soluble protein extracted from freeze-dried leaf tissue and precipitated with ammonium sulfate between 35 and 95 percent of saturation.

Studies on the production of volatile fatty acids from grass by rumen liquor in an artificial rumen: II. The volatile fatty acid production from dried grass

1957 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. John ◽  
G. Barnett ◽  
R. L. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Fatty Acid Production ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Titration Curves

1. A study has been made of the production of volatile fatty acids obtainable from dried grass and its gross water-soluble and water-insoluble separates, in the artificial rumen, over two growing seasons.2. In contradistinction to fresh grass, the dried grass gives a consistent production of acetic acid proportionately greater than propionic acid, at all stages of maturity, but when aqueous extracts of the dried grass, and the resultant extracted grass, respectively, are examined separately in the artificial rumen, it is found that the former yield preponderating amounts of acetic acid while the latter give amounts of propionic acid equal to, or exceeding, the corresponding productions of acetic acid.3. An examination of the titration curves for the total acids obtained from the dried grass, extracted grass and grass extract runs, indicates an approach to an incomplete relationship between the residual carbohydrate in the extracted grass and cellulose, while the grass extract reveals itself as the chief source of acetic acid in the whole dried grass, the acid being formed very speedily at the start of the run.4. The suggested sources and some of the possible metabolic pathways involved in the formation of v.f.a. from grass are discussed in the text.

Observations on the Zak Cholesterol Reaction: Glacial Acetic Acid Purity, a More Sensitive Absorbance Peak, and Bromide Enhancement

1962 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 296-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E Bowman ◽  
Richard C Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Glacial Acetic Acid ◽  
Enhancement Effect ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Absorbance Spectrum ◽  
Iodide Ions ◽  
Color Reagent ◽  
Absorbance Peak

Abstract An examination of the absorbance spectrum of the Zak cholesterol reaction, made with two brands of commercially available reagent-grade glacial acetic acid, showed not only the expected peak at 560 mµ, but an additional, higher peak at about 490 mµ. A specially purified glacial acetic acid did not show this 490 mµ peak. Conversely, increasing the ratio of color reagent to glacial acetic acid from 0.8 to 1.2 (v/v) greatly increased the height of the absorbance peak at 480 mµ and eliminated the 560 mµ peak. Under optimum conditions of time and color-reagent concentrations, the 480 mµ peak affords approximately double the sensitivity for cholesterol as compared to the 560 mµ peak. Finally, it was observed that the reported interference of bromide and iodide ions in the Zak reaction results almost entirely from an enhancement effect on the color by the cholesterol itself, and that the addition of about 100 µg. NaBr per milliliter of glacial acetic acid prior to reaction produced the full enhancement of 50 per cent greater color, and virtually eliminated interference at 560 mµ from additional amounts of bromide or iodide salts.

Contributions to the Analysis of Rubber. I. Determination of the Water-Soluble Components of Rubber

1937 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 574-583
Author(s):  
P. Dekker
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Acid Reflux ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Water Bath ◽  
Vulcanized Rubber ◽  
Magnesium Compounds ◽  
Calcium Compounds ◽  
Soluble Components

Abstract 1. It is shown that the methods which are ordinarily used for determining water-soluble substances in raw rubber give low results, and are quite useless for vulcanized rubber. 2. New analytical procedures are developed for determining the water-soluble substances in raw rubber and in vulcanized rubber. These procedures are carried out in the following manner. (a) Raw Rubber.—Heat 2 grams of rubber in 80 cc. of xylene and 5 cc. of acetic acid on a water bath until the rubber is completely dissolved, add 5 cc. of acetic acid and 10 cc. of water, heat for 3–4 hours on the water bath with frequent agitation, transfer to a distilling flask (rinsing the first flask with 50 cc. of hot water), distill the xylene with steam, filter the residual solution, evaporate the filtrate on a water bath; and dry at 100° C. (b) Vulcanized Rubber and Rubber Mixtures.—First extract the sample with acetone, heat 2 grams of the acetone-extracted sample with 80 cc. of xylene on a water bath, add 5 cc. of acetic acid, reflux the mixture on an oil bath, after complete dissolution add 5 cc. of acetic acid and 10 cc. of water, heat the solution for 2 hours on an oil bath at 110–120° C., distill the xylene, as in the determination with raw rubber, filter the residue, evaporate the filtrate to dryness, take up the residue in 50 cc. of water, pass a current of hydrogen sulfide through the solution for 10 minutes to precipitate zinc as sulfide, filter, evaporate the filtrate, and dry the residue at 100° C. 3. In the presence of calcium compounds, magnesium compounds, glue and textiles, the method gives false results. Modifications of the method are therefore recommended, whereby these substances are eliminated.

scholarly journals Effect of acetic acid hydrolysis on the characteristics of water soluble chitosan

2020 ◽  
Vol 414 ◽  
pp. 012021
Author(s):  
J Santoso ◽  
K C Adiputra ◽  
L C Soerdirga ◽  
K Tarman
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Water Soluble

scholarly journals Chemical insights, explicit chemistry, and yields of secondary organic aerosol from OH radical oxidation of methylglyoxal and glyoxal in the aqueous phase

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 8651-8667 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. B. Lim ◽  
Y. Tan ◽  
B. J. Turpin
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Aqueous Phase ◽  
Secondary Organic Aerosol ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Oxidation Products ◽  
Radical Reactions ◽  
Organic Radical ◽  
Oh Radical ◽  
Radical Oxidation

Abstract. Atmospherically abundant, volatile water-soluble organic compounds formed through gas-phase chemistry (e.g., glyoxal (C2), methylglyoxal (C3), and acetic acid) have great potential to form secondary organic aerosol (SOA) via aqueous chemistry in clouds, fogs, and wet aerosols. This paper (1) provides chemical insights into aqueous-phase OH-radical-initiated reactions leading to SOA formation from methylglyoxal and (2) uses this and a previously published glyoxal mechanism (Lim et al., 2010) to provide SOA yields for use in chemical transport models. Detailed reaction mechanisms including peroxy radical chemistry and a full kinetic model for aqueous photochemistry of acetic acid and methylglyoxal are developed and validated by comparing simulations with the experimental results from previous studies (Tan et al., 2010, 2012). This new methylglyoxal model is then combined with the previous glyoxal model (Lim et al., 2010), and is used to simulate the profiles of products and to estimate SOA yields. At cloud-relevant concentrations (~ 10−6 − ~ 10−3 M; Munger et al., 1995) of glyoxal and methylglyoxal, the major photooxidation products are oxalic acid and pyruvic acid, and simulated SOA yields (by mass) are ~ 120% for glyoxal and ~ 80% for methylglyoxal. During droplet evaporation oligomerization of unreacted methylglyoxal/glyoxal that did not undergo aqueous photooxidation could enhance yields. In wet aerosols, where total dissolved organics are present at much higher concentrations (~ 10 M), the major oxidation products are oligomers formed via organic radical–radical reactions, and simulated SOA yields (by mass) are ~ 90% for both glyoxal and methylglyoxal. Non-radical reactions (e.g., with ammonium) could enhance yields.

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