scholarly journals Evidences of Intra-Group Orca Call Rate Modulation Using A Small-Aperture Four Hydrophone Array

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion Poupard ◽  
Helena Symonds ◽  
Paul Spong ◽  
Hervé Glotin
Keyword(s):  
Group Communication ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Acoustic Emissions ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Spatial Awareness ◽  
Call Rate ◽  
Communication Analysis ◽  
Small Aperture ◽  
Visual Identification ◽  
Hydrophone Array

Abstract Acoustic emissions are vital to orcas (Orcinus orca) to socialize, hunt, orient, and maintain spatial awareness. In order to better analyze their inter and intra-group communication, we propose a novel protocol that allows us to associate vocalizations with their emitter (individual/matriline). Our approach is based on a low cost small-aperture four hydrophone array fixed near the shore up to a few km away from the orcas’ path, operated in conjunction with visual identification. It was conducted in the summer of 2019 off northern Vancouver Island, Canada, at the research station OrcaLab. A total of 722 calls were extracted and localized in azimuth via the hydrophone array from 3 case studies in which different events took place.We then calculated the Call Rate (CR) for each individual/matriline in order to describe their acoustic activity. Results show that CR is modulated according to the distance of the signaler from the joint group, the presence of another group, and the anthropic pressure (nearby cruise ship). This shows evidence of intertwined calls. This protocol does not interfere with the animals and opens new perspectives towards inter and intra-group communication analysis.

scholarly journals Intra-Group Orca Call Rate Modulation Estimation Using Compact Four Hydrophones Array

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion Poupard ◽  
Helena Symonds ◽  
Paul Spong ◽  
Hervé Glotin
Keyword(s):  
Acoustic Emissions ◽  
Orcinus Orca ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Spatial Awareness ◽  
Call Rate ◽  
Experimental Protocol ◽  
Rate Modulation ◽  
Visual Identification ◽  
Anthropic Pressure ◽  
Compact Array

Acoustic emissions are vital for orca (Orcinus orca) socializing, hunting, and maintaing spatial awareness. Studying the acoustic emissions of orcas on an individual basis often results in interference with their natural behaviors through mounting tags or following by boat. In order to analyze their inter- and intra-group communication, we propose a study allowing us to associate vocalizations with their emitter (matriline and when possible individual). Such a non-interfering device for allocating calls to individual orcas could substantially boost our understanding of their complex acoustic world. Our experimental protocol was based on a compact array of four hydrophones fixed near the shore, operable up to 1 km away from the path of orcas. It was used during summer 2019 at the research station OrcaLab, northern Vancouver Island, Canada. A total of 722 calls were extracted, jointly with visual identification and azimuth of surfacing orcas, allowing validation of the acoustic diarization and azimuth estimations of the orca calls. We then calculated the Call Rate (CR) for each matriline or when possible individual in order to describe their acoustic activity. Preliminary results show that CR could be modulated according to the distance of the signaler from a group, the presence of another group, or anthropic pressure.

scholarly journals Experiences with deferred grazing at the Taranaki Agricultural Research Station

1991 ◽  
pp. 79-83
Author(s):  
D.A. Mccallum ◽  
N.A. Thomson ◽  
T.G. Judd
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Agricultural Research Station ◽  
Grazed Pasture ◽  
Dead Material ◽  
Tiller Density ◽  
Milk Solids

Deferred grazing is the practice of holding over pasture in situ that has been considered surplus to animal requirements in spring, to be grazed at a later date when a shortage of pasture occurs, usually in summer/autumn. This non-mechanical method of pasture conservation was developedandpractised from 1986-1989 at the Taranaki Agricultural Research Station as part of a low cost dairy system. At the low stocking rate (3.7 cows/ha) 13% of the farm area was conserved as deferred grazing and allowed to naturally reseed before grazing. The reseeding doubled the tiller density of perennial ryegrass, increasing pasture growth by 15 19% the following season. This, combined with the nil cost associated with conserving supplements, made this system more profitable than the traditional haysilage system. For the natural reseeding to be successful, the deferred grazed pasture should be removed from thegrazingrotationduringtheryegrassreproductive phase (mid-October to mid-November) and not grazed until after the ryegrass seed is mature (mid- January). The method developed to Wise deferred grazed pasture has been to strip graze between the morning and night milkings. Cows are offered a pasture allowance of 10 kg DM/cow/day or one, two hundred and fiftieth of the farm per day, to achieve a utilisation of around 50%. Cows graze selectively leavingaresidualofabout4000kg DM/ haofpredominantly dead material. Mowing before grazing increased utilisation, but there was no advantage in milk solids production. No benefits were observed when tall fescue or phalaris pastures were allowed to naturally reseed. Deferred grazing had no effect on grass grub or porina populations if grazed before April. No detrimental animal health effects have been measured with deferred grazing. To reduce farm operating costs and increase pasture growth, it is recommended that 10% of the farm is deferred and allowed to naturally reseed on an annual basis. Keywords deferred grazing, pasture conservation, naturalreseeding, tiller density,pasture growth, dairy production

scholarly journals Social Electrical Engineering: A Pathway for Better Undergraduate Education

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Amilton Costa Lamas ◽  
Anderson Gomes Domingues
Keyword(s):  
Engineering Students ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Electrical Engineering ◽  
Cyclic Process ◽  
Communication Analysis ◽  
Professional Recognition ◽  
Electrical Engineers ◽  
White Cane ◽  
Social Capitals ◽  
High Level

As engineering skills becomes a commodity, electrical engineers’ programs are urged to adapt their pedagogical strategies do better prepared their graduates. The 21st century engineers are expected to have a strong technical background while being capable to work with people with different kinds of intellectual and social capitals, and to have a high level of cognitive flexibility. This article reports on the application of an information appropriation method, adopted by the Department of Electrical Engineering at PUC-Campinas, where activities on extension projects are simultaneously conducted along with the regularly schedule classes. The study case is related to the coplanning and cocreation of a technological white cane (proof of connect) between electrical engineering students, social technicians and the visually impaired. In the present case, the technicians were led to reinterpret, adapt and reinvent technology while contributing to the design and build of a low cost adaptive electronic sensing aid attachable to a white cane. The collaborative method, applied during conversation rounds, is based on a virtuous cyclic process which includes steps like information capture, validation, guidance and feedback. The engineering students, on the other hand, have the opportunity to develop their communication, analysis and interpretation skills in a way not available in the classroom. They also experience solving conflict situations and find creative uses and applications for they knowledge not otherwise foreseen. The participating students transformed information into knowledge through a dialogical experience with people having a contrasting technological background to its own. Through this experience the engineering graduates emerged with a greater sense of responsibility with the society and a better understanding of what means to be an engineer. Participation in the Extension Project also brought up several opportunities of professional recognition by the technicians and the visual impaired themselves, which stimulated the students do achieve better performance in the course.

scholarly journals Automatic Crack Classification by Exploiting Statistical Event Descriptors for Deep Learning

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (24) ◽  
pp. 12059
Author(s):  
Giulio Siracusano ◽  
Francesca Garescì ◽  
Giovanni Finocchio ◽  
Riccardo Tomasello ◽  
Francesco Lamonaca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Acoustic Emissions ◽  
Ultrasonic Waves ◽  
Modeling Tools ◽  
Spectral Kurtosis ◽  
Long Short Term Memory ◽  
Classification Tool ◽  
Modern Building

In modern building infrastructures, the chance to devise adaptive and unsupervised data-driven structural health monitoring (SHM) systems is gaining in popularity. This is due to the large availability of big data from low-cost sensors with communication capabilities and advanced modeling tools such as deep learning. A promising method suitable for smart SHM is the analysis of acoustic emissions (AEs), i.e., ultrasonic waves generated by internal ruptures of the concrete when it is stressed. The advantage in respect to traditional ultrasonic measurement methods is the absence of the emitter and the suitability to implement continuous monitoring. The main purpose of this paper is to combine deep neural networks with bidirectional long short term memory and advanced statistical analysis involving instantaneous frequency and spectral kurtosis to develop an accurate classification tool for tensile, shear and mixed modes originated from AE events (cracks). We investigated effective event descriptors to capture the unique characteristics from the different types of modes. Tests on experimental results confirm that this method achieves promising classification among different crack events and can impact on the design of the future of SHM technologies. This approach is effective to classify incipient damages with 92% of accuracy, which is advantageous to plan maintenance.

scholarly journals Co-detection of micro seismic activity as early warning of gravitational slope failure

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jérome Faillettaz ◽  
Martin Funk ◽  
Jan Beutel ◽  
Andreas Vieli
Keyword(s):  
Early Warning ◽  
Slope Failure ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Acoustic Emissions ◽  
Early Warning Systems ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Distributed Sensors ◽  
Simple Strategy ◽  
New Strategy ◽  
Co Detection

Abstract. We developed a new strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction for gravitational slope failure: We propose a simple method for real-time early warning of gravity-driven failures that considers and exploits both the heterogeneity of natural media and characteristics of acoustic emissions attenuation. This method capitalizes on co-detection of elastic waves emanating from micro-cracks by a network of multiple and spatially distributed sensors. Event co-detection is considered as surrogate for large event size with more frequent co-detected events marking imminence of catastrophic failure. In this study we apply this method to a steep rock glacier/debris slope and demonstrate the potential of this simple strategy for real world cases, i.e. at slope scale. This low cost, robust and autonomous system provides a well adapted alternative/complementary solution for Early Warning Systems.

Seed Priming: A Low Cost Input for Yield Maximization of Rainfed Chickpea

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.D. Giri ◽  
C.P. Jaybhaye ◽  
D.G. Kanwade
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Seed Priming ◽  
Potassium Nitrate ◽  
Pooled Analysis ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Yield Maximization

Background: Moisture availability is the major abiotic limitation in rainfed areas of the country. Reduced germination, weak seedlings and poor plant population are the major causes of low productivity of chickpea in rain fed area. Inadequate soil moisture has adverse effect on seedling emergence, germination, vegetative growth as well as reproductive growth and seed yield.Methods: The experiments were conducted at the Agriculture Research Station (Dr. PDKV), Buldana, Maharashtra, India during 2016-17 to 2019-20 (four years). The experiment consisted of 12 treatments of seed priming replicated three times in randomized block design.Result: Based on the results of four years pooled analysis it was observed that seed priming with 0.5 and 1.0% potassium nitrate resulted in higher plant population and recorded higher grain yield of chickpea crop. Seed priming with potassium nitrate for four hours resulted in the higher gross monetary returns, net monetary returns and B:C ratio.

Wavefront correction by a low-cost deformable mirror group in a small-aperture-beam fiber laser

2017 ◽  
Vol 56 (8) ◽  
pp. 2176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Huang ◽  
Chenlu Zhou ◽  
Xingkun Ma ◽  
Meng Yan ◽  
Junbiao Fan
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Laser ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Deformable Mirror ◽  
Small Aperture ◽  
Wavefront Correction ◽  
Mirror Group

scholarly journals Exploring the Relationship between Emergent Sociocognitive Roles, Collaborative Problem- Solving Skills and Outcomes: A Group Communication Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nia Dowell ◽  
Yiwen Lin ◽  
Andrew Godfrey ◽  
Christopher Brooks
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Group Communication ◽  
Educational Practice ◽  
Collaborative Problem Solving ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Communication Analysis ◽  
Problem Solving Skills ◽  
Collaborative Problem ◽  
Team Interactions ◽  
The Relationship

Collaborative problem-solving (CPS) has become an essential component of today’s knowledge-based, innovation- centred economy and society. As such, communication and CPS are now considered critical 21st century skills and incorporated into educational practice, policy, and research. Despite general agreement that these are important skills, there is less agreement on how to capture sociocognitive processes automatically during team interactions to gain a better understanding of their relationship with CPS outcomes. The availability of naturally occurring educational discourse data within online CPS platforms presents a golden opportunity to advance understanding about online learner sociocognitive roles and ecologies. In this paper, we explore the relationship between emergent sociocognitive roles, collaborative problem-solving skills, and outcomes. Group Communication Analysis (GCA) — a computational linguistic framework for analyzing the sequential interactions of online team communication — was applied to a large CPS dataset in the domain of science (participant N = 967; team N = 480). The ETS Collaborative Science Assessment Prototype (ECSAP) was used to measure learners’ CPS skills, and CPS outcomes. Cluster analyses and linear mixed-effects modelling were used to detect learner roles, and assess the relationship between those roles on CPS skills and outcomes. Implications for future research and practice are discussed regarding sociocognitive roles and collaborative problem-solving skills.

USING APSIM-MODEL AS A DECISION-SUPPORT-TOOL FOR LONG-TERM INTEGRATED-NITROGEN-MANAGEMENT AND MAIZE PRODUCTIVITY UNDER SEMI-ARID CONDITIONS IN KENYA

2015 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. OSCAR KISAKA ◽  
M. MUCHERU-MUNA ◽  
F. K. NGETICH ◽  
J. N. MUGWE ◽  
D. N. MUGENDI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Mucuna Pruriens ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Positive Balance

SUMMARYThere is continued decline in per capita agricultural productivity in the drier parts of Kenya's central highlands. The declines have been linked to low and declining soil fertility, soil water, high atmospheric heat, prolonged dry-spells and erratic rainfall. Integrated soil fertility management (ISFM) technologies have been developed and tested in the region. Despite their significant impacts, high variability in local soils and climate contributes to large variations and inconsistency in research results among replications. Experimentation is expensive and limited to a few years, sites and scenarios. Crop-growth simulation models suitably complement experimental research, to support decision making regarding soil fertility and water management. This study evaluated the performance of the Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM) model. APSIM was parameterized and calibrated based on a rain-fed randomized complete block trial (2009–2012) at a research station in Machang’a, Embu County. The study further reported on long-term effects of integrated Nitrogen (N) management from organic residues (goat manure, Lantana camara, Tithonia diversifolia and Mucuna pruriens) and their combination with mineral fertilizers in maize production. The model adequately reproduced the observed trends of maize leaf area index (LAI) and yield response to the test N amendments. Long-term simulations showed that application of 0, 20 and 40 Kg N ha−1 had low inter-seasonal variations (CV = 18–33%) in yields. High yield variability (CV > 56%) was observed in the application of 60 and 80 Kg N ha−1. Application of 40 Kg N ha−1 by combining mineral fertilizer and manure showed 80% chance of harvesting more than 2.5 Mg ha−1 of maize grain yield. Maize stover mulching at 5 and 6 Mg ha−1 with the same N application increased long-term guaranteed grain harvests to 3.5 Mg ha−1. This is when complemented with 90 Kg P ha−1. This integrated N and soil water management is thus recommended. For subsistence farming, low-cost recommendations are geared towards some ‘guaranteed’ yield stability each cropping season. This recommendation underpins low-cost technologies that reduce production risks among small-holder farmers who faced with intermittent financial problems, to improve food security. However, there is need to evaluate and verify that there is a positive balance of primary nutrients such as N, P and K in such a fertility and water management option. Its effects on C:N levels ought to be evaluated as well.

Corona Detection System on Insulators via Acoustic Emissions

2012 ◽  
Vol 260-261 ◽  
pp. 379-384
Author(s):  
Marco Antônio Martins Rennó ◽  
Erik Leandro Bonaldi ◽  
Levy Ely Lacerda Oliveira ◽  
Jonas Guedes Borges Silva ◽  
Germano Lambert-Torres
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Quality Of Service ◽  
Transmission Lines ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Acoustic Emissions ◽  
Computer Programs ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Operational Capacity

This paper presents a computational package and equipment with the purpose to detect corona problems of insulators in transmission lines. Low-cost equipment detects presence of corona, via acoustic emissions and stores them in a memory. These data are processed by computer programs. The applicability of this equipment is immediate for any transmission company, because the perfect understanding of the operational capacity of its lines in various operating conditions and climate change allows for a safer operation with improvement of quality of service provided.

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