Assessment of New Composites Containing Polyamide-6 and Lead Monoxide as Shields against Ionizing Photonic Radiation based on Computational and Experimental Methods

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahryar Malekie ◽  
Hassan Shooli ◽  
Mohammad Amin Hosseini
Keyword(s):  
Energy Level ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Polyamide 6 ◽  
Melt Mixing ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Weight Percentage ◽  
Lead Monoxide ◽  
Photon Sources ◽  
Different Temperatures

Abstract This study aimed to introduce new composites, containing polyamide-6 (PA6) and lead monoxide (PbO), to protect against ionizing photon sources used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Five composites, containing various weight percentages of PbO filler (0, 5, 10, 20, and 50%), were developed in this study. Initially, the numerical attenuation value was estimated using XMuDat program by calculating the mass attenuation coefficients at different energy levels. Next, the samples were synthesized based on the melt-mixing method in a laboratory mixing extruder, and their characteristics were determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Finally, experimental radiation attenuation tests were carried out. Based on the SEM results, the acceptable filler weight percentage was up to 20%; however, substantial aggregates formation was observed at the highest weight percentage. The results of XRD analysis showed a higher tendency for crystallization by decreasing the amorphous area, while increasing the filler weight percentage. Moreover, the amount of mass loss was monitored at different temperatures, revealing that the filler incorporation improved the thermal durability of the samples. According to the radiation results, a good agreement was observed between the experimental and computational data, except when aggregates formation was substantial. According to the experimental data, by increasing the lead weight percentage from 0% (crude PA6) to 50%, the half-value layer decreased from 3.13 to 0.17 cm at an energy level of 59 keV and from 7.28 to 4.97 cm at an energy level of 662 keV. Considering these promising results, the applicability of PA6/PbO composites for protection against low- and medium-energy ionizing photon sources must be investigated in future studies.

scholarly journals Chlorapatite Derived from Fish Scales

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1129
Author(s):  
Luyara de Almeida Cavalcante ◽  
Laís Sibaldo Ribeiro ◽  
Mitsuo Lopes Takeno ◽  
Pedro Tupa Pandava Aum ◽  
Yanne Katiussy Pereira Gurgel Aum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Fish Scales ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Absorption Bands ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Arapaima Gigas ◽  
Treated Fish ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Increasing Temperature

The present work demonstrates the production of chlorapatite (ClAp) through thermal decomposition of chemically treated fish scales, originating from an Amazon fish species (Arapaima gigas). The scales were treated with hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution for deproteinization. Afterwards, the solution was neutralized by sodium hydroxide (NaOH) treatment to obtain an apatite-rich slurry. The heat treatment was carried out at different temperatures including 600 °C, 800 °C, and 1000 °C. The powders obtained were characterized through X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The XRD analysis and FTIR spectra confirmed the incorporation of chlorine into the apatite structure. The FTIR results showed absorption bands relative to the OH–, PO43− functional groups which are a characteristic of chlorapatite. Moreover, the intensity of the OH–Cl elongation could be observed. Chlorapatite Ca5(PO4)3Cl, NaCl, and NaCaPO4 phases were identified, achieving up to 87.4 wt% for ClAp. The SEM observations show that with increasing temperature, the ClAp obtained consists of slightly larger, more crystalline grains. Furthermore, the grains ranged in size, between 1-5 μm and ClAp1000 sample recorded crystallinity of 84.27%. ClAp and NaCaPO4 can be used in electronics as phosphor materials due to their luminescence and biomedical applications.

Hot corrosion behaviour of Super 304H for marine applications at elevated temperatures

2017 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 508-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Adam Khan ◽  
S. Sundarrajan ◽  
S. Natarajan
Keyword(s):  
Hot Corrosion ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Corrosion Behaviour ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Salt Mixture ◽  
Content Type ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Marine Applications

Purpose The aim of this paper is to study the hot corrosion behaviour of super 304H stainless steel for marine applications. Design/methodology/approach The investigation was carried out with three different combinations of salt mixture (Na2SO4, NaCl and V2O5) at two different temperatures (800 and 900°C). Findings The spalling and growth of oxide layer was observed more with the presence of V2O5 in the salt mixture at 900°C during experimentation than what was observed in 800°C. The mass change per unit area is calculated to study the corrosion kinetics and also the influence of salt mixture. Further, the samples are analysed through materials characterisation techniques using optical image, scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDAX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The presence of V2O5 in the salt mixture was the most important influencing species for accelerating hot corrosion. Originality/value SEM, EDAX and XRD analysis confirmed the formation of Fe2O3 and Cr2O3 at 900°C showing contribution in corrosion protection.

Preparation of a Sulfate-Based Complex Coagulant from Boiler Slag and its Application in Domestic Sewage Treatment

2010 ◽  
Vol 148-149 ◽  
pp. 259-266
Author(s):  
Jin Ping Li ◽  
Jin Hua Gan ◽  
Ying Ming Chen
Keyword(s):  
Slag Sample ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Domestic Sewage ◽  
Complete Characterization ◽  
Sewage Sample ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Different Temperatures

This paper presents a new way of recycling aluminum and iron in boiler slag derived from coal combustion plants for the production of a sulfate-based complex coagulant containing ferric sulfate and aluminum sulfate. The boiler slag sample was determined for more complete characterization by means of scanning electron microscopy(SEM), X-ray diffraction(XRD), X-ray fluorescence(XRF) and other techniques. An analysis for the boiler slag sample collected from Baotou Steel Plant located in Inner Mongolia, PR China showed that the quantity of iron and aluminum oxides, in general, accounted for about 35% of the boiler slag. XRD analysis indicates that predominate minerals such as kaolinite, quartz, calcium silicide, hematate and metakoalin exist in this boiler slag. This boiler salg was evaluated to determine the efficiency of converting the iron and aluminum components of the material into a sulfate-based complex coagulant when heated with sulfuric acid at different temperatures and reaction times. The maximum concentrations of Fe3+ and Al3+ in the complex coagulant prepared from the boiler slag were obtained at 130 and after 3 h of reaction time. These concentrations were 0.04 M Fe3+ and 0.46 M Al3+, respectively. The corresponding conversion efficiencies of aluminum and iron were 66.2 and 95.0% in the boiler slag, respectively. Finally, the prepared sulfate-based complex coagulant proved to be an effective agent for reducing the turbidity and chemical oxygen demand(COD) of a typical domestic sewage sample.

Study of the Hydration Process of Synthetic Preparation of Ettringite by Direct Addition of Aluminum Sulfate and Calcium Hydroxide

2018 ◽  
Vol 276 ◽  
pp. 60-65
Author(s):  
Marcela Fridrichová ◽  
Dominik Gazdič ◽  
Jana Mokrá ◽  
Karel Dvořák
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Hydroxide ◽  
Aluminum Sulfate ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Standard Laboratory ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Saturated Water ◽  
Direct Addition ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
The Stability

The stability of ettringite as high-watery mineral is highly dependent on the ambient temperature. Under standard laboratory conditions, onset of decomposition of this phase occurs at temperature of 80°C already and the theoretical temperature of the complete decomposition of ettringite is 180°C. Ettringite decomposition can occur at significantly different temperatures under humidity conditions other than the laboratory ones. Within the work verification of the possibility of synthetic preparation of ettringite by direct addition of aluminum sulfate, Al2(SO4)3·18H2O, and calcium hydroxide, Ca (OH)2, as an alternative method to the yeelimite hydration procedure was carried out. The stability of the resulting systems was examined in two different environments, namely in a laboratory environment and the environment of saturated water vapour. The phase composition of the samples was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, thermal analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Preparations of Hydroxyapatite from Tilapia Scales

2015 ◽  
Vol 1087 ◽  
pp. 30-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
KANAGESWARY SOCKALINGAM ◽  
Mohd Azha Yahya ◽  
Hasan Zuhudi Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Calcination Temperature ◽  
Thermo Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Fish Scale ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Different Temperatures

Hydroxyapatite (HAp), classified as bioceramic materials is the major mineral constituent of vertebrate bones and teeth. In this study, the effect of temperature on isolation and characterization of HAp from tilapia fish scales have been investigated. Scales were subjected to heat treatment at different temperatures (800°C and 1000°C) and microstructure of both raw and calcined scales were observed under Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX) results have revealed the best calcination temperature of tilapia scales to be 800°C due to the calculated calcium to phosphorous weight ratio (Ca/P). The Ca/P ratio for scales treated at 800°C and 1000°C were 1.598 and 1.939 respectively. The phase purity and crystallinity of produced HAp was further confirmed by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis. Based on the study, it can be concluded that tilapia fish scale is a good natural source of HAp with 800°C as the optimum calcination temperature in HAp production.

scholarly journals Structural Optical Magnetic And Photocatalytic Properties of Ferromagnetic P-Type NiO: N-Type ZnO Nanocomposites

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Kavitha ◽  
K. Thanigai Arul ◽  
Manikandan Elayaperumal
Keyword(s):  
Average Crystallite Size ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Ferromagnetic Behavior ◽  
Chemical Route ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Conducting Metal Oxides ◽  
P Type

Abstract The semiconductor-transition conducting metal oxides (p-type NiO: n-type ZnO) nanocomposites (NCs) called (NZO) are successfully prepared by a simple wet-chemical route followed by the systematic sintering at different temperatures such as 400°C, 500°C, 600°C, and 700 °C. The structure and morphology of the samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution scanning/transmission electron microscopy (HR-SEM/TEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX) techniques. XRD analysis reveals that the average crystallite size of the NZO NCs was found to be in the range 16-18 nm. The synthesized sample discloses a ferromagnetic behavior. The photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B in an aqueous solution was superior at the NZO NC at 600 °C in comparison with other samples. Here, the NZO NCs display to be good candidates for magnetic and photocatalytic application.

XRD analysis of TRAM composed from [Sb2Te3/GeTe] superlattice film and its switching characteristics

2015 ◽  
Vol 1729 ◽  
pp. 41-45
Author(s):  
T. Ohyanagi ◽  
M. Kitamura ◽  
S. Kato ◽  
M. Araidai ◽  
N. Takaura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Random Access ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Electrical Characteristics ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Switching Characteristics

ABSTRACTWe studied GeTe structures in topological switching random access memories (TRAMs) with a [GeTe/Sb2Te3] superlattice by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. We examined the electrical characteristics of the TRAMs deposited at different temperatures. We found that XRD spectra differed between the films deposited at 200 and 240°C and that the differences corresponded to the differences in the GeTe sequences in the films.

The Application of X-Ray Data to the Determination of Atomic Energy Level

1969 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 426-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. F. Burr
Keyword(s):  
Energy Level ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Atomic Energy ◽  
Absorption Data ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Fitting Procedure ◽  
Computer Calculations ◽  
Absolute Energy ◽  
Atomic Energy Levels ◽  
Experimental Values

Atomic energy levels, which represent the energy necessary to remove an electron in a given level from the atom, are used for a variety of purposes-from predicting possible interfering x-ray lines in analysis to serving as experimental values with which to compare the results of complicated computer calculations. X-ray wavelength data is essential to determine energy level differences but cannot be used to place the resulting level scheme on an absolute energy basis , X-ray absorption data can be so used but the results of photoelectron energy measurements are superior. Since there are a very large number of possible x-ray lines from a typical element, one can readily obtain many more energy differences than there are energy levels ; hence, to make the best use of the data available, a least squares fitting procedure is used to obtain the most probable value for each energy level,

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF POPULATED InAs/GaAs QUANTUM DOTS

2003 ◽  
Vol 02 (04n05) ◽  
pp. 265-269
Author(s):  
JIA-REN LEE ◽  
C.-R. LU ◽  
W. I. LEE ◽  
S. C. LEE
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Dots ◽  
Optical Properties ◽  
Energy Level ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Wetting Layer ◽  
Photoluminescence Spectra ◽  
Inas Quantum Dots ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Spectral Profiles ◽  
Equal Spacing

The optical properties of InAs/GaAs Quantum Dots have been studied by comparing the photoreflectance and photoluminescence spectra at different temperatures. The photoreflectance relative spectral intensity between the contributions from InAs wetting layer and the GaAs increases with the decreasing of temperature. The photoluminescence spectral profiles consist of contributions from the equal spacing energy levels of the InAs quantum dots. Since the quantum dot transitions were observed in the photoluminescence spectra and the wetting layer transitions were observed in the photoreflectance spectra, we propose that the Fermi level of the system is located between energy level of the wetting layer and the populated energy level of the quantum dots.

Inversion of 4f-states in CeB6 thermally excited at 430 K

2007 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 683-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryoko Makita ◽  
Kiyoaki Tanaka ◽  
Yoshichika Ōnuki ◽  
Hiroshi Tatewaki
Keyword(s):  
Excited State ◽  
Energy Level ◽  
Ground State ◽  
Electron Density Distribution ◽  
Atomic Orbital ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Small Furnace ◽  
Lower Temperature ◽  
Orbital Analysis

The 4f states of Ce in a typical Kondo crystal, CeB6, are split into an excited state Γ7 and the ground state Γ8, with an excitation energy at 560 K. The electron-density distribution of the thermally excited state was measured at 430 K using a four-circle diffractometer equipped with a small furnace. In contrast to the previous results at lower temperature, electrons are transferred from B6 to Ce at 430 K. X-ray atomic-orbital analysis revealed that the 5d-Γ8 orbitals (the energy level of which is similar to that of the B-2p orbitals) are fully occupied and the 4f-Γ7 orbitals are more populated than the 4f-Γ8 orbitals. Fully occupied 5d-Γ8 makes the 4f-Γ8 states unstable and the energy levels of 4f-Γ7 and 4f-Γ8 are inverted.

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