scholarly journals Substance use among street children in the city of Yaounde, Cameroon

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Varela Mabouopda ◽  
Michael Guy Toguem ◽  
Christelle Domngang Noche ◽  
Christian Eyoum ◽  
Jean-baptiste Fotso Djemo
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Substance Use Disorders ◽  
Street Children ◽  
Peer Pressure ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Test Version ◽  
Substance Involvement ◽  
The City

Abstract Background Substance use is known to be more common among street children. Sometimes responsible for the runaway and repeated run-away behavior. To be able to reinsert these children, the reasons why there joined the streets, why they use substance and their pattern of substance use need to be understood. Methods We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional mix method study in February 2021 in the streets of Yaounde. We did a semi-structured interview of 159 street children using a sociodemographic questionnaire made of open questions and, the Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test, version 3.0. The data were analyzed using R 4.1.0 for Windows. Results All street children were male. The most common reason for joining the streets was, questing for money, reported by one-quarter of the children. 60% of them used a substance, of which half used a substance because of peer pressure. The most commonly used substance was cannabis (36.48%), followed by Tobacco (35.85%). 14.47% were dependent on tobacco and 11.32% on cannabis. Conclusion Substance use and substance use disorders are highly common among street children of Yaounde. This needs to be addressed to facilitate their reinsertion as shown in other studies. The mechanisms that lead to the absences of girls in the streets should also be explored to see if they can be applied to boys.

scholarly journals Sociological and Psychological Factors on Prohibited Substances Abuse in Rehabilitation Centre of Medan City, Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (23) ◽  
pp. 4137-4142
Author(s):  
Vita Camellia ◽  
Fasihah Irfani Fitri ◽  
Muhammad Surya Husada ◽  
Dudy Aldiansyah ◽  
Muhammad Ichwan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Junior High School ◽  
Substance Dependence ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Rehabilitation Centre ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Intensive Intervention ◽  
Substance Disorders ◽  
Icd 10 ◽  
Substance Involvement

INTRODUCTION: Prohibited substances issue and their abuse have become a scourge for people in Indonesia. This situation creates concern for every level of society since this is very influential to damage and can even eliminate generations at a later time. AIM: This study aims to determine the characteristics of age, education, psychological and social problems related to substance dependence experienced by individuals with substance disorders who undergo rehabilitation in Medan, Indonesia. METHODS: This study is a cross-sectional analytic, in which the sample of this study was individuals who underwent rehabilitation in the Rehabilitation Center in Medan City who fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria. A structured interview was carried out with the MINI ICD-10 on part M. disorders related to psychoactive substances. Furthermore, to see the level of dependence, WHO ASSIST questionnaire (The Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test) was used. RESULTS: This study discovered that subjects with age above 21 years were the most dominant of the prohibited substance users group as many as 87 people (69%), Batak tribe with 73 people (57.9%), residence originating from outside the city with 70 people (55.6%), Unmarried with 87 people (70.2%), education level is medium (junior high school) with 117 people (92.9%) and work as many as 77 people (61.1%). The study also found that the most dominant number of prohibited substances users were single users of methamphetamine and a combination of two substances, each of which was 49 people (38.9%). There is no relationship between social factors and patterns of prohibited substance use. Also, the most dominant users of prohibited substances who undergo rehabilitation are those based on family and police (involuntary admission). Finally, as many as 70 people used methamphetamine require intensive intervention. CONCLUSION: This study shows that social and demographic factors are not related to the pattern of prohibited substance use.

scholarly journals Interactions of neuroimmune signaling and glutamate plasticity in addiction

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cassandra D. Gipson ◽  
Scott Rawls ◽  
Michael D. Scofield ◽  
Benjamin M. Siemsen ◽  
Emma O. Bondy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Substance Use Disorders ◽  
Drugs Of Abuse ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Glutamate Signaling ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Seeking Behavior ◽  
Glutamate System ◽  
Chronic Use

AbstractChronic use of drugs of abuse affects neuroimmune signaling; however, there are still many open questions regarding the interactions between neuroimmune mechanisms and substance use disorders (SUDs). Further, chronic use of drugs of abuse can induce glutamatergic changes in the brain, but the relationship between the glutamate system and neuroimmune signaling in addiction is not well understood. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to bring into focus the role of neuroimmune signaling and its interactions with the glutamate system following chronic drug use, and how this may guide pharmacotherapeutic treatment strategies for SUDs. In this review, we first describe neuroimmune mechanisms that may be linked to aberrant glutamate signaling in addiction. We focus specifically on the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway, a potentially important neuroimmune mechanism that may be a key player in driving drug-seeking behavior. We highlight the importance of astroglial-microglial crosstalk, and how this interacts with known glutamatergic dysregulations in addiction. Then, we describe the importance of studying non-neuronal cells with unprecedented precision because understanding structure-function relationships in these cells is critical in understanding their role in addiction neurobiology. Here we propose a working model of neuroimmune-glutamate interactions that underlie drug use motivation, which we argue may aid strategies for small molecule drug development to treat substance use disorders. Together, the synthesis of this review shows that interactions between glutamate and neuroimmune signaling may play an important and understudied role in addiction processes and may be critical in developing more efficacious pharmacotherapies to treat SUDs.

scholarly journals Developing the Guideline of Therapeutic Interventions for Street Children With Substance Use Disorders

2018 ◽  
pp. 425-432
Author(s):  
Nastaran Habibi ◽  
Mahboobe Firoozkoohi Moghaddam ◽  
Elham Salari ◽  
Nasrin Dodangi ◽  
Ramin Radfar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Substance Use Disorders ◽  
Street Children ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions

scholarly journals Patients with stroke and psychiatric comorbidities have lower carotid revascularization rates

Neurology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 92 (22) ◽  
pp. e2514-e2521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana M. Bongiorno ◽  
Gail L. Daumit ◽  
Rebecca F. Gottesman ◽  
Roland Faigle
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Carotid Stenosis ◽  
Substance Use Disorders ◽  
Psychiatric Comorbidity ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Psychiatric Comorbidities ◽  
Lower Odds ◽  
Carotid Revascularization ◽  
Psychiatric Conditions

ObjectiveWe investigated whether mental illness is associated with lower rates of carotid endarterectomy (CEA)/carotid artery stenting (CAS) after stroke due to carotid stenosis.MethodsIn this retrospective cross-sectional study, ischemic stroke cases due to carotid stenosis were identified in the 2007–2014 Nationwide (National) Inpatient Sample. Psychiatric conditions were identified by secondary ICD-9-CM diagnosis codes for schizophrenia/psychoses, bipolar disorder, depression, anxiety, or substance use disorders. Using logistic regression, we tested the association between psychiatric conditions and CEA/CAS, controlling for demographic, clinical, and hospital factors.ResultsAmong 37,474 included stroke cases, 6,922 (18.5%) had a psychiatric comorbidity. The presence of any psychiatric condition was associated with lower odds of CEA/CAS (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0.84, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.78–0.90). Schizophrenia/psychoses (OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.55–0.93), depression (OR 0.83, 95% CI 0.75–0.91), and substance use disorders (OR 0.73, 95% CI 0.65–0.83) were each associated with lower odds of CEA/CAS. The association of mental illness and CEA/CAS was dose-dependent: compared to patients without mental illness, patients with multiple psychiatric comorbidities (OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.62–0.87) had lower odds of CEA/CAS than those with only one psychiatric comorbidity (OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.79–0.92; p value for trend <0.001).ConclusionThe odds of carotid revascularization after stroke is lower in patients with mental illness, particularly those with schizophrenia/psychoses, depression, substance use disorders, and multiple psychiatric diagnoses.

Factors associated with anxiety disorders among patients with substance use disorders in Lebanon: Results of a cross‐sectional study

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 745-752 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chadia Haddad ◽  
Mouhamad J. Darwich ◽  
Sahar Obeid ◽  
Hala Sacre ◽  
Maha Zakhour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Substance Use Disorders ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated

scholarly journals Evaluation of Risk Factors Affecting Substance Use among Tenth-Grade Students

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dilek Öztaş ◽  
Aydan Kalyon ◽  
Ayşin Ertuğrul ◽  
Çetin Gündoğdu ◽  
Hüseyin Balcıoğlu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Youth Survey ◽  
Tenth Grade ◽  
The City

Aim. The aim of this study is to detect the prevalence of substance use among tenth-grade students; their thoughts, attitudes, behaviors, and tendencies towards substance use; and risk factors of substance use in tenth-grade students in general. Methods. This study is descriptive and cross-sectional conducted between April and May 2016. Research population consists of tenth-grade students in 2015-2016 school year in the city of Ordu. Since the study involved all tenth-grade students, no sampling was done. Questions on substance use were prepared by Ordu Public Health Directorate and the authors by making use of European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD) study questions, AMATEM’s “Drugs and Addiction Youth Survey” study conducted on May 1996, and scientific studies conducted previously on similar subjects. Results. 9825 tenth-grade students in 88 schools from 19 counties in the city of Ordu were included in the study. 8714 of the students participated in the survey. Being male, being over the age of 15, mother and father being separated, living with relatives, being in low income, negative feelings about school, perception of being unsuccessful in school, failing a year, absenteeism, and not being content with life are the risk factors for substance use. Conclusions. The tendency of illegal substance use becoming more and more prevalent especially among youth requires the development of new treatment strategies.

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