scholarly journals The Efficacy and Safety of Topical Microbicide Gels to Prevent Sexual Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamie Gillies-Podgorecki ◽  
Sarah van Gaalen ◽  
Tiba Abdulwahid ◽  
Marissa Becker ◽  
Mê-Linh Lê ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Application Site ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Topical Microbicides ◽  
Topical Microbicide ◽  
Microbicide Gels

Abstract Background: Topical microbicide gels are a potential method to reduce sexually transmitted human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, especially in women. Several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of topical microbicides to prevent HIV transmission have yielded promising results, however trial results have been inconsistent. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy and safety of topical microbicide gels to prevent HIV transmission.Methods: We conducted meta-analyses, stratified by microbicide gel type, using a random-effects model. We included 25 RCTs that met the inclusion criteria: 13 RCTs examined gel efficacy during heterosexual contact, and an additional 12 trials reported on gel acceptability, participants’ adherence to intervention, and adverse reactions (allergic reaction and pain). Results: With this limited data, topical microbicide gels were not found to be significantly better than placebo in preventing HIV infection (risk ratio (RR) 0.93, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.04; I2 14%; 13 trials; 31,764 participants). It should be noted that low adherence rates were frequently reported within trials. In one trial with high participant adherence (>70%) to intervention, there was a significant protective effect of gels (RR 0.63, 95% CI 0.43 to 0.93; 889 participants). While measures of acceptability and adherence to intervention were similar between groups, administration of topical microbicides were associated with an increased incidence of pain at the application site (RR 1.16, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.36, I2 0%, 15 trials, 19,554 participants).Conclusions: In conclusion, efficacy of topical microbicide gels may relate to baseline risk and compliance with the intervention. In the general population it is not associated with protection from sexually transmitted HIV infection.

Women, contraception and HIV

1993 ◽  
Vol 31 (25) ◽  
pp. 97-98
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Sexual Intercourse ◽  
Sexually Transmitted Disease ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Transmitted Disease ◽  
Barrier Methods ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Transmission To Women

Sexual intercourse brings with it the risk of contracting a sexually transmitted disease (STD), which might include human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Many women involved in penetrative sex will use some form of contraception and while barrier methods offer some protection against HIV infection, other methods might increase the risk. This article looks at how different methods of contraception affect the risk of HIV transmission to women.

scholarly journals Development of Preclinical Biomarkers Predictive of Safety of Vaginal Microbicides for the Prevention of HIV

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Mohak Mhatre
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Effective Strategy ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Vaginal Microbicides ◽  
Safety Testing ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Topical Microbicides ◽  
Microbicide Development ◽  
Prevention Of Hiv

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is transmitted predominantly through sexual intercourse. Research suggeststhat the vaginal epithelium acts as a barrier to HIV transmission, but this epithelium can be disrupted, leading toHIV infection and other sexually transmitted infections. Topical microbicides are considered an effective strategy forHIV prevention, and several candidate drugs are currently in clinical trials. However, significant concerns about drugadherence, efficacy, and safety must be addressed in order to develop a safe and effective microbicide. This paper willprovide an overview of the field and strategies to overcome some of the obstacles facing microbicide development,and briefly discuss a research project that focused on one aspect of preclinical microbicide safety testing.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Human Immunodeficiency Virus in the United States

2007 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 478-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Hariri ◽  
Matthew T. McKenna
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
The United States ◽  
Population Based ◽  
True Incidence ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Fundamental Shift

SUMMARY The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic emerged in the early 1980s with HIV infection as a highly lethal disease among men who have sex with men and among frequent recipients of blood product transfusions. Advances in the treatment of HIV infection have resulted in a fundamental shift in its epidemiology, to a potentially chronic and manageable condition. However, challenges in the prevention of this infection remain. In particular, increasing evidence suggests that transmission of drug-resistant virus is becoming more common and that the epidemic is having a profound impact on morbidity and mortality in ethnic and racial minority subgroups in the United States. New population-based data collection systems designed to describe trends in behaviors associated with HIV transmission and better methods for measuring the true incidence of transmission will better elucidate the characteristics of HIV infection in the United States and inform future public health policies.

scholarly journals Awareness about Sexually Transmitted Infections and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection among Patients with Genital Symptoms

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-28
Author(s):  
Madhu Gyawalee ◽  
BP Paudyal ◽  
DB Pokhrel
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Sexually Transmitted Infections ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
University Teaching ◽  
Institute Of Medicine ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Stis And Hiv

Introduction: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are a major cause of public health problem. In developing countries, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is spreading rapidly, with sexually transmitted infections acting as a cofactor for the spread of HIV. Yet adequate awareness regarding these infections is lacking.Objective: To explore the knowledge and awareness about STIs and HIV infection in patients visiting Dermatology and Venereology Clinic of Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital (TUTH) with genital symptoms.Material and Methods: A cross sectional descriptive study was carried out in the department of dermato-venereology, TUTH for a period of one year. Total of 130 consecutive cases were enrolled. After taking consent and assuring confidentiality they were interviewed regarding awareness of STIs and HIV/AIDS.Results: Out of 130 cases, 95% and 98.5% had heard of an STI and HIV/AIDS respectively. Only 43.8% could mention discharge from genitalia as a symptom of STI whereas 38.5% could mention none. Most (91.5%) knew about the sexual mode of transmission of both STIs and HIV. None could mention about mother to child transmission of an STI, whereas 15% knew that an infected mother can transmit HIV to her baby. About 58% were aware that condoms could protect them from acquiring an STI, 63% perceived this as best method of prevention from HIV. When only 26% knew that being faithful to one partner is the best mode of prevention from an STI, 45% mentioned avoiding contact with multiple partners could prevent them from HIV transmission.Conclusions: Awareness programme on STIs as a whole could improve knowledge and awareness on HIV and STIs and hence prevent both.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Peptides from Amphibian Skin Potently Inhibit Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Transfer of Virus from Dendritic Cells to T Cells

2005 ◽  
Vol 79 (18) ◽  
pp. 11598-11606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott E. VanCompernolle ◽  
R. Jeffery Taylor ◽  
Kyra Oswald-Richter ◽  
Jiyang Jiang ◽  
Bryan E. Youree ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Amphibian Skin ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

ABSTRACT Topical antimicrobicides hold great promise in reducing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission. Amphibian skin provides a rich source of broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptides including some that have antiviral activity. We tested 14 peptides derived from diverse amphibian species for the capacity to inhibit HIV infection. Three peptides (caerin 1.1, caerin 1.9, and maculatin 1.1) completely inhibited HIV infection of T cells within minutes of exposure to virus at concentrations that were not toxic to target cells. These peptides also suppressed infection by murine leukemia virus but not by reovirus, a structurally unrelated nonenveloped virus. Preincubation with peptides prevented viral fusion to target cells and disrupted the HIV envelope. Remarkably, these amphibian peptides also were highly effective in inhibiting the transfer of HIV by dendritic cells (DCs) to T cells, even when DCs were transiently exposed to peptides 8 h after virus capture. These data suggest that amphibian-derived peptides can access DC-sequestered HIV and destroy the virus before it can be transferred to T cells. Thus, amphibian-derived antimicrobial peptides show promise as topical inhibitors of mucosal HIV transmission and provide novel tools to understand the complex biology of HIV capture by DCs.

Prevention of Sexually Transmitted Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection in Adolescents

2006 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Athena Kourtis ◽  
Joan Kraft ◽  
Lorrie Gavin ◽  
Dmitry Kissin ◽  
Pamela McMichen-Wright ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Estimating Infant Mortality From Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Other Causes in Breast-Feeding and Bottle-Feeding Populations

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 290-296
Author(s):  
Sally Ann Lederman
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Objective Evaluation ◽  
Bottle Feeding ◽  
Risk Characteristics ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Breast Fed

This paper discusses the literature dealing with breast-feeding in women with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. This review is used to develop a background for a quantitative assessment of factors determining whether breast-feeding or bottle-feeding will result in a lower overall mortality in areas of different HIV prevalence. An algebraic formula is presented that enables calculation of the mortality that would result in any population if the following variables are known or capable of estimation: portion of child-bearing women infected with HIV, portion of newborns infected with HIV at birth, relative mortality of breast-fed and bottle-fed infants that are not HIV infected, and transmissibility of HIV during breast-feeding. The information available for estimating these variables is incomplete. Nevertheless, boundaries can be set for each variable, based on information obtained locally or from the literature, to aid in objective evaluation of the risks of promoting bottle-feeding or breast-feeding in populations with different risk characteristics. Consideration of these factors indicates that the benefits of breast-feeding over bottle-feeding can substantially outweigh any putative risk of HIV transmission during breast-feeding unless the prevalence of HIV infection is quite high or the difference in mortality of breast-fed and bottle-fed infants is very low.

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