The biomass, survival, reproductive and biomarker responses of Helix pomatia to soil contaminated with treated and untreated wastewater.

Abstract Wastewater treatment facilities in developing countries like South Africa are major sources of contaminants via effluent into the environment, which could portend high toxicity risks for non-target flora and fauna. To this end, a study was conducted to determine the ecotoxicological responses of selected organism to treated and untreated wastewater from the wastewater treatment plants in an industrial town. The snail Helix pomatia was exposed to OECD artificial soil spiked with untreated or treated wastewater at the following concentrations: 0, 25, 50, 75, 100%. The ecotoxicological responses of Helix pomatia to wastewater were determined by assessing the biomass, survival, reproduction and biomarker responses (Catalase ‒ CAT and Acetylcholinesterase ‒ AChE activities). The overall results showed significant effects on the survival, reproduction and biomass of H. pomatia. Similar results were observed for juvenile emergence. An EC50 of 5.751% for egg production and an EC50 of 6.233% for juvenile emergence were determined in the untreated wastewater. Such indices could not be computed for the treated wastewater, indicating a decreased in toxicity between the untreated and the treated samples. For both the AChE and CAT activities, there was no statistical difference between treated and untreated wastewater treatments. The results from this study highlight the toxic effects of untreated wastewater and indicate that treated wastewater (effluent) released from the wastewater treatment plant in Phuthaditjhaba remains suitable for invertebrate fauna such as H. pomatia.

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Biological Activity of Wastewater Assessed Using in Vitro Cell-Based Assays

10.21203/rs.3.rs-513231/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Adamo R. Petosa ◽

Monica Nowierski ◽

Viviane Yargeau

Keyword(s):

Wastewater Treatment ◽

Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽

Estrogenic Activity ◽

Solid Phase ◽

Treated Wastewater ◽

Chemical Analyses ◽

Untreated Wastewater ◽

17Β Estradiol ◽

Receiving Waters

Abstract Bioanalytical tools, namely in vitro bioassays, can be employed in tandem with chemical analyses to assess the efficacy of wastewater treatment and the potential for adverse effects from the discharges of wastewater into receiving waters. In the present study, samples of untreated wastewater (i.e. influent) and treated wastewater (i.e. effluent) were collected from two wastewater treatment plants and a wastewater treatment lagoon serving municipalities in southern Ontario, Canada. In addition, grab samples of surface water were collected downstream of the lagoon discharge. After solid phase extraction (SPE) using ion-exchange columns for basic/neutral and acidic compounds, respectively, the extracts were analyzed for a suite of 16 indicator compounds. The two SPE extracts were combined for analysis of biological responses in four in vitro cell-based bioassays. The concentrations of several indicator compounds, including the estrogens, 17β-estradiol and 17α-ethinylestradiol, were below the limits of detection. However, androstenedione and estrone were detected in several influent samples. The concentrations of these steroid hormones and some of the other indicator compounds declined during treatment but acesulfame K, carbamazepine, trimethoprim and DEET persisted in the effluent. The MTS- CellTiter 96® AQueous One Solution Cell Proliferation Assay (MTS) indicated that cell viability was not affected by exposure to the extracts. The Qiagen Nuclear Receptors 10-Pathway Reporter Array indicated that several cellular pathways were upregulated, with the greatest upregulation observed with the estrogen receptor (i.e. induction ratios 12 to 47) and the liver X receptor (i.e. induction ratios 10 to 45). The ERα CALUX assay indicated that estrogenic activity was lower in effluents compared to influents, with the greatest estrogenic activity observed for grab samples of influent from the lagoon (i.e. 56-215 ng L-1 17β-estradiol equivalents). Finally, the results of the Nrf2 Luciferase Luminescence Assay indicated a lower oxidative stress in the effluent samples. Overall, the present study demonstrates that chemical analyses are limited in their ability to predict or explain reductions in the toxicity of treated wastewater. There are thus advantages to using a combination of chemical analyses and in vitro bioassays to monitor the treatment efficiency of wastewater treatment plants and to predict the potential impacts of wastewater discharges into receiving waters.

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Sewer Mining as a Distributed Intervention for Water-Energy-Materials in the Circular Economy Suitable for Dense Urban Environments: A Real World Demonstration in the City of Athens

Water ◽

10.3390/w13192764 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (19) ◽

pp. 2764

Author(s):

Argyro Plevri ◽

Klio Monokrousou ◽

Christos Makropoulos ◽

Christos Lioumis ◽

Nikolaos Tazes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Wastewater Treatment ◽

Circular Economy ◽

Water Reuse ◽

Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Urban Environments ◽

Treated Wastewater ◽

Aquifer Recharge ◽

Treatment Unit ◽

Plant Nursery

Water reuse and recycling is gaining momentum as a way to improve the circularity of cities, while recognizing the central role of water within a circular economy (CE) context. However, such interventions often depend on the location of wastewater treatment plants and the treatment technologies installed in their premises, while relying on an expensive piped network to ensure that treated wastewater gets transported from the treatment plant to the point of demand. Thus, the penetration level of treated wastewater as a source of non-potable supply in dense urban environments is limited. This paper focuses on the demonstration of a sewer mining (SM) unit as a source of treated wastewater, as part of a larger and more holistic configuration that examines all three ‘streams’ associated with water in CE: water, energy and materials. The application area is the Athens Plant Nursery, in the (water stressed) city of Athens, Greece. SM technology is in fact a mobile wastewater treatment unit in containers able to extract wastewater from local sewers, treat it directly and reuse at the point of demand even in urban environments with limited space. The unit consists of a membrane bioreactor unit (MBR) and a UV disinfection unit and produces high quality reclaimed water for irrigation and also for aquifer recharge during the winter. Furthermore, a short overview of the integrated nutrient and energy recovery subsystem is presented in order to conceptualise the holistic approach and circularity of the whole configuration. The SM technology demonstrates flexibility, scalability and replicability, which are important characteristics for innovation uptake within the emerging CE context and market.

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Characteristics of estrogen decomposition by ozonation

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2006.806 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 54 (10) ◽

pp. 87-93 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

T. Hashimoto ◽

K. Takahashi ◽

T. Murakami

Keyword(s):

Wastewater Treatment ◽

Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽

Estrogenic Activity ◽

Removal Rate ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Treated Wastewater ◽

Ozone Dose ◽

Natural Estrogens ◽

Ethynyl Estradiol ◽

Estrogen Concentration

Since the natural estrogens 17 β-estradiol (E2) and estron (E1), and the synthetic estrogen 17 α-ethynyl estradiol (EE2) have strong endocrine disrupting effects and the tendency to persist in effluent from wastewater treatment plants, effective measures are needed to remove them from wastewater. In this research, to gain an understanding of the characteristics of estrogen decomposition by ozonation, experiments were conducted using effluent from an actual wastewater treatment plant. In this experiment, estrogen was added to effluent at a concentration of 200 ng/l and 20 ng/l before the ozonation experiments. The results showed 90% or more of estrogen concentration and estrogenic activity of E2, E1 and EE2 to be removed at an ozone dose of 1 mg/l. At an ozone dose of 3 mg/l, the estrogen concentration and estrogenic activity of E2, E1 and EE2 in the treated water fell below the detection limit. The removal rate was not influenced by the kind of estrogen. No generation of byproducts with estrogenic activity was observed. The authors conclude that estrogen in secondary treated wastewater can be almost entirely removed at the practical ozone dose rate applied for the purpose of disinfection, which is up to about 5 mg/l.

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Isolation and antibiotic profile ofVibriospp. in final effluents of two wastewater treatment plants in the Eastern Cape of South Africa

10.1101/330456 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Olayinka Osuolale ◽

Anthony Okoh

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Wastewater Treatment ◽

Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Treated Wastewater ◽

Eastern Cape ◽

Sources Of Pollution ◽

Antibiotic Drugs ◽

Treated Effluents ◽

Vibrio Spp

ABSTRACTBackgroundPoorly or partially treated wastewater disposed of can contaminate water and even properly treated sewage can have its problems. The highlight of this danger is wastewater treatment plants serving as reservoir for proliferation of antibiotic resistant organisms. We have reported the state of two wastewater treatment in the Eastern Cape of South Africa which discharge poorly and partially treated effluents. Our aims to identify Vibrio spp. and their antibiotic profiles in treated final effluent discharge from wastewater treatment plant.MethodsCulture based approach using the TCBS agar for isolationVibriospp., presumptive isolates were purified and confirmed using PCR. The confirmed isolated were also genotyped to identify the species present. The antibiotic profiling of the confirmed isolates was using the CLSI recommended first line antibiotics for Vibrio.ResultsOut of the 786 presumptive isolates, 374 were confirmed asVibriospp. None of the Vibrio spp. pathotypes were present in the confirmed isolates. Randomized isolates of 100 Vibrio spp. were selected, > 90 % of the isolates were susceptible to Ciprofloxacin, and > 50 – 80 % for Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol, Tetracycline, Cefotaxime, and Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole respectively.ConclusionsWe are able to isolate Vibrio spp. from treated effluents but none of their pathotypes were present. The antibiotic agents considered for primary testing which are ciprofloxacin was the most effective of the antibiotic drugs, followed by cefotaxime, tetracycline with less susceptibility. Contamination from discharged effluents from wastewater treatment can lead to spread of spread of disease in this environment. The WWTPs studied are sources of pollution to surface water with environmental and public health.

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Automation of a Petroleum Refinery Wastewater Treatment Plant:A Case Study

Water Quality Research Journal ◽

10.2166/wqrj.1989.028 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 24 (3) ◽

pp. 451-462

Author(s):

Robert J. Shantz ◽

Virginia B. Erickson

Keyword(s):

Wastewater Treatment ◽

Control System ◽

Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽

Computer Control ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Oil Refinery ◽

Operating Costs ◽

Computer Control System ◽

Treatment Facilities ◽

Labor Requirements

Abstract Historically, automation was not considered for wastewater treatment plants because it did not significantly affect operating costs, and manual plant operation was considered acceptable. Despite past practices, the BP Oil Refinery at Marcus Hook, Pennsylvania set a new standard when they began upgrading their wastewater facility in 1985. By automating the plant, they ensured safe, reliable operation with minimum labor requirements, process optimization, and long-term reductions in operating costs. Major design features included: a distributed computer control system with monitoring and supervisory capabilities; high-quality control system instruments; control system components; and redundancy and backup to support operation if a component or power failure occurs. In addition, design control philosophies remained consistent from predesign to startup. This advanced wastewater treatment plant can serve as a model for automation of future industrial treatment facilities.

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Phycoremediation of tertiary municipal wastewater: a new insight of filamentous algae coculture in Nordic country

10.21203/rs.3.rs-308059/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yan Li ◽

Ethan Wood ◽

Gergely Kosa ◽

Bushra Muzamil ◽

Christian Vogelsang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Wastewater Treatment ◽

Municipal Wastewater ◽

Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽

Nordic Country ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Ph Control ◽

Treated Wastewater ◽

Filamentous Algae ◽

Algae Biomass ◽

Pilot Tests

Abstract This study demonstrated that the application of filamentous co-culture could be a promising supplementary approach to further purify municipal tertiary wastewater in Nordic country. Initial screening of 25 algae strains across multiple genera revealed that Spirogyra sp. and Klebsormidium sp. were suitable for use as a coculture for phycoremediation of the tertiary effluent from a wastewater treatment plant, and this result was validated in three consecutive outdoor pilot tests at 10–15 oC. In the first two batches of pilot tests, the total prosperous and ammonium were depleted close to zero in 24 hours, while the pH in the wastewater increased from 7 to 9. In the 3rd batch, CO2 was thereby added for pH control. Macronutrients (N and P) were successfully removed from the treated wastewater. The total algae biomass increased 2 to 3 times over 7 days with average algae productivity of 1.68 g m2 d− 1. Meanwhile, the produced algae biomass accumulated notable mineral elements (Ca, Mg, K, Fe and Al) and some heavy metals at levels of g kg− 1 and mg kg− 1, respectively. In light of circular economy concept, the produced biomass could be used for different valorizations based on the analytical analysis. This study provides a new insight of phycoremediation for further purification of municipal treated wastewater, by effectively using filamentous algae coculture. Given a great potential for further optimization and improvement, this proof of concept will benefit to the green transition of wastewater treatment plants in Nordic country.

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A procedure for estimating the capital cost of Ontario wastewater treatment plant using CAPDET

Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering ◽

10.1139/l88-104 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 15 (5) ◽

pp. 799-806 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

David G. Wright ◽

Gilles G. Patry ◽

Charles E. Letman ◽

Donald R. Woods

Keyword(s):

Wastewater Treatment ◽

Cost Estimation ◽

Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Construction Cost ◽

Capital Cost ◽

Specific Design ◽

Cost Estimates ◽

Unit Costs ◽

Treatment Facilities

CAPDET is a computer-assisted procedure for the design and evaluation of wastewater treatment facilities developed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The purpose of this study was to develop a procedure for applying CAPDET to the capital cost estimation of Canadian wastewater treatment plants without altering the source code. The proposed methodology is simple and efficient, requiring no additional data to that normally used in CAPDET.A total of 10 Canadian wastewater treatment plants were studied which included many of the treatment processes used in Canada. Six plants were used to develop the procedure while four plants were used to verify the procedure. The design flow for the selected plants ranged between 550 and 13 600 m3/d. Construction cost estimates generated using site-specific design information were compared with those obtained using the default database provided in CAPDET. The importance of the various unit costs on the total plant cost was also determined.Under the proposed methodology, unit costs are first adjusted to the date of construction using appropriate inflation indices. Wall concrete, slab concrete, and excavation costs are increased by an additional 15, 50, and 25%, respectively, to account for differences in construction practice. A final estimate reduction of 15% is performed to account for Canadian conditions.The procedure provides construction cost estimates that are within ± 20% of actual construction costs with a mean absolute error of 11% and an average error of 2.3%. Site-specific design data had little effect on the construction cost estimates with the exception of lagoon treatment facilities. Utilities and support facilities accounted for 20–30% of the cost estimates. The most significant cost parameters were the inflation index values and concrete and building unit costs. Key words: capital cost, construction cost estimation, wastewater treatment plant, mathematical modelling, calibration, verification.

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Toxigenic Clostridium difficile PCR Ribotypes from Wastewater Treatment Plants in Southern Switzerland

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.01379-12 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 78 (18) ◽

pp. 6643-6646 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

Vincenza Romano ◽

Vincenzo Pasquale ◽

Karel Krovacek ◽

Federica Mauri ◽

Antonella Demarta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Wastewater Treatment ◽

Clostridium Difficile ◽

Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Treated Wastewater ◽

Binary Toxin ◽

Toxin B ◽

Content Type ◽

Human Infections ◽

Reuse Of Treated Wastewater

ABSTRACTThe occurrence ofClostridium difficilein nine wastewater treatment plants in the Ticino Canton (southern Switzerland) was investigated. The samples were collected from raw sewage influents and from treated effluents. Forty-seven out of 55 characterizedC. difficilestrains belonged to 13 different reference PCR ribotypes (009, 010, 014, 015, 039, 052, 053, 066, 070, 078, 101, 106, and 117), whereas 8 strains did not match any of those available in our libraries. The most frequently isolated ribotype (40%) was 078, isolated from six wastewater treatment plants, whereas ribotype 066, a toxigenic emerging ribotype isolated from patients admitted to hospitals in Europe and Switzerland, was isolated from the outgoing effluent of one plant. The majority of the isolates (85%) were toxigenic. Forty-nine percent of them produced toxin A, toxin B, and the binary toxin (toxigenic profile A+B+CDT+), whereas 51% showed the profile A+B+CDT−. Interestingly, eight ribotypes (010, 014, 015, 039, 066, 078, 101, and 106) were among the riboprofiles isolated from symptomatic patients admitted to the hospitals of the Ticino Canton in 2010. Despite the limitation of sampling, this study highlights that toxigenic ribotypes ofC. difficileinvolved in human infections may occur in both incoming and outgoing biological wastewater treatment plants. Such a finding raises concern about the possible contamination of water bodies that receive wastewater treatment plant effluents and about the safe reuse of treated wastewater.

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Occurrence and reduction of F-specific RNA bacteriophage genotypes as indicators of human norovirus at a wastewater treatment plant

Journal of Water and Health ◽

10.2166/wh.2018.367 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 50-62 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Suntae Lee ◽

Mamoru Suwa ◽

Hiroyuki Shigemura

Keyword(s):

Wastewater Treatment ◽

Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Case Scenario ◽

Worst Case ◽

Mean Values ◽

Treatment Facilities ◽

The Mean ◽

Human Enteric Viruses ◽

The Relationship

Abstract F-specific RNA bacteriophages (FRNAPHs) have been suggested as good indicators of the presence of human enteric viruses in water treatment facilities. The occurrence and reduction of norovirus (NoV) and FRNAPH genotypes in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have been well studied; however, the relationship between these genotypes in WWTPs has not been fully elucidated. Thus, we aimed to investigate the occurrence and reduction of FRNAPH genotypes in an attempt to identify NoV indicators in a WWTP via a 1-year survey. All FRNAPH and NoV genotypes were detected in WWTP influents at high rates (71–100%), including the infectious FRNAPH genotype IV (GIV), which has been rarely detected in previous studies. The reductions of FRNAPH GII and NoV GII during wastewater treatment indicated a relationship between the two (r = 0.69, P < 0.01), and the mean values were not significantly different. These results suggested that FRNAPH GII could be used as an appropriate indicator of NoV GII during wastewater treatment. FRNAPH GI was also found to be an appropriate indicator of viral reduction because of its high resistance to wastewater treatment compared with the other FRNAPH and NoV genotypes; therefore, it can be considered as a worst-case scenario organism.

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Feasibility of contact aeration method for small-scale domestic wastewater treatment system in rural China

Water Practice & Technology ◽

10.2166/wpt.2012.038 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

Author(s):

T. Kuyama ◽

M. Mizuochi ◽

H. Koyanagi ◽

T. Wako

Keyword(s):

Wastewater Treatment ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽

Rural China ◽

Domestic Wastewater ◽

Treated Wastewater ◽

Small Scale ◽

Billing System ◽

Domestic Wastewater Treatment ◽

Treatment Facilities

This study examines the feasibility of the contact aeration method for utilisation in small-scale domestic wastewater treatment facilities in various rural areas of China, where the national government starts to address the water pollution issue. Three pilot facilities using the contact aeration method with different capacities were constructed, operated and monitored in Chongqing city and Jiangsu province. In order to evaluate the feasibility of the constructed facilities, the quality of treated wastewater and the operational cost were monitored. Results obtained from the monitoring showed that BOD and COD effluent concentrations achieved quality targets in all facilities. As for the other pollutants, quality targets were met for most of the period. Operational costs of facilities bettered those set for the facility in the town of Baiyang and new village of Zhaojia, but exceeded them for the facility in the village of Dongbei. The main reasons for the differences were the electricity billing system and operational system for each facility. In order to promote small-scale aeration-based domestic wastewater treatment plants in rural China in the future, the issue of what constitutes efficient facility maintenance first needs to be addressed.

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