Silicon exportation by crops alters soil mineralogy and clay fraction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luana Dalacorte ◽  
Edson Campanhola Bortoluzzi
Keyword(s):  
Aerial Part ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Native Vegetation ◽  
Adjacent Area ◽  
Soil Mineralogy ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Mineral Fraction ◽  
Intensive Use

Abstract Aims Silicon (Si) dynamic in system controls mineral evolution. We expected that the Si exported from soil due to soybean cultivation would affect Si forms and clay minerals. The objective of this study was to evaluate Si forms in the soil-plant system in areas with different soybean cultivation times in order to respond how Si exportation affects soil mineralogy. Methods Oxisols under soybean cultivation for 2, 8 and 40 years were evaluated and an adjacent area with native vegetation was used as the control treatment. The total and available Si in the soil and in the roots, aerial part of the plants and in the soybeans were evaluated, as well as the physical, chemical and mineralogical attributes of the soil. Results We estimated that 12 to 15 kg/ha of Si were exported by soybean grains per cultivation. The Si exportation for 40 years decreased the available Si contents in the soil by 9%, compared to the native field. The total Si contents in the clay fraction after 40 years of cultivation were 29% lower when compared to the native field. As a consequence of the soil cultivation for 40 years, we observed a decrease in the clay content and a clay dissolution, changing the clay mineral fraction. Conclusions The Si exportation by soybean grain promotes changes in particle size contents and mineral fraction of cultivated soils. Our results highlighted that Si, should be taken into account in a suitable fertilization process in agricultural lands submitted to intensive use.

Red soils of different origins from southwest Nigeria: Characteristics, classification, and management considerations

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Okusami ◽  
R. H. Rust ◽  
A. O. Alao
Keyword(s):  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Biotite Gneiss ◽  
Variable Charge

Representative profiles of the Owena, Egbeda, Alagba, and Balogun series were studied. The Owena soil is formed in amphibolite whereas Egbeda and Balogun soils are formed in biotite gneiss derived parent materials. The Alagba soil is formed in sandstone parent rock. The main objectives were to characterize the soils and their clay fraction, and to classify and interpret soil properties for agricultural land use. Most soils exhibit 2.5 YR hues in subsurface horizons. A pedon formed in biotite gneiss has the highest dithionite Fe content and Fed/clay ratio. The relationships between clay content and Fed values vary according to parent material origin and, therefore, would have to be interpreted differently for soil weathering processes. Clay coatings were noticeable in some soil horizons of all pedons studied. Soils are generally medium to slightly acid with sandstone-derived soils being the most acid. The clay mineral suite in all soils is dominated by kaolinite with traces of 2:1 and 2:2 clay minerals, goethite, hematite, anatase, maghemite, and rutile. In addition, some soils contain trace amounts of gibbsite. Kandic horizons have been identified in all soils. The low charge properties of the soils reflect the intensely weathered clay mineral suite. The base status is probably influenced by the cropping system and therefore may tend to unnecessarily differentiate highly weathered soils at the order level. The Egbeda and Balogun series were classified as Rhodic Kandiudults, clayey-skeletal, oxidic and Rhodic Kandiudalfs, clayey-skeletal, oxidic, respectively. Others, Owena, and Alagba series, were classified as Typic Kanhaplohumults, clayey, oxidic and Rhodic Kanhaplustults, fine loamy or clayey, oxidic, respectively. In the FAO-Unesco legend, all soils become Rhodic Ferralsols. In addition, the Owena (with its nitic properties) is further classified as niti-rhodic Ferralsol. The two classification systems are at variance for highly weathered (variable charge property) soils and this difference will definitely influence management decisions depending on which system is used at any particular time. Soil attributes favorable for agricultural use include thick sola and favorable structures. Chemical properties suggest minimal fixation of phosphorus. Key words: Dithionite Fe, kandic, oxidic, variable charge, ferralic, exchangeable Al

scholarly journals Imazapic interaction and mobility in soil cultivated with sugarcane in northeast Brazil

RBRH ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Xavier de Assis ◽  
André Maciel Netto ◽  
Bruno Toríbio de Lima Xavier ◽  
Valmir Felix de Lima ◽  
João Paulo Siqueira da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Partition Coefficients ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Breakthrough Curves ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Adsorption Potential ◽  
Soil Columns ◽  
Leaching Potential ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Sorption Leaching

ABSTRACT In the plantation of sugarcane, Imazapic has used pre- or post-emergence, alone or in combination with other herbicides. When applied to the soil in pre-emergence, Imazapic can undergo the sorption, leaching and/or degradation processes due to physical, chemical and biological effects, besides being absorbed by weeds. The objective of this work was to evaluate the interaction and mobility of the Imazapic herbicide in the soil where the soil columns with a dystrophic Yellow Ultisol (YUd) and a dystrophic Red-Yellow Oxisol (RYOd) from northeastern Brazil were used. The higher adsorption potential of the RYOd is associated with higher clay content, higher Fed and Feo concentrations, and soil acidic pH. The CDE – 2 sorption sites model adequately represented the experimental data from the Imazapic breakthrough curves to the RYOd and YUd soils. From the Kd partition coefficients for RYOd and YUd, high values of the GUS index (5.94 and 7.04, respectively) were calculated, confirming the high leaching potential of the Imazapic molecule in these soils.

scholarly journals Geophysical mapping of soil texture variability in the root zone to improve modelling of the water and nutrient flow.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim Schwartz Madsen ◽  
Bo Vangsø Iversen ◽  
Christen Duus Børgesen
Keyword(s):  
Soil Texture ◽  
Hydraulic Properties ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Auxiliary Variable ◽  
Pedotransfer Functions ◽  
Soil Hydraulic Properties ◽  
Sampling Density ◽  
Soil Hydraulic

<p>Modelling is often used to acquire information on water and nutrient fluxes within and out of the root zone. The models require detailed information on the spatial variability of soil hydraulic properties derived from soil texture and other soil characteristics using pedotransfer functions (PTFs). Soil texture can vary considerably within a field and is cumbersome and expensive to map in details using traditionally measurements in the laboratory. The electrical conductivity (EC) of the soil have shown to correlate with its textural composition.</p><p>This study investigates the ability of electromagnetic induction (EMI) methods to predict clay content in three soil layers of the root zone. As the clay fraction often is a main predictor in PTFs predicting soil hydraulic properties this parameter is of high interest. EMI and soil textural surveys on four Danish agricultural fields with varying textural composition were used. Sampling density varied between 0.5 and 38 points per hectare. The EMI data was gathered with a Dualem21 instrument with a sampling density 200-3000 points per hectare. The EC values were used together with the measured values of the clay content creating a statistical relationship between the two variables. Co-kriging of the clay content from the textural sampling points with the EC as auxiliary variable produces clay content maps of the fields. Unused (80%) texture points were used for validation. EMI-predicted clay content maps and clay content maps based on the survey were compared. The two sets of soil texture maps are used as predictors for PTF models to predict soil hydraulic properties as input in field-scale root zone modelling.</p><p>The comparisons between EC and clay content show some degree of correlation with an R<sup>2</sup> in the range of 0.55 to 0.80 for the four fields. The field with the highest average clay content showed the best relationship between the two parameters. Co-kriging with EC decreased mean error by 0.016 to 0.52 and RMSE by 0.04 to 1.80 between observed and predicted clay maps.</p>

scholarly journals Relationship between soil oxidizable carbon and physical, chemical and mineralogical properties of umbric ferralsols

2011 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flávio Adriano Marques ◽  
Márcia Regina Calegari ◽  
Pablo Vidal-Torrado ◽  
Peter Buurman
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Selective Extraction ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Soil Matrix ◽  
Soil Variables ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Mineralogical Properties ◽  
Extractable Al

The occurrence of Umbric Ferralsols with thick umbric epipedons (> 100 cm thickness) in humid Tropical and Subtropical areas is a paradox since the processes of organic matter decomposition in these environments are very efficient. Nevertheless, this soil type has been reported in areas in the Southeast and South of Brazil, and at some places in the Northeast. Aspects of the genesis and paleoenvironmental significance of these Ferralsols still need a better understanding. The processes that made the umbric horizons so thick and dark and contributed to the preservation of organic carbon (OC) at considerable depths in these soils are of special interest. In this study, eight Ferralsols with a thick umbric horizon (UF) under different vegetation types were sampled (tropical rain forest, tropical seasonal forest and savanna woodland) and their macromorphological, physical, chemical and mineralogical properties studied to detect soil characteristics that could explain the preservation of high carbon amounts at considerable depths. The studied UF are clayey to very clayey, strongly acidic, dystrophic, and Al-saturated and charcoal fragments are often scattered in the soil matrix. Kaolinites are the main clay minerals in the A and B horizons, followed by abundant gibbsite and hydroxyl-interlayered vermiculite. The latter was only found in UFs derived from basalt rock in the South of the country. Total carbon (TC) ranged from 5 to 101 g kg-1 in the umbric epipedon. Dichromate-oxidizable organic carbon represented nearly 75 % of TC in the thick A horizons, while non-oxidizable C, which includes recalcitrant C (e.g., charcoal), contributed to the remaining 25 % of TC. Carbon contents were not related to most of the inorganic soil variables studied, except for oxalate-extractable Al, which individually explained 69 % (P < 0.001) of the variability of TC in the umbric epipedon. Clay content was not suited as predictor of TC or of the other studied C forms. Bulk density, exchangeable Al3+, Al saturation, ECEC and other parameters obtained by selective extraction were not suitable as predictors of TC and other C forms. Interactions between organic matter and poorly crystalline minerals, as indicated by oxalate-extractable Al, appear to be one of the possible organic matter protection mechanisms of these soils.

scholarly journals Effect of Water Extract Originated from Different Part of Russian Knapweed (Acroptilon repens L.) on Growth of Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.)

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-111
Author(s):  
Alireza PIRZAD ◽  
Mousa JAMALI ◽  
Mohammad Amin ZAREH ◽  
Fahime SHOKRANI
Keyword(s):  
Aerial Part ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Portulaca Oleracea ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Extract Concentration ◽  
Russian Knapweed ◽  
Seedling Length

To evaluate probable allelopathic effect of water extract originated from different parts of russian knapweed (Acroptilon repens L.) on growth of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.), a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications at greenhouse condition in 2011. Treatments were water extract concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 percent) obtained from different part of russian knapweed (aerial part, flower and root). Results showed the significant effect of extract type on seedling length, and extract concentration on shoot length, root length and seedling length. Interaction effect between extract type and concentration on the ratio of root/shoot length, seedling fresh weight, seedling dry weight and germination percentage was significant, too. Means comparison indicated that the longest root (3.55 cm), shoot (4.65 cm) and seedling (8.20 cm) were obtained from control treatment, reducing with higher concentration of extract. The longest shoot (6.95 cm) belonged to extract originated from russian knapweed flowers. The highest ratio of root/shoot length (0.73), seedling fresh weight (0.61g) and seedling dry weight (0.044 g) belonged to control treatment. In general, increasing of extract concentration caused in reduction of germination and seedling traits. Meanwhile, extracts of aerial part had more sever reducing effect than root and flower extracts.

Texture effects on carbon stabilisation and storage in New Zealand soils containing predominantly 2 : 1 clays

Soil Research ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denis Curtin ◽  
Michael H. Beare ◽  
Weiwen Qiu
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Particle Size Fractions ◽  
C Storage ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Mass Proportion ◽  
C And N

Developing strategies to sequester carbon (C) in soils requires an understanding of the key factors that influence C stabilisation. Although fine mineral particles, especially clay, play a key role in stabilising soil organic matter (SOM), the relationship between SOM and texture is often not strong. We examined the role of the fine mineral fraction in C storage in sedimentary soils in New Zealand. Soils, representing two soil Orders (Brown and Recent) and different land use histories (total of 58 soils; 0–15 cm depth) were sampled. The concentration of C (and N) in four particle size fractions (<5, 5–20, 20–50, >50 µm) was determined (soils fractionated after dispersion by sonication). The soils had a wide range of textures and SOM; the mass proportion of clay (<5 µm) ranged from 10 to 60 g 100 g–1 and soil C from 16 to 45 g kg–1. Across both soil Orders and all land uses (dairy, sheep or beef, arable and vegetable cropping), the majority of soil C (57 to 66%) was stored in the clay fraction. However, there was no correlation (R2 = 0.02; P > 0.05) between the C concentration in whole soil and clay content. The concentration of C in the clay fraction, which varied over a wide range (35 to 135 g kg–1 clay), decreased as the mass proportion of clay increased. A similar trend in C concentration was observed for the fine (5–20 µm) silt fraction. Because of this inverse relationship between the mass of the fine fractions and their C concentration, there was little change in amount of stable C (defined as C in the <20 µm fraction) as the mass proportion of fine (<20 µm) particles increased. Differences in pyrophosphate extractable aluminium explained part of the variability in C concentration in the fine fractions; however, we were unable to identify any specific physico-chemical factor that would account for the relatively low C concentrations observed in the <5 and 5–20 µm fractions of fine-textured soils. We concluded that such soils may be under-saturated and potential may exist to store additional stable C.

Testing the improved Integral Suspension Pressure method ISP+ with the PARIO™ device

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Durner ◽  
Alina Miller ◽  
Madita Gisecke ◽  
Sascha C. Iden
Keyword(s):  
Inverse Problem ◽  
Error Propagation ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Experimental Protocol ◽  
Geophysical Research ◽  
Soil Suspension ◽  
Independent Measurement ◽  
Pressure Method

&lt;p&gt;The integral suspension pressure method (ISP) uses pressure measurements in a soil suspension to derive the particle size distribution (PSD) in the silt range in high resolution. The sedimentation process is mathematically simulated and the simulated suspension pressure at a fixed depth in the sedimentation cylinder is fitted to an observed time series. The PSD is determined by numerically solving the inverse problem. The methodology is implemented in a commercial apparatus named PARIO that is produced by METER AG, Munich.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Practical experiments with PARIO indicated that the accuracy of the method to determine the clay fraction was not as high as expected from theory, which may partly be caused by the error propagation from the independently determined sand fractions. Durner and Iden (2019) thus proposed an extension of the experimental protocol called ISP&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;, which makes the inverse problem better-posed and allows shorter experimental time. After a sedimentation time of few hours, a part of the suspension is drained laterally from the sedimentation cylinder through an outlet, collected and oven-dried. The resulting dry mass of the soil particles is integrated into the objective function of the inverse problem. This markedly reduces the uncertainty of the identified PSD towards the finest particles. We present experimental results from PARIO measurements evaluated by the ISP&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; method and illustrate the new experimental design and the improvement of accuracy for the clay fraction.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Reference: Durner, W., &amp; Iden, S. C. (2019, January). ISP+: improving the Integral Suspension Pressure method by an independent measurement of clay content. In Geophysical Research Abstracts (Vol. 21).&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Chemical dispersants and pre-treatments to determine clay in soils with different mineralogy

2011 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 1589-1596 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristiane Rodrigues ◽  
Virlei Álvaro de Oliveira ◽  
Pedro Marques da Silveira ◽  
Glenio Guimarães Santos
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Oxalate ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Mechanical Action ◽  
Coarse Sand ◽  
Lithium Hydroxide ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Formation Processes ◽  
Soil Mineralogy ◽  
Chemical Dispersant ◽  
Pre Treatment

Knowledge of the soil physical properties, including the clay content, is of utmost importance for agriculture. The behavior of apparently similar soils can differ in intrinsic characteristics determined by different formation processes and nature of the parent material. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of separate or combined pre-treatments, dispersion methods and chemical dispersant agents to determine clay in some soil classes, selected according to their mineralogy. Two Brazilian Oxisols, two Alfisols and one Mollisol with contrasting mineralogy were selected. Different treatments were applied: chemical substances as dispersants (lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, and hexametaphosphate); pre-treatment with dithionite, ammonium oxalate, and hydrogen peroxide to eliminate organic matter; and coarse sand as abrasive and ultrasound, to test their mechanical action. The conclusion was drawn that different treatments must be applied to determine clay, in view of the soil mineralogy. Lithium hydroxide was not efficient to disperse low-CEC electropositive soils and very efficient in dispersing high-CEC electronegative soils. The use of coarse sand as an abrasive increased the clay content of all soils and in all treatments in which dispersion occurred, with or without the use of chemical dispersants. The efficiency of coarse sand is not the same for all soil classes.

A landslide in till near Warman, Saskatchewan, Canada

1985 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Karl Sauer ◽  
E. A. Christiansen
Keyword(s):  
Shear Strength ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Back Analysis ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Adjacent Area ◽  
Shear Strength Parameters ◽  
Strength Parameters ◽  
Residual Shear Strength ◽  
Insight Into

Little information is available about typical shear strength parameters of tills in southern Saskatchewan even though till is the most common earth material used for construction in this region. The Warman landslide in the South Saskatchewan River Valley provides some insight into the shear strength characteristics of a till, and the results are compared with laboratory tests. The till is from the Upper till of the Sutherland Group, which has a high clay content relative to the underlying and overlying tills. A back analysis of the landslide produced [Formula: see text]′ = 27° assuming c′ = 0. Comparison with laboratory test data and results from a similar landslide near Lebret, Saskatchewan, suggests that [Formula: see text]′ = 22.5° with c′ = 7 kPa may be appropriate "residual" shear strength parameters. A rising water table appears to have been the main contributing factor to instability between 1969 and 1984. There is a possibility, however, that at the 1:50 return interval for flood levels on the river, erosion at the toe of the landslide debris may be a significant factor. Numerous slump scars in the form of small amphitheatres, presently inactive, can be observed in the aerial photographs of the adjacent area. These failures likely occurred intermittently, depending on fluctuating water table and river flood levels. Key words: landslide, till, correlation, stratigraphy, back analysis, shear strength, residual, aerial photographs.

scholarly journals Methods for overcoming dormancy in Stryphnodendron pulcherrimum seeds

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (87) ◽  
pp. 195
Author(s):  
Adriano Gonçalves Pereira ◽  
Eniel David Cruz ◽  
Hellen Síglia Demétrio Barros
Keyword(s):  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Seed Dormancy ◽  
Aerial Part ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Tropical Species ◽  
Hard Seeds ◽  
Treatment Data ◽  
Mother Plants ◽  
Breaking Seed Dormancy

Seed dormancy is a phenomenon observed in several tropical species. This condition causes low and non-uniform germination. The present study was designed to identify an efficient method of breaking seed dormancy in Stryphnodendron pulcherrimum. Seeds of four mother plants were subjected to the following treatments: immersion in sulfuric acid for 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 min and scarification on 150-grit sandpaper. Seeds were sown on substrate containing sand and sawdust (1:1). It was evaluate the days to onset seedlings emergence, seedlings emergence (SE), emergence speed index (ESI), germination (G), hard seeds (HS), dead seeds (DS), dormant seeds (DMS), abnormal seedlings (AS) and dry mass of aerial part (DMAP) and roots (DMR). The experimental design was completely randomized with four replications of 25 seeds for each treatment. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and means compared by Tukey's test (p < 0.05). Significant differences among treatments were observed for ESI, SE, G, HS, DMAP and DMR. Highest HS was observed in control treatment (85%). Highest G was observed in seeds scarified with sulfuric acid for 10 min (82%) and 12 min (74%). These treatments also showed highest ESI, DMAP and DMR, indicating that these scarification treatments were the most efficient in overcoming dormancy.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document