scholarly journals Efficacy of transfusion pre-medications on attenuating transfusion reaction in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiyuan Yu ◽  
Yawei Liu ◽  
Yanxia Gao ◽  
Xin Lu ◽  
Lina Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Transfusion ◽  
Free Group ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Transfusion Reaction ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Baseline Characteristics ◽  
And Gender

Abstract Background – Transfusion pre-medications are generally administered in patients prior to blood transfusion. However, the use of transfusion pre-medications is largely experience-based instead of evidence-based. Our meta-analysis aimed to combine the most updated evidence and demonstrate the efficacy of transfusion pre-medications on attenuating transfusion reaction among patients. Material and Method – Pubmed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Wanfang database, CNKI, CMB was searched for related articles. Data from transfusion pre-medications treated group and transfusion pre-medications free group was collected. Baseline characteristics between groups were compared using SPSS 19.0. RevMan 5.3 was used to pool the collected data for meta-analysis between groups. OR and SMD were used to demonstrate the outcomes. Results - Eight eligible articles (6 case control studies and 2 RCT) were identified, including 22060 cases. Administered transfusion pre-medications included dexamethasone, chlorpheniramine or promethazine. Baseline characteristics showed no significant difference between groups regarding age and gender. There was no significant difference between transfusion pre-medications treated group and transfusion pre-medications free group concerning the rate of fever, itchy, rash, airway spasm and overall transfusion reaction. Conclusion – Dexamethasone, chlorpheniramine or promethazine is probably not a candidate for prevention of transfusion reaction. Avoiding experienced use of such transfusion pre-medications before blood transfusion may reduce the number of adverse drug reaction and clinical trial is still needed in the future to figure out the treatment for alleviating transfusion reaction.

scholarly journals Association between adipokines and thyroid carcinoma: a meta-analysis of case-control studies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junyu Zhao ◽  
Jing Wen ◽  
Shengnan Wang ◽  
Jinming Yao ◽  
Lin Liao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Clinical Trial Registries ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background: The incidence of thyroid carcinoma is increasing all over the world. Some studies have suggested that the change of adipokines expression can induce thyroid carcinoma. However, other studies have come to the opposite conclusion. Therefore, we studied the relationship between adipokines and thyroid carcinoma. Methods: Databases—PubMed, Cochrane Library, SinoMed, CNKI, Wanfang, and clinical trial registries were searched. A meta-analysis was performed when heterogeneity analysis show a good homogeneity. Results: Twenty-nine articles were finally included for analysis. The level of serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) [standardized mean difference (SMD) =1.31, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.35 to 2.28, I 2 = 98%, P = 0.008] and the ratio of TNF-α immunoreactivity in tissues [odds ratios (OR) =6.36, 95% CI: 1.92 to 21.05, I 2 = 66%， P = 0.002] in thyroid carcinoma are significantly higher than those in control. The serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) in patients with thyroid carcinoma is higher than that in control (SMD = 1.04, 95% CI: 0.40 to 1.67, I 2 = 96%, P = 0.001). There is no significant difference of the ratio of IL-6 immunoreactivity in tissues between carcinoma and control (OR = 1.23, 95% CI: 0.62 to 2.43, I 2 = 86%, P = 0.55). The ratio of leptin immunoreactivity in tissues is significantly associated with the risk of thyroid carcinoma (OR = 12.21, 95% CI: 3.36 to 44.40, I 2 = 85%, P < 0.00001). However, after analyzing the expression level of serum adiponectin in three studies, no significant difference is found between thyroid carcinoma and the control ( P = 0.81). Conclusions: Adipokines ( TNF-α, IL-6 and leptin ) show a strong relationship between elevated concentrations (in serum and/or tissue) and thyroid carcinoma. However, the association between adiponectin and thyroid carcinoma needs further research.

scholarly journals Association between adipokines and thyroid carcinoma: a meta-analysis of case-control studies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junyu Zhao ◽  
Jing Wen ◽  
Shengnan Wang ◽  
Jinming Yao ◽  
Lin Liao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Clinical Trial Registries ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background: The incidence of thyroid carcinoma is increasing all over the world. Some studies have suggested that the change of adipokines expression can induce thyroid carcinoma. However, other studies have come to the opposite conclusion. Therefore, we studied the relationship between adipokines and thyroid carcinoma. Methods: Databases—PubMed, Cochrane Library, SinoMed, CNKI, Wanfang, and clinical trial registries were searched. A meta-analysis was then performed through a fixed or random-effects model to calculate I values for heterogeneity analysis. Results: Twenty-nine articles were finally included for analysis. The level of serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) [standardized mean difference (SMD) =1.31, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.35 to 2.28, I2 = 98%, P = 0.008] and the ratio of TNF-α immunoreactivity in tissues [odds ratios (OR) =6.36, 95% CI: 1.92 to 21.05, I2 = 66%，P = 0.002] in thyroid carcinoma are significantly higher than those in control. The serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) in patients with thyroid carcinoma is higher than that in control (SMD = 1.04, 95% CI: 0.40 to 1.67, I2 = 96%, P = 0.001). There is no significant difference of the ratio of IL-6 immunoreactivity in tissues between carcinoma and control (OR = 1.23, 95% CI: 0.62 to 2.43, I2 = 86%, P = 0.55). The ratio of leptin immunoreactivity in tissues is significantly associated with the risk of thyroid carcinoma (OR = 12.21, 95% CI: 3.36 to 44.40, I2 = 85%, P < 0.00001). However, after analyzing the expression level of serum adiponectin in three studies, no significant difference is found between thyroid carcinoma and the control (P = 0.81).Conclusions: Adipokines ( TNF-α, IL-6 and leptin ) show a strong relationship between elevated concentrations (in serum and/or tissue) and thyroid carcinoma. However, the association between adiponectin and thyroid carcinoma needs further research.

scholarly journals Serum Osteocalcin and Testosterone Concentrations in Adult Males with or without Primary Osteoporosis: A Meta-Analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhong-Yu Liu ◽  
Yang Yang ◽  
Chun-Yi Wen ◽  
Li-Min Rong
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Total Testosterone ◽  
Primary Osteoporosis ◽  
Serum Osteocalcin ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Primary Male

Osteocalcin (Ocn) and testosterone play important roles in male skeleton. However, the concentrations of serum osteocalcin and testosterone have never been systematically compared between populations with and without primary male osteoporosis, a common skeletal disorder in adult males. We searched the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library for relevant studies. A meta-analysis was performed to compare the serum osteocalcin and testosterone concentrations between primary osteoporotic males and age-matched nonosteoporotic (non-OP) males. Five case-control studies with 300 adult males were included. We found no significant difference between cases and controls in serum total osteocalcin (TOcn) [95% confidence interval (CI): −1.25, 1.31; p=0.96] and total testosterone (TT) concentrations [95% CI: −0.88, 4.22; p=0.20]. The level of evidence of this carefully performed meta-analysis is 3a according to Oxford (UK) CEBM Levels of Evidence. Future well-designed studies with larger sample size and better standardization of Ocn assay are awaited to confirm and update our current findings.

scholarly journals Efficacy and Safety of Tocilizumab in Patients with COVID-19 : A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenlu Li ◽  
Qianqiu Che ◽  
Mao Li ◽  
Jianping Liu ◽  
Rao Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Critical Patients

Abstract Background Tocilizumab (TCZ) is an anti-interleukin-6 antibody that has been used to treat patients with 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Numerous retrospective studies have shown beneficial treatment efficacy. Several recent randomized clinical trials have questioned the efficacy of TCZ in patients with COVID-19. Therefore, we performed an updated systematic review and meta-analysis to explore the effectiveness and safety of tocilizumab recently used for treating patients with COVID-19. Methods Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and comparative studies that compared the outcomes between TCZ and standard of care (SOC) were analysed. PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library (inception to November 20, 2020) were systematically searched. Primary outcomes included mortality and the rate of requirement for mechanical ventilation (MV). In addition, several subgroup analyses stratified by disease severity, publication type and TCZ administration were performed. Results Three RCTs, twenty-one cohort studies and nine case-control studies including 11,206 patients were finally included. The TCZ group included 2,794 patients (24.93%) and the SOC group included 8,412 patients (75.07%). The mortality rate (>14 days) of the TCZ group, 29.63% (590/1,991), was lower than the SOC group, 41.51% (2,380/5,734) (OR 0.64, 0.57 to 0.73; p <0.00001). However, no significant difference in-14-day mortality rates was observed between the two groups (13.53% vs 22.92%, p = 0.21). Meanwhile, the rate of MV was significantly decreased in the TCZ group compared with the SOC group (OR 0.42, 0.22 to 0.83; p = 0.01). According to the results of the subgroup analysis stratified by disease severity, TCZ only reduced the mortality rate for critical patients with COVID-19 compared with SOC (OR 0.60, 0.52 to 0.71; P < 0.00001), particularly for patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) or patients requiring MV. No statistically significant increase was recognized in the rates of secondary infections or thrombosis between the two groups. Conclusions This systematic review and meta-analysis found that the addition of tocilizumab to the SOC might reduce mortality after 14 days in patients with COVID-19, particularly critical patients requiring MV. More extensive RCTs with longer follow-up periods are needed to validate these findings.

scholarly journals A meta-analysis of serum osteocalcin level in postmenopausal osteoporotic women compared to controls

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongyu Liu ◽  
Ruiqiang Chen ◽  
Yutong Jiang ◽  
Yang Yang ◽  
Lei He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Turnover ◽  
Subgroup Analysis ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Asian Population ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
High Bone ◽  
Study Population

Abstract Background Circulatory osteocalcin (OC) has been widely used as a biomarker to indicate bone turnover status in postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO). However, the change of serum OC (sOC) level in PMO cases compared to postmenopausal controls remains controversial. Methods We searched the online database of PubMed and Cochrane Library. A meta-analysis of case-control studies was performed to compare the pooled sOC level between PMO patients and postmenopausal controls. Subgroup analysis according to potential confounding factors (different OC molecules and regions of the study population) was also performed. Results Ten case-control studies with 1577 postmenopausal women were included in this meta analysis. We found no significant difference in the pooled sOC level [mean difference (MD) = 1.84, 95% confidence interval (CI): (− 1.49, 5.16), p = 0.28] between PMO patients and controls. Subgroup analysis also revealed no significant difference in intact OC [MD = 1.76, 95%CI: (− 1.71, 5.23), p = 0.32] or N-terminal mid-fragment of the OC molecule [MD = 0.67, 95%(− 5.83, 7.18), p = 0.84] between groups. For different regions, no significant difference in sOC was found in Asian population between cases and controls [MD = -0.06, 95%(− 6.02, 5.89), p = 0.98], while the pooled sOC level was significantly higher in European PMO cases than controls [MD = 3.15, 95%(0.90, 5.39), p = 0.006]. Conclusions Our analysis revealed no significant difference in sOC level between PMO cases and controls according to all the current eligible studies. OC molecules are quite heterogeneous in the circulation and can be influenced by glucose metabolism. Therefore, sOC is currently not a good indicator for the high bone turnover status in PMO. More trials with standardized methodologies for the evaluation of circulatory OC are awaited to update our current findings.

scholarly journals Efficacy and Safety of Tocilizumab in Patients with COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenlu Li ◽  
Qianqiu Che ◽  
Mao Li ◽  
Jianping Liu ◽  
Rao Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Critical Patients

Abstract Background Tocilizumab (TCZ) is an anti-interleukin-6 antibody that has been used to treat patients with 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Numerous retrospective studies have shown beneficial treatment efficacy. Several recent randomized clinical trials have questioned the efficacy of TCZ in patients with COVID-19. Therefore, we performed an updated systematic review and meta-analysis to explore the effectiveness and safety of tocilizumab recently used for treating patients with COVID-19. Methods Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and comparative studies that compared the outcomes between TCZ and standard of care (SOC) were analysed. PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library (inception to November 20, 2020) were systematically searched. Primary outcomes included mortality and the rate of requirement for mechanical ventilation (MV). In addition, several subgroup analyses stratified by disease severity, publication type and TCZ administration were performed. Results Three RCTs, twenty-one cohort studies and nine case-control studies including 11,206 patients were finally included. The TCZ group included 2,794 patients (24.93%) and the SOC group included 8,412 patients (75.07%). The mortality rate (>14 days) of the TCZ group, 29.63% (590/1,991), was lower than the SOC group, 41.51% (2,380/5,734) (OR 0.64, 0.57 to 0.73; p <0.00001). However, no significant difference in-14-day mortality rates was observed between the two groups (13.53% vs 22.92%, p = 0.21). Meanwhile, the rate of MV was significantly decreased in the TCZ group compared with the SOC group (OR 0.42, 0.22 to 0.83; p = 0.01). According to the results of the subgroup analysis stratified by disease severity, TCZ only reduced the mortality rate for critical patients with COVID-19 compared with SOC (OR 0.60, 0.52 to 0.71; P < 0.00001), particularly for patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) or patients requiring MV. No statistically significant increase was recognized in the rates of secondary infections or thrombosis between the two groups. Conclusions This systematic review and meta-analysis found that the addition of tocilizumab to the SOC might reduce mortality after 14 days in patients with COVID-19, particularly critical patients requiring MV. More extensive RCTs with longer follow-up periods are needed to validate these findings.

scholarly journals Association between adipokines and thyroid carcinoma: a meta-analysis of case-control studies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junyu Zhao ◽  
Jing Wen ◽  
Shengnan Wang ◽  
Jinming Yao ◽  
Lin Liao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Positive Ratio ◽  
Clinical Trial Registries ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Positive Rate

Abstract Background: The incidence of thyroid carcinoma is on the rise all the world. Some studies have suggested that the change of adipokines can even induce thyroid carcinoma. However, other studies have come to the opposite conclusion. Therefore, we studied the relationship between adipokines and thyroid carcinoma. Methods: Databases—PubMed, Cochrane Library, SinoMed, CNKI, Wanfang, and clinical trial registries were searched. A meta-analysis was performed with sufficiently homogeneous studies. Twenty-nine articles were finally included for analysis. Results: The level of serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) [standardized mean difference (SMD) =1.31, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.35 to 2.28, I 2 =98%, P =0.008] and positive rate of tissue’s TNF-α [odds ratios (OR) =11.80, 95% CI: 5.88 to 23.66, I 2 =0%， P <0.00001] in thyroid carcinoma are significantly higher than those in control. The serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) in patients with thyroid carcinoma is higher than that in control (SMD=1.04, 95% CI: 0.40 to 1.67, I 2 =96%, P =0.001). No significant difference of the positive rate of IL-6 in tissues between carcinoma and control is found (OR=1.23, 95% CI: 0.62 to 2.43, I 2 =86%, P =0.55). The positive ratio of leptin in tissue is significantly associated with the risk of thyroid carcinoma (OR=12.21, 95% CI: 3.36 to 44.40, I 2 =85%, P <0.00001). However, after analyzing three studies on the expression of adiponectin, no significant difference is found in serum adiponectin level between thyroid carcinoma and the control ( P =0.81). Conclusions: Adipokines play an important role in the occurrence and development of thyroid carcinoma, especially TNF-α, IL-6 and leptin. However, the effect of adiponectin on thyroid carcinoma needs further research.

Laser Influence on Dental Sensitivity Compared to Other Light Sources Used During In-office Dental Bleaching: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 589-597
Author(s):  
BGS Casado ◽  
EP Pellizzer ◽  
JR Souto Maior ◽  
CAA Lemos ◽  
BCE Vasconcelos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Light Sources ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Tooth Color ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Meta Analyses

Clinical Relevance The use of laser light during bleaching will not reduce the incidence or severity of sensitivity and will not increase the degree of color change compared with nonlaser light sources. SUMMARY Objective: To evaluate whether the use of laser during in-office bleaching promotes a reduction in dental sensitivity after bleaching compared with other light sources. Methods: The present review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) and is registered with PROSPERO (CDR42018096591). Searches were conducted in the PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases for relevant articles published up to August 2018. Only randomized clinical trials among adults that compared the use of laser during in-office whitening and other light sources were considered eligible. Results: After analysis of the texts retrieved during the database search, six articles met the eligibility criteria and were selected for the present review. For the outcome dental sensitivity, no significant difference was found favoring any type of light either for intensity (mean difference [MD]: −1.60; confidence interval [CI]: −3.42 to 0.22; p=0.09) or incidence (MD: 1.00; CI: 0.755 to 1.33; p=1.00). Regarding change in tooth color, no significant differences were found between the use of the laser and other light sources (MD: −2.22; CI: −6.36 to 1.93; p=0.29). Conclusions: Within the limitations of the present study, laser exerts no influence on tooth sensitivity compared with other light sources when used during in-office bleaching. The included studies demonstrated that laser use during in-office bleaching may have no influence on tooth color change.

Characteristics of Insulin-degrading Enzyme in Alzheimer's Disease: A Meta-Analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 610-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huifeng Zhang ◽  
Dan Liu ◽  
Huanhuan Huang ◽  
Yujia Zhao ◽  
Hui Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Senile Plaque ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Insulin Degrading Enzyme ◽  
Degrading Enzyme ◽  
Significant Difference

Background: β-amyloid (Aβ) accumulates abnormally to senile plaque which is the initiator of Alzheimer's disease (AD). As one of the Aβ-degrading enzymes, Insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) remains controversial for its protein level and activity in Alzheimer's brain. Methods: The electronic databases PubMed, EMBASE, The Cochrane Library, OVID and Sinomed were systemically searched up to Sep. 20th, 2017. And the published case-control or cohort studies were retrieved to perform the meta-analysis. Results: Seven studies for IDE protein level (AD cases = 293; controls = 126), three for mRNA level (AD cases = 138; controls = 81), and three for enzyme activity (AD cases = 123; controls = 75) were pooling together. The IDE protein level was significantly lower in AD cases than in controls (SMD = - 0.47, 95% CI [-0.69, -0.24], p < 0.001), but IDE mRNA and enzyme activity had no significant difference (SMD = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.43] and SMD = 0.06, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.53] respectively). Subgroup analyses found that IDE protein level was decreased in both cortex and hippocampus of AD cases (SMD = -0.43, 95% CI [-0.71, -0.16], p = 0.002 and SMD = -0.53, 95% CI [-0.91, -0.15], p = 0.006 respectively). However, IDE mRNA was higher in cortex of AD cases (SMD = 0.71, 95% CI [0.14, 1.29], p = 0.01), not in hippocampus (SMD = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.06]). Conclusions: Our results indicate that AD patients may have lower IDE protease level. Further relevant studies are still needed to verify whether IDE is one of the factors affecting Aβ abnormal accumulation and throw new insights for AD detection or therapy.

Association between ALDH2 Gene Polymorphism and Late-onset Alzheimer Disease: An Up-to-date Meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-111
Author(s):  
Haitao Liu ◽  
Wei Ge ◽  
Wei Chen ◽  
Xue Kong ◽  
Weiming Jian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Polymorphism ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
China National Knowledge Infrastructure ◽  
Aldh2 Gene

Objectives: Previous case-control studies have focused on the relationship between ALDH2 gene polymorphism and late-onset Alzheimer's Disease (LOAD), but no definite unified conclusion has been reached. Therefore, the correlation between ALDH2 Glu504Lys polymorphism and LOAD remains controversial. To analyze the correlation between ALDH2 polymorphism and the risk of LOAD, we implemented this up-to-date meta-analysis to assess the probable association. Methods: Studies were searched through China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), VIP Database for Chinese Technical Periodicals, China Biology Medicine, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Clinical- Trials.gov, Embase, and MEDLINE from January 1, 1994 to December 31, 2018, without any restrictions on language and ethnicity. Results: Five studies of 1057 LOAD patients and 1136 healthy controls met our criteria for the analysis. Statistically, the ALDH2 GA/AA genotype was not linked with raising LOAD risk (odds ratio (OR) = 1.48, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.96-2.28, p = 0.07). In subgroup analysis, the phenomenon that men with ALDH2*2 had higher risk for LOAD (OR = 1.72, 95%CI = 1.10-2.67, p = 0.02) was observed. Conclusions: This study comprehends only five existing case-control studies and the result is negative. The positive trend might appear when the sample size is enlarged. In the future, more large-scale casecontrol or cohort studies should be done to enhance the association between ALDH2 polymorphism and AD or other neurodegenerative diseases.

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