scholarly journals Glycolytically impaired glial cells fuel neural metabolism via β-oxidation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie Schirmeier ◽  
Helen Hertenstein ◽  
Ellen McMullen ◽  
Leon Deharde ◽  
Marko Brankatschk
Keyword(s):  
Glial Cells ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Carbohydrate Restriction ◽  
Neuronal Function ◽  
Adverse Conditions ◽  
Energy Stores ◽  
Metabolic Sensor ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Starvation Conditions

Abstract Neuronal function is highly energy demanding and thus requires efficient and constant metabolite delivery. Like their mammalian counterparts Drosophila glia are highly glycolytic and provide lactate to fuel neuronal metabolism. However, flies are able to survive for several weeks in the absence of glial glycolysis1. Here, we study how glial cells maintain sufficient nutrient supply to neurons under conditions of carbohydrate restriction. We show that glycolytically impaired glia switch to fatty acid breakdown via β-oxidation and provide ketone bodies as an alternate neuronal fuel. Moreover, flies also rely on glial β-oxidation under starvation conditions with glial loss of β-oxidation increasing susceptibility to starvation. Further, we show that glial cells act as a metabolic sensor in the brain and can induce mobilization of peripheral energy stores to ensure brain metabolic homeostasis. In summary, our study gives pioneering evidence on the importance of glial β-oxidation and ketogenesis for brain function, and survival, under adverse conditions, like malnutrition. The glial capacity to utilize lipids as an energy source seems to be conserved from flies to humans.

scholarly journals Resolving rates of mutation in the brain using single-neuron genomics

eLife ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilad D Evrony ◽  
Eunjung Lee ◽  
Peter J Park ◽  
Christopher A Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Somatic Mutation ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Single Neuron ◽  
Bioinformatic Analysis ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Neuronal Function ◽  
Human Neurons ◽  
Normal Brain Function ◽  
The Brain

Whether somatic mutations contribute functional diversity to brain cells is a long-standing question. Single-neuron genomics enables direct measurement of somatic mutation rates in human brain and promises to answer this question. A recent study (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib65">Upton et al., 2015</xref>) reported high rates of somatic LINE-1 element (L1) retrotransposition in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex that would have major implications for normal brain function, and suggested that these events preferentially impact genes important for neuronal function. We identify aspects of the single-cell sequencing approach, bioinformatic analysis, and validation methods that led to thousands of artifacts being interpreted as somatic mutation events. Our reanalysis supports a mutation frequency of approximately 0.2 events per cell, which is about fifty-fold lower than reported, confirming that L1 elements mobilize in some human neurons but indicating that L1 mosaicism is not ubiquitous. Through consideration of the challenges identified, we provide a foundation and framework for designing single-cell genomics studies.

Synaptic Transmission with the Glia

Physiology ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 178-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabino Vesce ◽  
Paola Bezzi ◽  
Andrea Volterra
Keyword(s):  
Synaptic Transmission ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Synaptic Integration ◽  
New Findings ◽  
The Brain

For decades, scientists thought that all of the missing secrets of brain function resided in neurons. However, a wave of new findings indicates that glial cells, formerly considered mere supporters and subordinate to neurons, participate actively in synaptic integration and processing of information in the brain.

scholarly journals Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1): structure, distribution and roles in brain function and dysfunction

2016 ◽  
Vol 473 (16) ◽  
pp. 2453-2462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Bishop ◽  
Dan Rocca ◽  
Jeremy M. Henley
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disease ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Neuronal Development ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Deubiquitinating Enzyme ◽  
Neuronal Function ◽  
Abundant Protein ◽  
Neuronal Protein ◽  
The Brain

Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1) is an extremely abundant protein in the brain where, remarkably, it is estimated to make up 1–5% of total neuronal protein. Although it comprises only 223 amino acids it has one of the most complicated 3D knotted structures yet discovered. Beyond its expression in neurons UCH-L1 has only very limited expression in other healthy tissues but it is highly expressed in several forms of cancer. Although UCH-L1 is classed as a deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB) the direct functions of UCH-L1 remain enigmatic and a wide array of alternative functions has been proposed. UCH-L1 is not essential for neuronal development but it is absolutely required for the maintenance of axonal integrity and UCH-L1 dysfunction is implicated in neurodegenerative disease. Here we review the properties of UCH-L1, and how understanding its complex structure can provide new insights into its roles in neuronal function and pathology.

Dissecting the regional diversity of glial cells by applying -omic technologies

e-Neuroforum ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela C. Dieterich ◽  
Moritz J. Rossner
Keyword(s):  
Glial Cells ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Cell Populations ◽  
Cellular Activity ◽  
Regional Diversity ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Exploratory Approach ◽  
The Brain

AbstractNeuronal as well as glial cells contribute to higher order brain functions. Many observations show that neurons and glial cells are not only physically highly intermingled but are physiologically tightly connected and mutually depend at various levels on each other. Moreover, macroglia classes like astrocytes, NG2 cells and oligodendrocytes are not at all homogenous cell populations but do possess a markedly heterogeneity in various aspects similar to neurons. The diversity of differences in morphology, functionality and, cellular activity has been acknowledged recently and will be integrated into a concept of brain function that pictures a neural rather than a puristical neuronal world. With the recent progress in “omic” technologies, an unbiased and exploratory approach toward an enhanced understanding of glial heterogeneity has become possible. Here, we provide an overview on current technical transcriptomic and proteomic approaches used to dissect glial heterogeneity of the brain.

Seeing the Brain in Action: How Multiphoton Imaging Has Advanced Our Understanding of Neuronal Function

2008 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 482-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grace Stutzmann
Keyword(s):  
Brain Function ◽  
Structural Information ◽  
Multiphoton Microscopy ◽  
Biological Research ◽  
Neuronal Function ◽  
Multiphoton Imaging ◽  
New Era ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Gaining Insight

AbstractGaining insight into how the nervous system functions is a challenge for scientists, particularly because the static morphology of the brain and the cells within tell little about how they actually work. Fixed specimens can provide critical structural information, but the jump to functional neurobiology in living cells is obviated with these preparations. In order to grasp the complexity of neuronal activity, it is necessary to observe the brain in action, from the level of subcellular signaling to the whole organism. Recent advances in nonlinear microscopy have given rise to a new era for biological research. In particular, the introduction of multiphoton excitation has drastically improved the depth and speed to which we can probe brain function. In order to better appreciate recent contributions of multiphoton microscopy to our current and future understanding of biological systems, an historical awareness of past microscopy applications is useful.

Frontier concept of rabi chip for intelligent humanoid

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Preecha Yupapin ◽  
Amiri I. S. ◽  
Ali J. ◽  
Ponsuwancharoen N. ◽  
Youplao P.
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Rabi Oscillation ◽  
Liquid Core ◽  
Brain Surface ◽  
Dipole Oscillation ◽  
On Chip ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Robotic Applications ◽  
Atom System

The sequence of the human brain can be configured by the originated strongly coupling fields to a pair of the ionic substances(bio-cells) within the microtubules. From which the dipole oscillation begins and transports by the strong trapped force, which is known as a tweezer. The tweezers are the trapped polaritons, which are the electrical charges with information. They will be collected on the brain surface and transport via the liquid core guide wave, which is the mixture of blood content and water. The oscillation frequency is called the Rabi frequency, is formed by the two-level atom system. Our aim will manipulate the Rabi oscillation by an on-chip device, where the quantum outputs may help to form the realistic human brain function for humanoid robotic applications.

Brain Drug Delivery: Overcoming the Blood-brain Barrier to Treat Tauopathies

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (13) ◽  
pp. 1448-1465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jozef Hanes ◽  
Eva Dobakova ◽  
Petra Majerova
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Neuronal Function ◽  
Brain Drug Delivery ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Blood Brain ◽  
Traditional Approaches ◽  
The Brain

Tauopathies are neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the deposition of abnormal tau protein in the brain. The application of potentially effective therapeutics for their successful treatment is hampered by the presence of a naturally occurring brain protection layer called the blood-brain barrier (BBB). BBB represents one of the biggest challenges in the development of therapeutics for central nervous system (CNS) disorders, where sufficient BBB penetration is inevitable. BBB is a heavily restricting barrier regulating the movement of molecules, ions, and cells between the blood and the CNS to secure proper neuronal function and protect the CNS from dangerous substances and processes. Yet, these natural functions possessed by BBB represent a great hurdle for brain drug delivery. This review is concentrated on summarizing the available methods and approaches for effective therapeutics’ delivery through the BBB to treat neurodegenerative disorders with a focus on tauopathies. It describes the traditional approaches but also new nanotechnology strategies emerging with advanced medical techniques. Their limitations and benefits are discussed.

Finding Community of Brain Networks Based on Neighbor Index and DPSO with Dynamic Crossover

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 287-299
Author(s):  
Jie Zhang ◽  
Junhong Feng ◽  
Fang-Xiang Wu
Keyword(s):  
Brain Function ◽  
Brain Networks ◽  
Discrete Particle Swarm Optimization ◽  
Mri Brain ◽  
Mutation Operators ◽  
Neural Unit ◽  
Crossover And Mutation ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Index Table ◽  
Dynamic Crossover

Background: : The brain networks can provide us an effective way to analyze brain function and brain disease detection. In brain networks, there exist some import neural unit modules, which contain meaningful biological insights. Objective:: Therefore, we need to find the optimal neural unit modules effectively and efficiently. Method:: In this study, we propose a novel algorithm to find community modules of brain networks by combining Neighbor Index and Discrete Particle Swarm Optimization (DPSO) with dynamic crossover, abbreviated as NIDPSO. The differences between this study and the existing ones lie in that NIDPSO is proposed first to find community modules of brain networks, and dose not need to predefine and preestimate the number of communities in advance. Results: : We generate a neighbor index table to alleviate and eliminate ineffective searches and design a novel coding by which we can determine the community without computing the distances amongst vertices in brain networks. Furthermore, dynamic crossover and mutation operators are designed to modify NIDPSO so as to alleviate the drawback of premature convergence in DPSO. Conclusion: The numerical results performing on several resting-state functional MRI brain networks demonstrate that NIDPSO outperforms or is comparable with other competing methods in terms of modularity, coverage and conductance metrics.

Neuroethics

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Function ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Wearable Technologies ◽  
Definition Of Death ◽  
Populations At Risk ◽  
The Future ◽  
Aging Adults ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Brain ◽  
New Criteria

We have new answers to how the brain works and tools which can now monitor and manipulate brain function. Rapid advances in neuroscience raise critical questions with which society must grapple. What new balances must be struck between diagnosis and prediction, and invasive and noninvasive interventions? Are new criteria needed for the clinical definition of death in cases where individuals are eligible for organ donation? How will new mobile and wearable technologies affect the future of growing children and aging adults? To what extent is society responsible for protecting populations at risk from environmental neurotoxins? As data from emerging technologies converge and are made available on public databases, what frameworks and policies will maximize benefits while ensuring privacy of health information? And how can people and communities with different values and perspectives be maximally engaged in these important questions? Neuroethics: Anticipating the Future is written by scholars from diverse disciplines—neurology and neuroscience, ethics and law, public health, sociology, and philosophy. With its forward-looking insights and considerations for the future, the book examines the most pressing current ethical issues.

Implantable neural interfaces

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Vassanelli
Keyword(s):  
Brain Function ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ionic Channels ◽  
Patch Clamp Technique ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Optogenetic Stimulation ◽  
Physical Interfaces ◽  
The Brain

Establishing direct communication with the brain through physical interfaces is a fundamental strategy to investigate brain function. Starting with the patch-clamp technique in the seventies, neuroscience has moved from detailed characterization of ionic channels to the analysis of single neurons and, more recently, microcircuits in brain neuronal networks. Development of new biohybrid probes with electrodes for recording and stimulating neurons in the living animal is a natural consequence of this trend. The recent introduction of optogenetic stimulation and advanced high-resolution large-scale electrical recording approaches demonstrates this need. Brain implants for real-time neurophysiology are also opening new avenues for neuroprosthetics to restore brain function after injury or in neurological disorders. This chapter provides an overview on existing and emergent neurophysiology technologies with particular focus on those intended to interface neuronal microcircuits in vivo. Chemical, electrical, and optogenetic-based interfaces are presented, with an analysis of advantages and disadvantages of the different technical approaches.

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