scholarly journals Roaming Dogs in Ushuaia City, Tierra Del Fuego, Argentina. How Many and Why

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emiliano Arona ◽  
Adrián Schiavini
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Location ◽  
Tierra Del Fuego ◽  
Abundance Index ◽  
Simple Index ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Main Driver ◽  
Capture Recapture ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Index Estimation ◽  
Improved Accuracy

Abstract Free roaming dogs (FRD) in cities represent an increasing problem. Authorities need numbers of FRDs to evaluate policies implemented and to monitor the dog population. We estimated the number of FRD in Ushuaia city, Argentina, using a photographic capture-recapture methodology. We estimated an abundance index, the power to detect changes in the index, and modeled factors that may explain the spatial distribution of FRD and their welfare status. During three surveys, covering 72 transects along streets (9.9% of the street layout of Ushuaia), we recorded 539 different FRDs. A model with individual heterogeneity in capture-recapture probability gave 12,797 FRDs (95% CI 10,979 − 15,323), reflecting a dog:human relation of 1:6, higher than the relation recommended by the WHO. The abundance index was similar between surveys (8.13 ± 1.36, 8.38 ± 1.46 and 9.55 ± 1.28 dogs/km). The difference needed to detect changes in the index is about twice the standard error of estimates. The best model explaining dogs’ abundance included only geographical location, although two neighbourhoods with 9 transects stand out with 181 different FRDs identified. Together with the good overall dogs’ welfare status, modeling suggests that the behavior of owners is the main driver for the presence of FRDs. We recommend the use of photographic capture-recapture methodologies instead of simple index estimation, due to the small additional effort required and the improved accuracy and precision obtained. We also recommend a permanent systematic design for future surveys, increase the number of survey occasions, and improve the survey process.

Accuracy and precision in stock separation of north-east Arctic and Norwegian coastal cod by otoliths - comparing readings, image analyses and a genetic method

2005 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 753 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Berg ◽  
Tuula H. Sarvas ◽  
Alf Harbitz ◽  
Svein Erik Fevolden ◽  
Arnt Børre Salberg
Keyword(s):  
Visual Inspection ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Complete Separation ◽  
Arctic Cod ◽  
Genetic Method ◽  
North East ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Growth Zones ◽  
The Difference

The distinction between north-east Arctic cod and Norwegian coastal cod, two major groups of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.), has for many years been based on different distance and shape similarities between the two first translucent growth zones in the otoliths, subjectively decided by visual inspection in a binocular. To analyse the certainty of this technique, four independent readers have classified 263 cod otoliths in total from five different geographical areas. For three of the readers, between 82% and 89% of the classification results coincided with independent results based on genetic analyses. Further, 38 cod otoliths, where the readers were certain of the classification (21 north-east Arctic cod and 17 coastal cod) were classified by several image analysis methods. A complete separation was obtained by using the ratio of the circumferences of the two zones, providing a typical ratio of approximately 2 for coastal and 1.5 for north-east Arctic cod. The otolith method for separating the two types of cod has been considered adequately accurate in assessing the two stocks of cod. However, the method is sensitive to subjective interpretation, and action needs to be taken to minimise the difference in interpretation among otolith readers.

TRUE AND APPARENT METABOLIZABLE ENERGY VALUES FOR POULTRY OF CANADIAN WHEATS AND OATS MEASURED BY BIOASSAY AND PREDICTED FROM PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 365-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. R. SIBBALD ◽  
K. PRICE
Keyword(s):  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Chemical Data ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Apparent Metabolizable Energy ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Variation Explained ◽  
Predicted Values ◽  
Naked Oats ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Better Than

Thirty samples of wheat and 28 samples of oats were assayed for true and apparent metabolizable energy (TME, AME). Within grains, the difference TME−AME increased with decreasing AME values; there is evidence that this trend is associated with reduced voluntary consumption of AME assay diets containing low energy grains. The TME and AME data were compared with ME values predicted from physical and chemical data describing the grains. Previously published prediction equations were tested and new equations were derived. Comparisons between predicted and observed data suggested that both the TME and AME values of wheat were predicted with insufficient accuracy and precision for practical use. Similar comparisons using the oat data showed high correlations between observed and predicted values, although the predictions were no more accurate than for wheat; however, when data describing four samples of naked oats were removed, the correlations were reduced substantially. Comparisons involving data for the hulled oats indicated that most equations were able to predict AME better than TME. Multiple regression analysis was used to identify those combinations of variables best able to predict TME data. No combination of variables was best for both wheat and oats. The combinations of variables used in published equations performed quite well. With four variables, the percentage of the TME variation explained was as high as 52 for wheat, 82 for oats and 64 for hulled oats. Predictions based on air-dry data are associated with higher correlations than those based on dry matter data, but the air-dry predictions are the less useful in practice. The reason for this is discussed.

High-resolution densitometry: analysis of stained albumin bands as a model for electrophoresis of serum proteins.

1984 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 847-850 ◽  
Author(s):  
D J Epstein ◽  
W E Neeley
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Serum Proteins ◽  
Protein Electrophoresis ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Rectangular Slit ◽  
New Instrument ◽  
Densitometry Analysis ◽  
Photodiode Array ◽  
Improved Accuracy

Abstract In discussing the principles of quantitative analysis in thin-layer media, we show that requirements for quantitative analysis are not satisfied when stained protein electrophoretic bands are scanned with a conventional rectangular-slit densitometer. We investigated a high-resolution densitometer based on a linear photodiode array as an alternative analytical tool, using stained electrophoretic bands of radio-labeled human serum albumin as a simplified model for results of serum protein electrophoresis. Identical protein bands scanned with both the high-resolution densitometer and a conventional densitometer were quantified with improved accuracy and precision by the new instrument. We also used the high-resolution densitometer to develop a computer model for performance characteristics of a rectangular-slit densitometer.

A Force Control Joint for Robot–Environment Contact Application

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qilong Wang ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Xilun Ding ◽  
Chao Yun
Keyword(s):  
Force Control ◽  
Model Simulation ◽  
Industrial Robot ◽  
Artificial Muscle ◽  
Hysteresis Model ◽  
Link Length ◽  
Nonlinear Hysteresis ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Parallel Configuration ◽  
Improved Accuracy

Accurate and robust force control is still a great challenge for robot–environment contact applications, such as in situ repair, polishing, and assembly. To tackle this problem, this paper proposes a force control joint with a parallel configuration, including two identical four-bar linkages driven by linear springs to push up the output end of the joint, and a parallel-connected pneumatic artificial muscle (PAM) to pull down its output end. In the new design, the link length of the linkages will be optimized to make the difference between the profile of the linkage and that of PAM constant within the limits of the joint given the force–displacement profile of PAM at a certain level of its input pressure. Furthermore, PAM's nonlinear hysteresis effect, which is believed to limit the accuracy of the joint's force control, will be represented by a new dynamics model that is to be developed from the classical Bouc–Wen (BW) hysteresis model. Simulation tests are then conducted to reveal that the adoption of the PAM hysteresis model yields improved accuracy of force control, and a series of curve trajectory tracking experiments are performed on a six-joint universal industrial robot to verify that the parallel force control joint is capable to enhance force control accuracy for robot contact applications.

Validation of the New Gamma Exponent Model for Axial Crack Assessment in Oil and Gas Pipelines

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin Scott
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Mathematical Form ◽  
Gas Pipelines ◽  
New Model ◽  
Service Failures ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Oil And Gas Pipelines ◽  
Axial Crack ◽  
Failure Predictions ◽  
Improved Accuracy

Abstract In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the researchers of the NG-18 committee at the Battelle Institute in Columbus, Ohio completed a seminal study on the failure pressures of flaws in oil and gas pipelines. One of the key developments was the “log-secant” equation for the assessment of axial crack-like flaws. The model was later modified to improve its accuracy and precision. The Gamma Exponent Model (GEM) was recently developed for assessment of axial crack-like flaws in pipelines. The developer recognized that the NG-18 log-secant model was theoretically derived on length, and then empirically corrected for depth. The new GEM was theoretically derived on depth, and then empirically corrected for length. The new model is similar in mathematical form to the original NG-18 log-secant model, but there are some key differences. This work is a validation study of the GEM using axial crack failure pressure data from the industry literature. Laboratory tests with machined flaws, and hydrotest and in-service failures with natural metallurgical flaws, are also considered. The results of the GEM are compared to the equivalent failure predictions using other models. The strengths and limitations of the new model are discussed in the context of improved accuracy and precision for crack assessments.

scholarly journals A NanoSIMS 50 L Investigation into Improving the Precision and Accuracy of the 235U/238U Ratio Determination by Using the Molecular 235U16O and 238U16O Secondary Ions

Minerals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 307 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Zirakparvar ◽  
Cole Hexel ◽  
Andrew Miskowiec ◽  
Julie Smith ◽  
Michael Ambrogio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reference Materials ◽  
The Other ◽  
Primary Beam ◽  
Uranium Compounds ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Secondary Ions ◽  
Precision And Accuracy ◽  
Improved Accuracy ◽  
Secondary Ion ◽  
238U Ratio

A NanoSIMS 50 L was used to study the relationship between the 235U/238U atomic and 235U16O/238U16O molecular uranium isotope ratios determined from a variety of uranium compounds (UO2, UO2F2, UO3, UO2(NO3)2·6(H2O), and UF4) and silicates (NIST-610 glass and the Plesovice zircon reference materials, both containing µg/g uranium). Because there is typically a greater abundance of 235U16O+ and 238U16O+ molecular secondary ions than 235U+ and 238U+ atomic ions when uranium-bearing materials are sputtered with an oxygen primary ion beam, the goal was to understand whether use of 235U16O/238U16O has the potential for improved accuracy and precision when compared to the 235U/238U ratio. The UO2 and silicate reference materials showed the greatest potential for improved accuracy and precision through use of the 235U16O/238U16O ratio as compared to the 235U/238U ratio. For the UO2, which was investigated at a variety of primary beam currents, and the silicate reference materials, which were only investigated using a single primary beam current, this improvement was especially pronounced at low 235U+ count rates. In contrast, comparison of the 235U16O/238U16O ratio versus the 235U/238U ratio from the other uranium compounds clearly indicates that the 235U16O/238U16O ratio results in worse precision and accuracy. This behavior is based on the observation that the atomic (235U+ and 238U+) to molecular (235U16O+ and 238U16O+) secondary ion production rates remain internally consistent within the UO2 and silicate reference materials, whereas it is highly variable in the other uranium compounds. Efforts to understand the origin of this behavior suggest that irregular sample surface topography, and/or molecular interferences arising from the manner in which the UO2F2, UO3, UO2(NO3)2·6(H2O), and UF4 were prepared, may be a major contributing factor to the inconsistent relationship between the observed atomic and molecular secondary ion yields. Overall, the results suggest that for certain bulk compositions, use of the 235U16O/238U16O may be a viable approach to improving the precision and accuracy in situations where a relatively low 235U+ count rate is expected.

Improved Accuracy and Precision in the Determination of Association Constants

1996 ◽  
Vol 68 (18) ◽  
pp. 3274-3276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shirley M. Hoenigman ◽  
Christine E. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Association Constants ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Improved Accuracy

scholarly journals Null Sex Differences in General Intelligence: Evidence from the WAIS-III

2002 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Colom ◽  
Luis F. García ◽  
Manuel Juan-Espinosa ◽  
Francisco J. Abad
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Cognitive Test ◽  
General Intelligence ◽  
General Ability ◽  
Test Specificity ◽  
The Difference

There is an increasing number of studies claiming that the sex differences in general intelligence are “real.” The empirical evidence is based on the summation of the standardized sex differences in several cognitive batteries. However, the scientific construct of general ability rests on the correlations among test scores, rather than on their summation. The latter (ability in general) is an arbitrary variable, not a scientific construct. General ability is not a function of any particular cognitive test, but a source of variance evidenced by the correlation between several diverse tests, each of which reflects general ability (g) to some extent, but also group factors and test specificity. Because there are important educational, economic, and social consequences of a group difference in general ability, it is especially germane to evaluate the possibility of an average sex difference in its proxy measures, such as IQ. The Spanish standardization of the WAIS-III is analyzed in the present study. The sample was made up of 703 females and 666 males, aged 15-94, drawn as a representative sample of the population in terms of educational level and geographical location. Although a male advantage of 3.6 IQ points is observed, the difference is in “ability in general,” not in “general ability” (g). Given that the main ingredient of the strong association between IQ and a broad range of social correlates is g, and given that there is no sex difference in g, then the average IQ sex-difference favoring males must be attributed to specific group factors and test specificity.

scholarly journals The influence of spatio-temporal resource fluctuations on insular rat population dynamics

2011 ◽  
Vol 279 (1729) ◽  
pp. 767-774 ◽  
Author(s):  
James C. Russell ◽  
Lise Ruffino
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Resource Availability ◽  
Rattus Rattus ◽  
Resource Subsidies ◽  
Driven Systems ◽  
Resource Pulses ◽  
State Capture ◽  
Main Driver ◽  
Capture Recapture ◽  
Spatio Temporal

Local spatio-temporal resource variations can strongly influence the population dynamics of small mammals. This is particularly true on islands which are bottom-up driven systems, lacking higher order predators and with high variability in resource subsidies. The influence of resource fluctuations on animal survival may be mediated by individual movement among habitat patches, but simultaneously analysing survival, resource availability and habitat selection requires sophisticated analytical methods. We use a Bayesian multi-state capture–recapture model to estimate survival and movement probabilities of non-native black rats ( Rattus rattus ) across three habitats seasonally varying in resource availability. We find that survival varies most strongly with temporal rainfall patterns, overwhelming minor spatial variation among habitats. Surprisingly for a generalist forager, movement between habitats was rare, suggesting individuals do not opportunistically respond to spatial resource subsidy variations. Climate is probably the main driver of rodent population dynamics on islands, and even substantial habitat and seasonal spatial subsidies are overwhelmed in magnitude by predictable annual patterns in resource pulses. Marked variation in survival and capture has important implications for the timing of rat control.

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