Black Carbon Particles Needs Attention in Climate Change Mitigation Policies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ram Lal Verma ◽  
Balram Ambade
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Black Carbon ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Climate Change Mitigation ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Paris Agreement ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Health Security ◽  
Change Mitigation

Abstract Climate change poses enormous challenges to human civilization in food security, water security, and health security. Anthropogenic emissions of Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) are made responsible for climate change. The climate change mitigation agreements and treaties, from the Kyoto Protocol (1997) to the Paris Agreement (2015), are mainly focusing on emission reduction of GHGs. The Copenhagen Accord (2009) set the target of emission reduction of GHGs to the level of 1990, intending to keep the global warming below 2-degree centigrade (°C) above the temperature level of the pre-industrial era. The Paris Agreement (2015) further pursued efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C by reducing emissions of GHGs to 40 Gigatonne (Gt CO-eq) by 2030. However, assuming the countries will achieve the target of emission reduction of GHGs by 2030, the target of keeping global warming below 1.5°C is unlikely to achieve because the Paris Agreement (2015) has not included emission reduction of black carbon (BC) particles in the intergovernmental negotiation. The BC particles are strong climate warming agents whose climate forcing is more than half of that of carbon dioxide (CO2) – the main GHG. This article argues for the inclusion of BC mitigation measures in the climate change mitigation measures. As BC also causes severe health impacts, BC mitigation will bring multiple co-benefits for health and environment, including a quick fixing of climate change problems in a few weeks, since the residence time of BC in the atmosphere is about a week.

scholarly journals Mitigation efforts will not fully alleviate the increase in water scarcity occurrence probability in wheat-producing areas

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. eaau2406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miroslav Trnka ◽  
Song Feng ◽  
Mikhail A. Semenov ◽  
Jørgen E. Olesen ◽  
Kurt Christian Kersebaum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Climate Change Mitigation ◽  
Paris Agreement ◽  
Representative Concentration Pathway ◽  
Occurrence Probability ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Change Mitigation

Global warming is expected to increase the frequency and intensity of severe water scarcity (SWS) events, which negatively affect rain-fed crops such as wheat, a key source of calories and protein for humans. Here, we develop a method to simultaneously quantify SWS over the world’s entire wheat-growing area and calculate the probabilities of multiple/sequential SWS events for baseline and future climates. Our projections show that, without climate change mitigation (representative concentration pathway 8.5), up to 60% of the current wheat-growing area will face simultaneous SWS events by the end of this century, compared to 15% today. Climate change stabilization in line with the Paris Agreement would substantially reduce the negative effects, but they would still double between 2041 and 2070 compared to current conditions. Future assessments of production shocks in food security should explicitly include the risk of severe, prolonged, and near-simultaneous droughts across key world wheat-producing areas.

scholarly journals Developing a Set of Criteria for Prioritising GHG Emission Reduction Measures in Metallurgical Sector

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuan Truong Tran ◽  
Tran THANH HA ◽  
Le THANH NGHI ◽  
Nguyen NHU HUNG ◽  
Do THI THANH NGA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Climate Change Mitigation ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Consultation Process ◽  
Iron And Steel ◽  
Mitigation Options ◽  
Metallurgical Sector ◽  
Change Mitigation

Prioritizing climate change mitigation measures could help to identify most feasible or most nationally appropriated mitigation actions. This process can also provide important inputs for the development of national climate change strategies or policies. The paper applies Delphi method to prioritize criteria for potential climate change mitigation technology in the metallurgical sector in Vietnam. The consultation process has been done with ten experts in only two cycle to reach Kendall (W) value over 0.5. Then, 11 out of 21 criteria have been selected for Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) in prioritizing mitigation options in iron and steel, lead, zinc, tin and aluminium productions. Mitigation options with highest scores will be proposed for mitigation target of the metallurgical sector which could be inputs for NDC of industrial sector. The selected criteria include 01 indicator in emission reduction (GPT1), 01 indicator in environmental impacts (MT1), 01 indicators in social impacts (XH3), 02 indicators in economic impacts (KT1, KT2), 02 indicators in sustainable development impacts (PTBV1, PTBV2) and 04 indicators in MRV (MRV1, MRV2, MRV3, MRV4).

scholarly journals Transitioning to Low-Carbon Economies under the 2030 Agenda: Minimizing Trade-Offs and Enhancing Co-Benefits of Climate-Change Action for the SDGs

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 10774
Author(s):  
Gabriela Ileana Iacobuţă ◽  
Niklas Höhne ◽  
Heleen Laura van Soest ◽  
Rik Leemans
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Climate Change Mitigation ◽  
Policy Design ◽  
Paris Agreement ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
2030 Agenda ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Change Mitigation

The 2030 Agenda with its Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Paris Agreement on climate change were adopted in 2015. Although independently defined, the two agreements are strongly interlinked. We developed a framework that scores the impacts of climate-change actions on all SDG targets based on directionality (i.e., trade-offs or co-benefits) and likelihood of occurrence (i.e., ubiquitous or context-dependent), and categorizes them by dependence on four key context dimensions—geographical, governance, time horizon and limited natural resources. Through an extensive literature review, we found that climate-change mitigation measures directly affect most SDGs and their targets, mostly through co-benefits. Improving energy efficiency, reducing energy-services demand and switching to renewables provide the most co-benefits. In contrast, carbon capture and storage and nuclear energy likely lead to multiple trade-offs. We show how understanding the relevant context dimensions facilitates policy design and policy mixes that enhance co-benefits and minimize trade-offs. Finally, by assessing the prevalence of climate-change mitigation measures in G20 countries, we found that measures with more co-benefits are more frequently adopted. Our study advances the knowledge of climate–SDG interactions, contributing to climate and sustainable development governance research, and facilitating policy design for a joint implementation of the Paris Agreement and the 2030 Agenda.

scholarly journals Model Cities for Resilience: Climate-led Initiatives

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-58
Author(s):  
Didem Gunes Yilmaz ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Climate Change Mitigation ◽  
Sustainable Cities ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Urban Water Management ◽  
Model Cities ◽  
Taking Action ◽  
Change Mitigation

Paris Agreement of December 2015 was the last official initiative led by the United Nations (UN) as the driver of climate change mitigation. Climate change was hence linked with an increase in the occurrence of natural hazards. A variety of initiatives were consequently adopted under different themes such as sustainable cities, climate-friendly development and low-carbon cities. However, most of the initiatives targeted by global cities with urban areas being the focus in terms of taking action against global warming issues. This is due to the structural and environmental features of cities characterized by being populated, as such, they not only generate a large number of carbon emissions but also happens to be the biggest consumer of natural resources. In turn, they create a microclimate, which contributes to climate change. Masdar City, for example, was designed as the first fully sustainable urban area, which replaced fuel-based energy with the electric-based energy. China, as another example, introduced the Sponge Cities action, a method of urban water management to mitigate against flooding. Consequently, architects and urban planners are urged to conform to the proposals that would mitigate global warming. This paper, as a result, examines some of the models that have been internationally adopted and thereafter provide the recommendations that can be implemented in large urban areas in Turkey, primarily in Istanbul.

Introduction

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Eelco J. Rohling
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Paris Agreement ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Is Implementation

This chapter outlines the challenge facing us. The Paris Agreement sets a target maximum of 2°C global warming and a preferred limit of 1.5°C. Yet, the subsequent combined national pledges for emission reduction suffice only for limiting warming to roughly 3°C. And because most nations are falling considerably short of meeting their pledges, even greater warming may become locked in. Something more drastic and wide-ranging is needed: a multi-pronged strategy. These different prongs to the climate-change solution are introduced in this chapter and explored one by one in the following chapters. First is rapid, massive reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Second is implementation of ways to remove greenhouse gases from the atmosphere. Third may be increasing the reflectivity of Earth to incoming sunlight, to cool certain places down more rapidly. In addition, we need to protect ourselves from climate-change impacts that have already become inevitable.

scholarly journals Two Faces of Foreign Affairs Federalism and What They Mean for Climate Change Mitigation

AJIL Unbound ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 112 ◽  
pp. 274-278
Author(s):  
Jean Galbraith
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climate Change Mitigation ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Paris Agreement ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Outer Face ◽  
Legal Practice ◽  
Combat Climate Change ◽  
International Engagement ◽  
Change Mitigation

President Trump has done the impossible: he has made the international community enthusiastic about U.S. federalism. Even as they express dismay at Trump's plan to abandon the Paris Agreement, foreign leaders and internationalists have praised the efforts of  U.S. states and cities to combat climate change mitigation in accordance with the Agreement's goals. These leaders are responding to what I will call the outer face of foreign affairs federalism—the direct international engagement undertaken by U.S. states and cities. This outer face has gained visibility in recent years, spurred on not only by the exigencies of climate but also by developments in legal practice. Less noticed internationally but of great practical importance is the inner face of foreign affairs federalism—the ways in which U.S. states and cities interact with the federal government. In this contribution, I first describe these two faces of foreign affairs federalism as they relate to climate and then suggest some ways in which foreign leaders and internationalists could expand the outer face and respond to the inner face.

scholarly journals Finnish Students’ Knowledge of Climate Change Mitigation and Its Connection to Hope

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 2181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilkka Ratinen ◽  
Satu Uusiautti
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Secondary Students ◽  
Climate Change Mitigation ◽  
Meaning Making ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Change Mitigation

Climate change is a global concern, and the need to address it is urgent. Therefore, climate change education has been developed in recent years. Meaning making, coping strategies, and solution-oriented climate education tasks enable and maintain hope for positive results with regard to climate change. However, there is still uncertainty as to how students’ knowledge of climate change mitigation measures affects their attitudes. In the present study, elementary and secondary students in Finland (n = 950) responded to an online questionnaire. A principal component analysis, a hierarchical regression analysis, a correlation coefficients, a t-test, and a Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance were used for the analysis to understand what kind of hope students had towards climate change and how their knowledge and optimism regarding climate change affected their hope. The data revealed that the students had a relatively high constructive hope rather than denial hope when it comes to climate change. Additionally, this hope was not built on a minimisation of climate change. The results indicated that the significant predictors for climate change mitigation were gender, climate change knowledge, and constructive hope. A typology of student positions with regard to climate change is introduced as conclusions.

scholarly journals Comparative Assessment of Climate Change Mitigation Policies in Fuel Combustion Sector of Lithuania and Bulgaria

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 529
Author(s):  
Asta Mikalauskiene ◽  
Justas Štreimikis ◽  
Ignas Mikalauskas ◽  
Gintarė Stankūnienė ◽  
Rimantas Dapkus
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Climate Change Mitigation ◽  
Fuel Combustion ◽  
Comparative Assessment ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Change Mitigation ◽  
Mitigation Policies

The paper performed comparative assessment of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission trends and climate change mitigation policies in the fuel combustion sector of selected EU member states with similar economic development levels and historical pasts, and implementing main EU energy and climate change mitigation policies, having achieved different success in GHG emission reduction. The impact of climate change mitigation policies on GHG emission reduction was assessed based on analysis of countries’ reports to UNFCCC by identifying the key areas of GHG emission reduction, their GHG emission reduction potential, and the driving forces behind them. The study revealed that climate change mitigation policies that have been implemented so far in Bulgaria are less efficient than in Lithuania, as Bulgaria places priorities not on energy efficiency improvement and penetration of renewable energy sources, but on switching from coal to natural gas. The policy implications for strengthening GHG emissions reduction efforts are provided based on analysis conducted.

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