scholarly journals Did Negative News Regarding the Oxford AstraZeneca Vaccine end in Vaccine Hesitancy? A Repeated Cross-Section Event Study from the UK

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Comerford ◽  
Olivia Olivarius ◽  
David Bell ◽  
Alison Dawson ◽  
Tamara Brown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Media Coverage ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Vaccine Safety ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Online Search ◽  
Blood Clots ◽  
Negative News ◽  
Headline News ◽  
The Uk

Abstract Vaccine hesitancy is influenced by perceived risk and benefits. On March 15th 2021 various countries suspended use of the Oxford AstraZeneca vaccine against Covid-19 following deaths arising from blood clots. The story became headline news and online search querying vaccine safety increased. What happened to Covid-19 vaccine intentions? We were collecting relevant data at the time. Our survey asked UK adults if they intended to get the vaccine and measured their attitudes towards it. Data collection from respondents before coverage of the story reached its peak (March 12th-15th; n = 241) was compared with responses after the peak (March 17th; n = 305). Our data show no reductions in intentions or attitudes. Our study is uniquely positioned to analyse real-world responses and indicates that media coverage of this story did not reduce intention to take up the vaccine in the UK.

scholarly journals Did Negative News Regarding the Oxford AstraZeneca Vaccine end in Vaccine Hesitancy? A Repeated Cross-Section Event Study from the UK

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Comerford ◽  
Olivia Olivarius ◽  
David Bell ◽  
Alison Dawson ◽  
Tamara Brown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Media Coverage ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Vaccine Safety ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Online Search ◽  
Blood Clots ◽  
Negative News ◽  
Headline News ◽  
The Uk

Abstract Vaccine hesitancy is influenced by perceived risk and benefits. On March 15th 2021 various countries suspended use of the Oxford AstraZeneca vaccine against Covid-19 following deaths arising from blood clots. The story became headline news and online search querying vaccine safety increased. What happened to Covid-19 vaccine intentions? We were collecting relevant data at the time. Our survey asked UK adults if they intended to get the vaccine and measured their attitudes towards it. Data collection from respondents before coverage of the story reached its peak (March 12th-15th; n = 241) was compared with responses after the peak (March 17th; n = 305). Our data show no reductions in intentions or attitudes. Our study is uniquely positioned to analyse real-world responses and indicates that media coverage of this story did not reduce intention to take up the vaccine in the UK.

scholarly journals How Did a Change in Regulatory Guidance regarding the AstraZeneca Vaccine impact Vaccine Hesitancy? A Repeated Cross-Section Event Study from the UK

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Comerford
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Vaccine Safety ◽  
Baseline Period ◽  
Front Page ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Regulatory Guidance ◽  
Blood Clots ◽  
Vaccine Impact ◽  
Headline News ◽  
The Uk

Abstract On April 7th 2021 the UK regulator recommended against delivering the Oxford AstraZeneca vaccine (AZ vaccine) to those under-30 if an alternative vaccine could be offered instead. The news followed deaths arising from blood clots and a suspension of use of the AZ vaccine by various other countries. The story became headline news and online search querying vaccine safety increased. What happened to Covid-19 vaccine intentions and attitudes? I collected relevant data the day after the story hit the front page. I asked UK adults if they intended to get the vaccine and measured their attitudes towards it (after revision period: n = 502). I compare these data against two previous waves that used precisely the same methods of data collection (see Comerford et al., 2021). The first was taken before stories linking the AZ vaccine to bloodclots had been reported (baseline period: March 12th -15th ; n = 241). The second was taken after the AZ bloodclot story led EU countries to suspend use of the vaccine but before UK regulator changed guidance (before revision period: March 17th ; n = 305). The data show no change in intentions or attitudes in the sample as a whole, nor in the subgroups who we would expect to be most affected by the UK regulators’ guidance (under-30s and those aged 30–40).

scholarly journals Determinants of COVID-19 Vaccination Willingness among Health Care Workers: A Quick Online Survey in India

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 445-452
Author(s):  
Rajesh Kumar ◽  
Kalpana Beniwal ◽  
Yogesh Bahurupi ◽  
Ravi Kant ◽  
Mukesh Bairwa
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Workers ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Vaccine Safety ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Multinomial Regression ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Care Workers

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused a large number of deaths along with severe socio-economic effects. The vaccine is considered to be the last hope to control viral transmission. This study aimed to explore the determinants of health care workers’ (HCWs) willingness to take the COVID-19 vaccination.Methods: A structured, pre-validated, and pre-tested questionnaire was administered online to 599 HCWs including physicians, residents, and nurses from different types of healthcare set-ups across India. Information was collected regarding vaccine acceptability, attitude toward vaccination, and reasons for hesitancy. The chi-square test, followed by multinomial regression analysis, was applied to determine the factors associated with HCWs’ vaccination willingness.Results: It was found that 73 % (n=437) of HCWs were willing to accept the vaccines, while 10.85% (n=65) refused and 16.2% (n=96) needed more time to decide. Gender (P<0.001), occupation (P=0.040), working as front-line workers (P=0.008), vaccine manufacturing country preferences (P<0.001), and perceived risk of catching COVID-19 in the next 6 months (P=0.005) had a significant association with intent to receive vaccination (the response were “yes” vs. “no” and “not sure”). The reasons for vaccine hesitancy were vaccine safety and efficacy concerns, antivaccine attitude and beliefs, personal choice, and not wanting to take a vaccine before others.Conclusion: The majority of HCWs agreed to take COVID-19 vaccines once available. Nevertheless, providing support to manage evolving vaccine environments will help change the perception of HCWs who refuse or are reluctant to take the vaccines.

COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among individuals with cancer, autoimmune diseases, and other serious comorbid conditions: A cross-sectional internet-based survey (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Tsai ◽  
John Hervey ◽  
Kathleen Hoffman ◽  
Jessica Wood ◽  
John Novack ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Native American ◽  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Media Coverage ◽  
Safety Data ◽  
Vaccine Safety ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Comorbid Conditions ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Chronic Lung Diseases

BACKGROUND Individuals with comorbid conditions have been disproportionately affected by COVID-19. Since regulatory clinical trials with COVID-19 vaccines excluded those with immunocompromising conditions, few patients with cancer and autoimmune diseases were enrolled. With limited vaccine safety data available, vulnerable populations may have conflicted vaccine attitudes. OBJECTIVE To assess the incidence and reasons for COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and to assess early vaccine safety. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional internet-based survey, fielded January 15, 2021 through February 22, 2021, with international participation (74% USA). A random sample of members of Inspire, an online health community of over 2.2 million individuals with comorbid conditions, completed a 55-item online survey. RESULTS 21,943 individuals completed the survey (100% with comorbidities including 27% cancer, 23% autoimmune diseases, 38% chronic lung diseases). 10% declared they would not, 4% stated they probably would not, and 5% were not sure they would agree to vaccination (hesitancy rate 19%). Factors associated with hesitancy included younger age, female gender, black-Pacific-Island-Native American heritage, less formal education, conservative political tendencies, resistance to masks or routine influenza vaccinations, and distrust of media coverage. 5501 (25%) had received at least one COVID-19 vaccine injection, including 29% of US participants. Following the first injection, 69% self-reported local and 40% systemic reactions, which increased following the second injection to 76% and 67%, respectively, with patterns mimicking clinical trials. CONCLUSIONS Nearly one in five individuals with serious comorbid conditions harbor COVID-19 hesitancy. Early safety experiences among those who have been vaccinated should be reassuring.

scholarly journals Confidence and Receptivity for COVID-19 Vaccines: A Rapid Systematic Review

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Cheryl Lin ◽  
Pikuei Tu ◽  
Leslie M. Beitsch
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Survey Design ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Vaccine Safety ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Vaccine Acceptance ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Political Interference ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Vaccine Mandates

While COVID-19 continues raging worldwide, effective vaccines are highly anticipated. However, vaccine hesitancy is widespread. Survey results on uptake intentions vary and continue to change. This review compared trends and synthesized findings in vaccination receptivity over time across US and international polls, assessing survey design influences and evaluating context to inform policies and practices. Data sources included academic literature (PubMed, Embase, and PsycINFO following PRISMA guidelines), news and official reports published by 20 October 2020. Two researchers independently screened potential peer-reviewed articles and syndicated polls for eligibility; 126 studies and surveys were selected. Declining vaccine acceptance (from >70% in March to <50% in October) with demographic, socioeconomic, and partisan divides was observed. Perceived risk, concerns over vaccine safety and effectiveness, doctors’ recommendations, and inoculation history were common factors. Impacts of regional infection rates, gender, and personal COVID-19 experience were inconclusive. Unique COVID-19 factors included political party orientation, doubts toward expedited development/approval process, and perceived political interference. Many receptive participants preferred to wait until others have taken the vaccine; mandates could increase resistance. Survey wording and answer options showed influence on responses. To achieve herd immunity, communication campaigns are immediately needed, focusing on transparency and restoring trust in health authorities.

scholarly journals Jab My Arm, Not My Morality: Perceived Moral Reproach as a Barrier to COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel L. Rosenfeld ◽  
A. Janet Tomiyama
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Vaccine Safety ◽  
Vaccine Uptake ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Moral Cognition ◽  
Total N ◽  
The Public ◽  
Relevant Variables ◽  
Upward Social Comparison

Vaccinating the public against COVID-19 is critical for pandemic recovery, yet a large proportion of people remain unwilling to get vaccinated. Beyond known factors like perceived vaccine safety or COVID-19 risk, an overlooked sentiment contributing to vaccine hesitancy may rest in moral cognition. Specifically, we theorize that a factor fueling hesitancy is perceived moral reproach: the feeling, among unvaccinated people, that vaccinated people are judging them as immoral. Through a highly powered, preregistered study of unvaccinated U.S. adults (total N = 846), we found that greater perceived moral reproach independently predicted stronger refusal to get vaccinated against COVID-19, over and above other relevant variables. Of 22 predictors tested, perceived moral reproach was the fifth strongest—stronger than perceived risk of COVID-19, underlying health conditions status, and trust in scientists. These findings suggest that considering the intersections of morality and upward social comparison may help to explain vaccine hesitancy.

scholarly journals Determinants of COVID-19 Vaccine Behaviour Intentions Among The Youth In Kenya: A Vaccine Pre-Introduction Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joachim O. Osur ◽  
Rehema Chengo ◽  
Evelyne Muinga ◽  
Jackline Kemboi ◽  
Myriam Sidibe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Vaccine Safety ◽  
Mass Vaccination ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract Background: COVID-19 has become a public health concern globally with increased numbers of cases of the disease and deaths reported daily. The key strategy for the prevention of COVID-19 disease is to enhance mass COVID-19 vaccination. However, mass vaccination faces challenges of hesitation to acceptance of the vaccine in the community. The youths may not be among the vulnerable population to adverse effects of COVID-19 but are highly susceptible to contracting the virus. The aim of the study was to assess COVID-19 vaccine youth behavior intentions and their determinants in Kenya. Methods: The study used a mixed method study design, employing a cross-sectional survey and focused group discussions across 47 counties in Urban, Peri-Urban and Rural settings. The interviewees were youths aged 18-35, registered in online platforms that included Shujaaz, Brck Moja, Aiffluence, Y Act and Heroes for Change. Quantitative data was collected using Google docs while the Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were done virtually. A total of 637 interviews and 4 FGDs were done. Quantitative data was analysed using STATA version 16. Qualitative data was analyzed using MAXQDA software.Results: The findings of the study indicated that only 42% of the youths were ready to be vaccinated, 52% were not ready to be vaccinated adopting wait and see approach to what happens to those who had received the vaccine, and 6% were totally not willing to be vaccinated. The determinants of behavior intention among the youths were; the perceived effects the vaccine on health, lack of adequate information about the COVID-19 vaccine, too much conflicting information about COVID-19 vaccine from the social media, religion, education level, perceived risk of contracting the COVID-19 disease, efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccine, gender, trust in the ministry of health, and the belief that the COVID-19 vaccine was harmful to the populations.Conclusion: The Vaccine hesitancy among the youths was found to be 58%. The Hesitancy is higher among females, protestants, those with post-secondary education. Lack of information and concerns around vaccine safety and effectiveness were main cause of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among the youths. Social media was the major source of information contributing to hesitancy. Other contributors included; low trust in the MoH, belief that mass vaccination is not helpful

Studies on Thrombolysis with Streptokinase

1971 ◽  
Vol 25 (02) ◽  
pp. 354-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Gottlob ◽  
L Stockinger ◽  
U Pötting ◽  
G Schattenmann
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Jugular Vein ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
The Third ◽  
Morphological Findings ◽  
Blood Clots ◽  
Arteries And Veins

SummaryIn vitro whole blood clots of various ages, experimental thrombi produced in the jugular vein of rabbits and human thrombi from arteries and veins were examined in semi-thin sections and by means of electron microscopy.In all types of clots examined a typical course of retraction was found. Retraction starts with a dense excentrical focus which grows into a densification ring. After 24 hours the entire clot becomes almost homogeneously dense; later a secondary swelling sets in.Shortly after coagulation the erythrocytes on the rim of the clot are bi-concave discs. They then assume the shape of crenate spheres, turn into smooth spheres and finally become indented ghosts which have lost the largest part of their contents. In the inner zone, which makes up the bulk of the clot, we observed bi-concave discs prior to retraction. After retraction we see no crenations but irregularly shaped erythrocytes. Once the secondary swelling sets in, the cross-section becomes polygonal and later spherical. After extensive hemolysis we observe the “retiform thrombus” made up of ghosts.Experimental and clinical thrombi present the same morphology but are differentiated from in vitro clots by: earlier hemolysis, immigration of leukocytes, formation of a rim layer consisting of fibrin and thrombocytes, and the symptoms of organization. Such symptoms of organization which definitely will prevent lysis with streptokinase were found relatively late in experimental and clinical thrombi. Capillary buds and capillary loops were never found in clinical thrombi prior to the third month.The morphological findings agree with earlier physical and enzymatic investigations. The observation that phenomena of reorganization occur relatively late and frequently only in the rim areas of large thrombi explains why lytic therapy is possible in some of the chronic obliterations.

scholarly journals Willingness to Receive the COVID-19 and Seasonal Influenza Vaccines among the Saudi Population and Vaccine Uptake During the Initial Stage of the National Vaccination Campaign: A Cross-Sectional Survey

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 765
Author(s):  
Amel Ahmed Fayed ◽  
Abeer Salem Al Shahrani ◽  
Leenah Tawfiq Almanea ◽  
Nardeen Ibrahim Alsweed ◽  
Layla Mohammed Almarzoug ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Seasonal Influenza ◽  
Vaccination Campaign ◽  
Vaccine Uptake ◽  
Influenza Vaccines ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
To Receive

This study aimed to assess the willingness to receive the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and seasonal influenza vaccines and vaccine uptake during the early stage of the national vaccination campaign in Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional online survey was conducted among adult Saudis between 20 January and 20 March 2021. The questionnaire addressed vaccine hesitancy, perceived risk, willingness, and vaccine uptake. Approximately 39% of the participants expressed vaccine hesitancy, and 29.8% and 24% felt highly vulnerable to contracting COVID-19 and seasonal influenza, respectively. The majority (59.5%) were willing to receive the COVID-19 vaccine, although only 31.7% were willing to receive the flu vaccine. Adjusted analysis showed that vaccine hesitancy (OR 0.34, 95% CI 0.27–0.43) and the perception of being at high risk (OR 2.78, 95% CI 1.68–4.60) independently affected the intention to be vaccinated. Vaccine hesitancy was similar among those who were willing to be vaccinated (29.8%) and those who had already been vaccinated (33.1%). The perceived risk was significantly higher among those who had been vaccinated (48.1%) than among those who were willing to be vaccinated but had not yet been vaccinated (29.1%). In conclusion, the acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine in Saudi Arabia is high. Saudis who received the vaccine had a similar level of vaccine hesitancy and a higher level of perceived risk.

scholarly journals Healthcare Providers’ Vaccine Perceptions, Hesitancy, and Recommendation to Patients: A Systematic Review

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 713
Author(s):  
Cheryl Lin ◽  
Jewel Mullen ◽  
Danielle Smith ◽  
Michaela Kotarba ◽  
Samantha J. Kaplan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Risk ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Vaccine Safety ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Attitudes And Practices ◽  
Inadequate Knowledge ◽  
Vaccine Confidence ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Demographic Impact

Despite vaccines’ effectiveness in reducing the rate of preventable diseases, vaccine hesitancy has threatened public health and economies worldwide. Healthcare providers’ (HCP) communications and behavior strongly influence patient receptivity and uptake. The goal of this review was to examine HCP vaccine perceptions, knowledge, and reservations and how these attitudes affect their recommendations and vaccination practices. Primary research studies published by 16 September 2020 were searched in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, CINAHL, and PsycINFO. A 14-item scale was developed for survey study and risk of bias appraisal (SSRBA). In total, 96 papers from 34 countries were included, covering 17 vaccines (HPV and influenza vaccines the most studied). Recommendation was positively associated with provider knowledge and experience, beliefs about disease risk, and perceptions of vaccine safety, necessity, and efficacy. HCP vaccination attitudes and practices varied across specialties, vaccines, and countries; demographic impact was inconclusive. Barriers included anticipation of patient/parental concerns or refusal, lacking clear guidelines, time constraints, and cost. For HPV, vaccines were more often recommended to older, female adolescents and by physicians who discussed sexual health. HCPs are vital advocates for patients and the public, but studies indicated a prevalence of provider hesitancy pertaining to inadequate knowledge, low vaccine confidence, and suboptimal uptake themselves. Improving HCP knowledge and assuring their access to information they deem trustworthy are essential to supporting HCPs‘ role as “trusted messengers” to promote vaccine acceptance.

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