scholarly journals iTRAQ-based comparative proteomic analysis of differences in the protein profiles of stems and leaves from two alfalfa genotypes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Sun ◽  
Jie Yu ◽  
Fan Zhang ◽  
Junmei Kang ◽  
Mingna Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Development ◽  
Proteomic Analysis ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Carbon Fixation ◽  
Chlorophyll Biosynthesis ◽  
Chlorophyll Synthesis ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Pathway ◽  
Chlorophyll Metabolism ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Proteomic Study

Abstract Background: To explore the molecular regulatory mechanisms of early stem and leaf development, proteomic analysis was performed on leaves and stems of F genotype alfalfa, with thin stems and small leaves, and M genotype alfalfa, with thick stems and large leaves.Results: Based on fold-change thresholds of >1.20 or <0.83 (p<0.05), a large number of proteins were identified as being differentially enriched between the M and F genotypes: 249 downregulated and 139 upregulated in stems and 164 downregulated and 134 upregulated in leaves. The differentially enriched proteins in stems were mainly involved in amino acid biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, carbon fixation, and phenylalanine metabolism. The differentially enriched proteins in leaves were mainly involved in porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, starch and sucrose metabolism, and carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms. Six differentially enriched proteins were mapped onto the porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism pathway in leaves of the M genotype, including five upregulated proteins involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis and one downregulated protein involved in chlorophyll degradation. Eleven differentially enriched proteins were mapped onto the phenylpropanoid pathway in stems of the M genotype, including two upregulated proteins and nine downregulated proteins. Conclusion: Enhanced chlorophyll synthesis and decreased lignin synthesis provided a reasonable explanation for the larger leaves and lower levels of stem lignification in M genotype alfalfa. This proteomic study aimed to classify the functions of differentially enriched proteins and to provide information on the molecular regulatory networks involved in stem and leaf development.

scholarly journals iTRAQ-based comparative proteomic analysis of differences in the protein profiles of stems and leaves from two alfalfa genotypes

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Sun ◽  
Jie Yu ◽  
Fan Zhang ◽  
Junmei Kang ◽  
Mingna Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Development ◽  
Proteomic Analysis ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Carbon Fixation ◽  
Chlorophyll Biosynthesis ◽  
Chlorophyll Synthesis ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Pathway ◽  
Chlorophyll Metabolism ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Proteomic Study

Abstract Background To explore the molecular regulatory mechanisms of early stem and leaf development, proteomic analysis was performed on leaves and stems of F genotype alfalfa, with thin stems and small leaves, and M genotype alfalfa, with thick stems and large leaves. Results Based on fold-change thresholds of > 1.20 or < 0.83 (p < 0.05), a large number of proteins were identified as being differentially enriched between the M and F genotypes: 249 downregulated and 139 upregulated in stems and 164 downregulated and 134 upregulated in leaves. The differentially enriched proteins in stems were mainly involved in amino acid biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, carbon fixation, and phenylalanine metabolism. The differentially enriched proteins in leaves were mainly involved in porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, starch and sucrose metabolism, and carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms. Six differentially enriched proteins were mapped onto the porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism pathway in leaves of the M genotype, including five upregulated proteins involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis and one downregulated protein involved in chlorophyll degradation. Eleven differentially enriched proteins were mapped onto the phenylpropanoid pathway in stems of the M genotype, including two upregulated proteins and nine downregulated proteins. Conclusion Enhanced chlorophyll synthesis and decreased lignin synthesis provided a reasonable explanation for the larger leaves and lower levels of stem lignification in M genotype alfalfa. This proteomic study aimed to classify the functions of differentially enriched proteins and to provide information on the molecular regulatory networks involved in stem and leaf development.

scholarly journals iTRAQ-based comparative proteomic analysis of differences in the protein profiles of stems and leaves from two alfalfa genotypes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Sun ◽  
Jie Yu ◽  
Fan Zhang ◽  
Junmei Kang ◽  
Mingna Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Development ◽  
Proteomic Analysis ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Carbon Fixation ◽  
Chlorophyll Biosynthesis ◽  
Chlorophyll Synthesis ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Pathway ◽  
Chlorophyll Metabolism ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Proteomic Study

Abstract Background: To explore the molecular regulatory mechanisms of early stem and leaf development, proteomic analysis was performed on leaves and stems of F genotype alfalfa, with thin stems and small leaves, and M genotype alfalfa, with thick stems and large leaves.Results: Based on fold-change thresholds of >1.20 or <0.83 (p<0.05), a large number of proteins were identified as being differentially enriched between the M and F genotypes: 249 downregulated and 139 upregulated in stems and 164 downregulated and 134 upregulated in leaves. The differentially expressed proteins in stems were mainly involved in amino acid biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, carbon fixation, and phenylalanine metabolism. The differentially enriched proteins in leaves were mainly involved in porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, starch and sucrose metabolism, and carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms. Six differentially enriched proteins were mapped onto the porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism pathway in leaves of the M genotype, including five upregulated proteins involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis and one downregulated protein involved in chlorophyll degradation. Eleven differentially enriched proteins were mapped onto the phenylpropanoid pathway in stems of the M genotype, including two upregulated proteins and nine downregulated proteins.Conclusion: Enhanced chlorophyll synthesis and decreased lignin synthesis provided a reasonable explanation for the larger leaves and lower levels of stem lignification in M genotype alfalfa. This proteomic study aimed to classify the functions of differentially enriched proteins and to provide information on the molecular regulatory networks involved in stem and leaf development.

scholarly journals iTRAQ-based comparative proteomic analysis of differences in the protein profiles of stems and leaves from two alfalfa genotypes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Sun ◽  
Jie Yu ◽  
Fan Zhang ◽  
Junmei Kang ◽  
Mingna Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Development ◽  
Proteomic Analysis ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Carbon Fixation ◽  
Chlorophyll Biosynthesis ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Pathway ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Differentially Expressed Proteins ◽  
Chlorophyll Metabolism ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis

Abstract Background: To explore the molecular regulatory mechanisms of early stem and leaf development, proteomic analysis was performed on leaves and stems of F genotype alfalfa, with thin stems and small leaves, and M genotype alfalfa, with thick stems and large leaves. Results: Based on fold-change thresholds of >1.20 or <0.83 ( p <0.05), a large number of proteins were identified as being differentially enriched between the M and F genotypes: 249 downregulated and 139 upregulated in stems and 164 downregulated and 134 upregulated in leaves. The differentially expressed proteins in stems were mainly involved in amino acid biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, carbon fixation, and phenylalanine metabolism. The differentially expressed proteins in leaves were mainly involved in porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, starch and sucrose metabolism, and carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms. Six differentially enriched proteins were mapped onto the porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism pathway in leaves of the M genotype, including five upregulated proteins involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis and one downregulated protein involved in chlorophyll degradation. Eleven differentially enriched proteins were mapped onto the phenylpropanoid pathway in stems of the M genotype, including two upregulated proteins and nine downregulated proteins. Conclusion: Enhanced chlorophyll synthesis and decreased lignin synthesis provided a reasonable explanation for the larger leaves and lower levels of stem lignification in M genotype alfalfa. This proteomic study aimed to classify the functions of differentially enriched proteins and to provide information on the molecular regulatory networks involved in stem and leaf development.

scholarly journals iTRAQ-based Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Differences in the Protein Profiles of Stems and Leaves From Two Alfalfa Genotypes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Sun ◽  
Jie Yu ◽  
Fan Zhang ◽  
Junmei Kang ◽  
Mingna Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Development ◽  
Proteomic Analysis ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Carbon Fixation ◽  
Chlorophyll Biosynthesis ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Pathway ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Differentially Expressed Proteins ◽  
Chlorophyll Metabolism ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis

Abstract Background:To explore the molecular regulatory mechanisms of early stem and leaf development, proteomic analysis was performed on leaves and stems of F genotype alfalfa, with thin stems and small leaves, and M genotype alfalfa, with thick stems and large leaves.Results:Based on fold-change thresholds of >1.20 or <0.83 (p<0.05), a large number of proteins were identified as being differentially enriched between the M and F genotypes: 249 downregulated and 139 upregulated in stems and 164 downregulated and 134 upregulated in leaves. The differentially expressed proteins in stems were mainly involved in amino acid biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, carbon fixation, and phenylalanine metabolism. The differentially expressed proteins in leaves were mainly involved in porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, starch and sucrose metabolism, and carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms. Six differentially enriched proteins were mapped onto the porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism pathway in leaves of the M genotype, including five upregulated proteins involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis and one downregulated protein involved in chlorophyll degradation. Eleven differentially enriched proteins were mapped onto the phenylpropanoid pathway in stems of the M genotype, including two upregulated proteins and nine downregulated proteins.Conclusion:Enhanced chlorophyll synthesis and decreased lignin synthesis provided a reasonable explanation for the larger leaves and lower levels of stem lignification in M genotype alfalfa. This proteomic study aimed to classify the functions of differentially enriched proteins and to provide information on the molecular regulatory networks involved in stem and leaf development.

scholarly journals iTRAQ-based Proteomic Analysis of a Chlorophyll-Deficient Mutant Caused by Single Base Change in RPS4 of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica Campestris L. ssp. Pekinensis)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoyan Tang ◽  
Fengyan Shi ◽  
Yiheng Wang ◽  
Shengnan Huang ◽  
Ying Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Cabbage ◽  
Proteomic Analysis ◽  
Ribosomal Proteins ◽  
Carbon Fixation ◽  
Chlorophyll Biosynthesis ◽  
Multiple Reaction Monitoring ◽  
Base Substitution ◽  
Deficient Mutant ◽  
Chlorophyll Metabolism ◽  
A Genome

Abstract Background: Plastids are important plant-cell organelles containing a genome and bacterial-type 70S ribosomes—primarily composed of plastid ribosomal proteins and ribosomal RNAs. In this study, a chlorophyll-deficient mutant (cdm) obtained from double-haploid Chinese cabbage ‘FT’ was identified as a plastome mutant with an A-to-C base substitution in the plastid gene encoding the ribosomal protein RPS4. To further elucidate the function and regulatory mechanisms of RPS4, a comparative proteomic analysis was conducted between cdm and ‘FT’ plants using isobaric tags and a relative and absolute quantitation by (iTRAQ)-based strategy.Results: A total of 6,245 proteins were identified, 540 of which were differentially expressed (DEPs) in the leaves of cdm as compared to those of ‘FT’—including 233 upregulated and 307 downregulated proteins. Upregulated DEPs were mainly involved in translation, organic nitrogen synthesis, ribosomes, and spliceosomes. Meanwhile, downregulated DEPs were mainly involved in photosynthesis, photosynthetic reaction centres, photosynthetic light harvesting, carbon fixation, and chlorophyll binding. Our findings indicate an important role of RPS4 in the regulation of growth and development of Chinese cabbage, possibly by regulating plastid translation activity by affecting the expression of specific photosynthesis- and cold stress-related proteins. Moreover, a multiple reaction monitoring test and quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction analysis confirmed our iTRAQ results.Conclusions: Quantitative proteomic analysis allowed us to confirm diverse changes in the metabolic pathways between cdm and ‘FT’ plants. Gene Ontology and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses revealed that DEPs were significantly associated with photosynthesis, chlorophyll metabolism, carbon metabolism, RNA transport, glucosinolate biosynthesis, and gene splicing. This work provides new insights into the regulation of chlorophyll biosynthesis and photosynthesis in Chinese cabbage.

scholarly journals Transcriptome Analysis of Differentially Expressed Genes in Wild Jujube Seedlings under Salt Stress

2020 ◽  
Vol 145 (3) ◽  
pp. 174-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinyi Chang ◽  
Junli Sun ◽  
Lianling Liu ◽  
Wang He ◽  
Baolong Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Differentially Expressed Genes ◽  
Transcriptome Sequencing ◽  
Carbon Fixation ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Chlorophyll Synthesis ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Chlorophyll Metabolism ◽  
Photosynthetic Antenna

Wild jujube (Ziziphus acidojujuba) and cultivated jujube (Ziziphus jujuba) belong to the family Rhamnaceae. Jujubes have marked drought- and salt-tolerant properties. After salt stress, wild jujube seedling growth was inhibited and photosynthetic efficiency was reduced. A bioinformatics approach was used to analyze the transcriptomics data from wild jujube seedlings grown under salt stress, and the genes differentially expressed under the salt stress were identified to provide a theoretical basis for the development and use of wild jujube plantations in salinized soil. The transcriptome sequencing from leaves of wild jujube seedlings was carried out using second-generation sequencing technology. The effects of salt stress on the differential expression of photosynthesis-related genes in wild jujube seedlings were analyzed. Transcriptome sequencing revealed a total of 5269 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), of which 2729 were up-regulated and 2540 were down-regulated. DEGs were mainly enriched with respect to photosynthesis, photosynthetic antenna proteins, glyoxylic acid and dicarboxylic acid metabolism, linolenic acid metabolism, cysteine and methionine metabolism, and porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism. Among them, the photosynthesis pathway-related DEGs were most highly enriched. Further analysis of porphyrin and chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthesis-related pathways revealed that they were significantly enriched by 97 photosynthesis-related DEGs. The DEGs in the photosynthesis and photosynthetic antenna protein pathways were down-regulated, whereas the DEGs glutamyl-tRNA reductase (HEMA), ferrochelatase (HEMH), and pheophorbide a oxygenase (PAO) in the porphyrin and chlorophyll synthesis pathways were up-regulated, with the remainder being down-regulated. The nuclear gene encoding Rubisco, the key enzyme in the photosynthetic carbon fixation pathway, was also down-regulated. The results showed that the photosynthetic rate of wild jujube seedlings decreased following exposure to salinity stress, an effect that was related to the increased synthesis of 5-aminolevulinic acid and heme, and the up-regulation of expression of a gene encoding a chlorophyll-degrading enzyme, and was related to the down-regulation of gene expression in photosynthesis-related pathways such as light energy capture and carbon fixation. Selection of nine DEGs related to photosynthesis and chlorophyll biosynthesis by quantitative real-time-PCR confirmed that expression changes of these nine DEGs were consistent with the transcriptome sequencing results.

scholarly journals Comparative Proteomic Analysis Reveals the Regulatory Effects of H2S on Salt Tolerance of Mangrove Plant Kandelia obovata

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi-Ling Liu ◽  
Zhi-Jun Shen ◽  
Martin Simon ◽  
Huan Li ◽  
Dong-Na Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Proteomic Analysis ◽  
Carbon Fixation ◽  
Triosephosphate Isomerase ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Chlorophyll Biosynthesis ◽  
Primary Metabolism ◽  
Kandelia Obovata ◽  
Mangrove Species ◽  
Mangrove Plant

As a dominant mangrove species, Kandelia obovata is distributed in an intertidal marsh with an active H2S release. Whether H2S participates in the salt tolerance of mangrove plants is still ambiguous, although increasing evidence has demonstrated that H2S functions in plant responses to multiple abiotic stresses. In this study, NaHS was used as an H2S donor to investigate the regulatory mechanism of H2S on the salt tolerance of K. obovata seedlings by using a combined physiological and proteomic analysis. The results showed that the reduction in photosynthesis (Pn) caused by 400 mM of NaCl was recovered by the addition of NaHS (200 μM). Furthermore, the application of H2S enhanced the quantum efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) and the membrane lipid stability, implying that H2S is beneficial to the survival of K. obovata seedlings under high salinity. We further identified 37 differentially expressed proteins by proteomic approaches under salinity and NaHS treatments. Among them, the proteins that are related to photosynthesis, primary metabolism, stress response and hormone biosynthesis were primarily enriched. The physiological and proteomic results highlighted that exogenous H2S up-regulated photosynthesis and energy metabolism to help K. obovata to cope with high salinity. Specifically, H2S increased photosynthetic electron transfer, chlorophyll biosynthesis and carbon fixation in K. obovata leaves under salt stress. Furthermore, the abundances of other proteins related to the metabolic pathway, such as antioxidation (ascorbic acid peroxidase (APX), copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (CSD2), and pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (PDX1)), protein synthesis (heat-shock protein (HSP), chaperonin family protein (Cpn) 20), nitrogen metabolism (glutamine synthetase 1 and 2 (GS2), GS1:1), glycolysis (phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) and triosephosphate isomerase (TPI)), and the ascorbate–glutathione (AsA–GSH) cycle were increased by H2S under high salinity. These findings provide new insights into the roles of H2S in the adaptations of the K. obovata mangrove plant to high salinity environments.

scholarly journals Transcriptomic Analyses Reveal Leaf Colour Changes and L-theanine Accumulation in Variegated Tea

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nianci Xie ◽  
Chenyu Zhang ◽  
Pinqian Zhou ◽  
Xizhi Gao ◽  
Shuanghong Tian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Chlorophyll Biosynthesis ◽  
Colour Change ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Chlorophyll Synthesis ◽  
Chloroplast Biogenesis ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Chlorophyll Metabolism ◽  
Leaf Colour ◽  
Depth Study

Abstract Background Camellia sinensis ‘Yanlinghuayecha’ (YHC) is a variegated mutant developed recently in China. To dissect the physiological and molecular mechanisms of leaf variegation, we compared the leaf pigmentation, cellular ultrastructure, amino acid content, and transcriptome between the albino (A), mosaic (M), and green (G) sectors.Results The contents of photosynthetic pigments were significantly lower in sector A and higher in sector G than in sector M. Chloroplasts with well-organized thylakoids were found only in the mesophyll cells of the G sector but not in those of the A sector. The A sector had a significantly higher content of total and free amino acids. In particular, the levels of theanine, glutamate, and alanine in the A sector were higher than those in the G sector. Transcriptomics analysis showed that a total of 44,908 unique transcripts were identified. Comparing the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the three sectors, we conducted an in-depth study on chloroplast biogenesis, chlorophyll biosynthesis, and theanine synthesis pathways. The expression of CsPPOX in “porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism” was significantly downregulated in the A sector. CsLHCB6 in “Photosynthesis - antenna proteins” and CsSCY1 in “Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum”, both of which were associated with chloroplast biogenesis, were significantly downregulated in the A sector. The expression of CsTS1 was notably upregulated in the A sector.Conclusion Taken together, variegation alters the gene activities involved in chloroplast biogenesis, and our results suggest that leaf colour change in the A sector incorporates three aspects compared with that in the G sector: (1) Decreased CsPPOX expression slows the rate of chlorophyll synthesis, resulting in a decrease in chlorophyll content; (2) downregulated expression of CsLHCB6 and CsSCY1 inhibits chloroplast biogenesis, decreasing thylakoid morphogenesis and grana stacking; and (3) the metabolic flow of glutamate changes, possibly from chlorophyll biosynthesis to theanine biosynthesis. The accumulation of precursor synthetic substances and the high expression of CsTS1 generates a high theanine content. These analyses provide valuable insights into variegation in tea plants with regard to leaf colour change and L-theanine accumulation.

scholarly journals Comparative proteomic analysis of vancomycin-sensitive and vancomycin-intermediate resistant S. aureus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
XiaoXue Ma ◽  
Jian Hu ◽  
Jia Xu ◽  
XinJun Han ◽  
YaLi Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Proteomic Analysis ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Cell Metabolism ◽  
Bioinformatic Analysis ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Proteomic Approach ◽  
Proteomic Study ◽  
And Function ◽  
Further Development

The extensive use of vancomycin has led to the development of MRSA ( methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus ) strains with varying degrees of resistance to vancomycin. Accumulation of surplus cell wall material, decreased cross-linking of peptidoglycan, and/ or other cell wall alterations has been put forward to explain the VISA phenotype. To our knowledge, the protein profiles of hVISA and VISA strains are rarely analyzed via quantitative comparative proteomics. In this study, we subjected subcellular fractions isolated from two isogenic S. aureus strains ( vancomycin-intermediate resistant S. aureus ) to proteomic analysis, using an integrated quantitative proteomic approach assisted by bioinformatic analysis. In total,128 up-regulated proteins ( mainly AhpC, Adh, ArgF et al.) were identified,21 down-regulated proteins ( mainly LtaS, SdrD, MsrR, MsrB, OatA et al.) were obtained. The largest group of differentially expressed proteins is composed of enzymic proteins associated with metabolic and catalytic activity, which accounts for 50% and 51% of the total proteins, respectively.Some proteins which take an indispensable part in the regulatory networks of S. aureus with vancomycin treatment are related to Cell wall metabolism ( MurA ) , Cell adhesion ( SdrC, SdrD, ClfA , ClfB ) , Proteolysis ( Atl, LytM, SceD ) and Pressure response ( MsrA , MsrB, AhpC ) process.In conclusion, our proteomic study revealed regulatory proteins associated with vancomycin resistance in S. aureus, and some of these proteins are involved in the regulation of cell metabolism and function, providing protential targets for further development of drug resistance strategies.

scholarly journals Comparative transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of the green and white parts of chimeric leaves in Ananas comosus var. bracteatus

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e7261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanbin Xue ◽  
Jun Ma ◽  
Yehua He ◽  
Sanmiao Yu ◽  
Zhen Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Posttranscriptional Regulation ◽  
Carbon Fixation ◽  
Chlorophyll Biosynthesis ◽  
Photosynthetic Pigment ◽  
Ananas Comosus ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Chlorophyll Metabolism ◽  
Transcriptional Changes ◽  
Albino Phenotype ◽  
Proteomic Analyses

Background Ananas comosus var. bracteatus has high ornamental value due to its chimeric leaves. However, the chimeric trait is very unstable in red pineapple plants, and transcriptional variation between the two types of cells (white/green cells) and the molecular mechanism responsible for their albino phenotype remain poorly understood. Methods Comparative transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of the white parts (Whs) and green parts (Grs) of chimeric leaves were performed. Results In total, 1,685 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (712 upregulated and 973 downregulated) and 1,813 differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) (1,018 with low abundance and 795 with high abundance) were identified. Based on Gene Ontology (Go) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses, the DEGs were mostly involved in carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms, porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation, while proteomic analysis revealed that DAPs were mostly related to ribosomes, photosynthesis, photosynthesis antennas, and porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism. Combined analysis showed increased mRNA levels but low abundance of nine proteins level in Whs /Grs related to photosynthetic pigment and photosynthesis. Transcriptional changes, posttranscriptional regulation and translational alterations of key enzymes involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis and photosynthesis may play important roles in the albino parts of chimeric leaves.

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