scholarly journals Chemically Characterized Nanoencapsulated Homalomena aromatica Schott. Essential oil as Green Preservative Against Fungal and Aflatoxin B1 Contamination of Stored Spices based on in Vitro and in Situ Efficacy and Favourable Safety Profile on Mice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shikha Tiwari ◽  
Neha Upadhyay ◽  
Bijendra Kumar Singh ◽  
Vipin Kumar Singh ◽  
Nawal Kishore Dubey
Keyword(s):  
Free Radical ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Absorbing Materials ◽  
Favourable Safety ◽  
Favourable Safety Profile

Abstract Present study deals with the efficacy of nanoencapsulated Homalomena aromatica essential oil (HAEO) as a potent green preservative against toxigenic Aspergillus flavus strain (AF-LHP-NS 7), AFB1 and free radical mediated deterioration of stored spices. GC-MS analysis revealed linalool (68.51%) as the major component of HAEO. HAEO was encapsulated into chitosan nanomatrix (CS-HAEO-Ne) and characterized through SEM, FTIR and XRD. CS-HAEO-Ne completely inhibited A. flavus growth and AFB1 biosynthesis at 1.25 µL/mL and 1.0 µL/mL, respectively in comparison to unencapsulated HAEO (1.75 µL/mL and 1.25 µL/mL respectively). CS-HAEO-Ne exhibited superior antioxidant efficacy (IC50 (DPPH) = 4.5 µL/mL) over unencapsulated HAEO (IC50 (DPPH) = 15.9 µL/mL). Further, CS-HAEO-Ne caused significant reduction in ergosterol content in treated A. flavus and provoked leakage of cellular ions (Ca+ 2, Mg+ 2 and K+) as well as 260 nm and 280 nm absorbing materials. Depletion of methylglyoxal level in treated A. flavus cells deals with the novel antiaflatoxigenic efficacy of CS-HAEO-Ne. CS-HAEO-Ne depicted excellent in situ efficacy by inhibiting mold attack and AFB1 contamination, mineral preservation and acceptable sensorial profile. Moreover, broad safety paradigm (LD50 value = 8006.84 µL/kg) of CS-HAEO-Ne also suggest it as novel green preservative to enhance shelf life of stored spices.

scholarly journals Chemical Composition and Antifungal Activity of Ocimum basilicum L. Essential Oil

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 374-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neveen Helmy Abou El-Soud ◽  
Mohamed Deabes ◽  
Lamia Abou El-Kassem ◽  
Mona Khalil
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Ocimum Basilicum ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Oil Concentration

BACKGROUND: The leaves of Ocimum basilicum L. (basil) are used in traditional cuisine as spices; its essential oil has found a wide application in perfumery, dental products as well as antifungal agents.AIM: To assess the chemical composition as well as the in vitro antifungal activity of O. basilicum L. essential oil against Aspergillus flavus fungal growth and aflatoxin B1 production.MATERIAL AND METHODS: The essential oil of O. basilicum was obtained by hydrodistillation and analysed using gas chromatography (GC) and GC coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The essential oil was tested for its effects on Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus) mycelial growth and aflatoxin B1 production in Yeast Extract Sucrose (YES) growth media. Aflatoxin B1 production was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).RESULTS: Nineteen compounds, representing 96.7% of the total oil were identified. The main components were as follows: linalool (48.4%), 1,8-cineol (12.2%), eugenol (6.6%), methyl cinnamate (6.2%), α-cubebene (5.7%), caryophyllene (2.5%), β-ocimene (2.1%) and α-farnesene (2.0%).The tested oil showed significant antifungal activity that was dependent on the used oil concentration. The complete inhibition of A. flavus growth was observed at 1000 ppm oil concentration, while marked inhibition of aflatoxin B1 production was observed at all oil concentrations tested (500, 750 and 1000 ppm).CONCLUSION: These results confirm the antifungal activities of O. basilicum L. oil and its potential use to cure mycotic infections and act as pharmaceutical preservative against A. flavus growth and aflatoxin B1 production.

scholarly journals Impacts of Climate Change Interacting Abiotic Factors on Growth, aflD and aflR Gene Expression and Aflatoxin B1 Production by Aspergillus flavus Strains In Vitro and on Pistachio Nuts

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 385
Author(s):  
Alaa Baazeem ◽  
Alicia Rodriguez ◽  
Angel Medina ◽  
Naresh Magan
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Gene Expression ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Pistachio Nuts ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Spoilage Fungi

Pistachio nuts are an important economic tree nut crop which is used directly or processed for many food-related activities. They can become colonized by mycotoxigenic spoilage fungi, especially Aspergillus flavus, mainly resulting in contamination with aflatoxins (AFs), especially aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). The prevailing climate in which these crops are grown changes as temperature and atmospheric CO2 levels increase, and episodes of extreme wet/dry cycles occur due to human industrial activity. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of interacting Climate Change (CC)-related abiotic factors of temperature (35 vs. 37 °C), CO2 (400 vs. 1000 ppm), and water stress (0.98–0.93 water activity, aw) on (a) growth (b) aflD and aflR biosynthetic gene expression and (c) AFB1 production by two strains A. flavus (AB3, AB10) in vitro on milled pistachio-based media and when colonizing layers of shelled raw pistachio nuts. The A. flavus strains were resilient in terms of growth on pistachio-based media and the colonisation of pistachio nuts with no significant difference when exposed to the interacting three-way climate-related abiotic factors. However, in vitro studies showed that AFB1 production was significantly stimulated (p < 0.05), especially when exposed to 1000 ppm CO2 at 0.98–0.95 aw and 35 °C, and sometimes in the 37 °C treatment group at 0.98 aw. The relative expression of the structural aflD gene involved in AFB1 biosynthesis was decreased or only slightly increased, relative to the control conditions at elevated CO, regardless of the aw level examined. For the regulatory aflR gene expression, there was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in 1000 ppm CO2 and 37 °C for both strains, especially at 0.95 aw. The in situ colonization of pistachio nuts resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) stimulation of AFB1 production at 35 °C and 1000 ppm CO2 for both strains, especially at 0.98 aw. At 37 °C, AFB1 production was either decreased, in strain AB3, or remained similar, as in strain AB10, when exposed to 1000 ppm CO2. This suggests that CC factors may have a differential effect, depending on the interacting conditions of temperature, exposure to CO2 and the level of water stress on AFB1 production.

scholarly journals Ibrexafungerp: A First-in-Class Oral Triterpenoid Glucan Synthase Inhibitor

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabelle Jallow ◽  
Nelesh P. Govender
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Candida Spp ◽  
Fungal Cell ◽  
Favourable Safety ◽  
Favourable Safety Profile ◽  
Synthase Inhibitor ◽  
Increased Activity ◽  
In Vitro Data

Ibrexafungerp (formerly SCY-078 or MK-3118) is a first-in-class triterpenoid antifungal or “fungerp” that inhibits biosynthesis of β-(1,3)-D-glucan in the fungal cell wall, a mechanism of action similar to that of echinocandins. Distinguishing characteristics of ibrexafungerp include oral bioavailability, a favourable safety profile, few drug–drug interactions, good tissue penetration, increased activity at low pH and activity against multi-drug resistant isolates including C. auris and C. glabrata. In vitro data has demonstrated broad and potent activity against Candida and Aspergillus species. Importantly, ibrexafungerp also has potent activity against azole-resistant isolates, including biofilm-forming Candida spp., and echinocandin-resistant isolates. It also has activity against the asci form of Pneumocystis spp., and other pathogenic fungi including some non-Candida yeasts and non-Aspergillus moulds. In vivo data have shown IBX to be effective for treatment of candidiasis and aspergillosis. Ibrexafungerp is effective for the treatment of acute vulvovaginal candidiasis in completed phase 3 clinical trials.

scholarly journals In vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essential oil of Craniotome furcata

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Free Radical ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Radical Cation ◽  
Steam Distillation ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Aerial Parts ◽  
Tube Dilution

The aim of present study was, to investigate the essential oil of Craniotome furcata for its antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. The essential oil was obtained by steam distillation of the flowering aerial parts of C. furcata. The oil was tested for its antimicrobial activity in vitro against four Gram-positive, four Gram-negative bacteria and three fungi, by using disk diffusion and tube dilution methods. The antioxidant potential of the essential oil was investigated by two different models DPPH free radical and ABTS free radical cation scavenging. The essential oil was effective against all the tested microorganisms, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranged from 4.11±1.44 to 0.30±0.10 mg/ml. The oil showed antioxidant activity in DPPH free radical and ABTS free radical cation scavenging model. The results of this study revealed that the essential oil of C. furcata possesses antimicrobial and antioxidant activities.

scholarly journals Impact of essential oils of clove Syzygium aromaticum in rats exposed to stress by nickel

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-241
Author(s):  
Djallal E. H. ADLI ◽  
Karima GRELE ◽  
Amine H. BORSALI ◽  
Mostapha BRAHMI ◽  
Wafaa ARABI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Free Radical ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Antioxidant Defense System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme Activities ◽  
Syzygium Aromaticum ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Scavenging Capacity

The mechanisms that cause nickel (Ni) toxicity are multiple and potentially affect all cells in the body. For this purpose, we were interested in the oxidative stress induced by the Ni at the erythrocyte level at a dose of 2 g/l during the gestation and lactation period in the Wistar rats and the capacity of the clove essential oil, Syzygium aromaticum, (CEO) to restore or not this state of stress. Extraction of the CEO by hydro-distillation allowed us to obtain a CEO with a yield of 10.60% and the characterization of this essential oil by GC-MS indicates that the major components of this oil are: Eugenol (80.95%), eugenyl acetate (10.48%), β-caryophyllene (7.21%) and α-humulene (0.87%). The antioxidant activity of the CEO made in vitro showed a free radical scavenging capacity DPPH with an IC 50 of the order of 25.60 μg/ml. In addition, analysis of the erythrocyte antioxidant status indicated that Ni significantly increased the enzymatic activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and significantly decreased the enzymatic activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), resulting in dysfunction of the antioxidant defense system. On the other hand, the administration of CEO by intraperitoneal (IP) over a period of 21 days to rats previously intoxicated with Ni, indicates that this CEO contributes significantly in improving defenses against free radical aggression, through a recovery. At the level of antioxidant enzyme activities by increasing their abilities to eliminate radical compounds.

scholarly journals GC/MS analysis, antimicrobial and in vitro anti-cholinesterase activities of the essential oil from Buddleja asiatica

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 891
Author(s):  
Farman Ali Khan ◽  
Abdul Khaliq Jan ◽  
Nasir Mehmood Khan ◽  
Nayab Ali Khan ◽  
Shahnaz Khan
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Major Constituent ◽  
Shigella Boydii ◽  
Cholinesterase Activities ◽  
Mass Spectrometery

<p><em>Buddleja asiatica</em> essential oil from the leaves by hydrodistillation was subjected to gas chromatography/mass spectrometery analysis which revealed the presence of 17 constituents out of which 14 were identified as: four monoterpenes hydrocarbons, four oxygenated monoterpenes, one hydrocarbon sesquiterpenes and five oxygenated sesquiterpenes. The major constituent being found was 1,8-cineole (38.1%) while β-sinensal, 1, 10-seco-1-hydroxy-calamenen-10-one and α-phellandrene were found to be in 11.8%, 10.2% and 5.8%, respectively. The essential oil exhibited 66% strong antibacterial activity against <em>Shigella boydii</em> while in fungicidal assay, it revealed an outstanding 79% inhibition against <em>Aspergillus flavus</em>. The essential oil showed outstanding acetylcholinesterase (IC<sub>50 </sub>5.2 μM) and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory effect (IC<sub>50</sub> 27.9 μM) as compared to standard drugs respectively.</p><p> </p>

scholarly journals Antifungal activity of Cymbopogon citratus essential oil against Aspergillus flavus

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Ana Paula Martinazzo ◽  
Filipe Da Silva de Oliveira ◽  
Carlos Eduardo de Souza Teodoro
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Cymbopogon Citratus ◽  
Object Of Study ◽  
Corn Kernels

The search for alternatives for the control of microbiological contamination in foods has been the object of study in different scientific areas. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil in controlling the growth of the fungus Aspergillus flavus in three types of analysis: first, by in vitro tests, in essential oil doses between 0.2 and 1.0 μL/ml; second, by serial microdilution to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration, in doses between 0.1 and 1.2 μL/mL; and third, by inhibition of fungal growth in corn kernels contaminated using essential oil doses of 0.4, 0.7, and 1.0 μL/mL, in the incubation times of 14, 28, and 42 days. The in vitro tests showed that the essential oil controlled the fungus from doses of 0.6 μL/mL, but the dose of 1.0 μL/mL controlled 100% growth until day eight of incubation, from which it decreased. The minimum inhibitory concentration for the microdilution analysis was 0.9 μL/mL. The evaluation of the corn kernels for all doses of essential oil and times tested showed 100% inhibition of the fungal growth.

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