scholarly journals Effects of calcium level and source, formic acid, and phytase on phytate degradation and the microbiota in the digestive tract of broiler chickens

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jochen Krieg ◽  
Daniel Borda-Molina ◽  
Wolfgang Siegert ◽  
Vera Sommerfeld ◽  
Yung Ping Chi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Lactobacillus Reuteri ◽  
Inositol Phosphate ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Dietary Concentration

Abstract Background: Diet acidification, dietary calcium (Ca) level, and phytase supplementation are known influences on the microbial community in the digestive tract and on phosphorus (P) utilization of broiler chickens. Effects of dietary factors and microbiota on P utilization may be linked because microorganisms produce enzymes that release P from phytate (InsP6), the main source of P in plant feedstuffs. This study aimed to detect linkages between microbiota and InsP6 degradation by acidifying diets (i.e., replacing Ca carbonate (CaCO3) by Ca formate or adding formic acid to CaCO3-containing diets), varying Ca levels, and supplementing phytase in a three-factorial design. We investigated i) the microbial community and pH in the digestive tract, ii) prececal (pc) P and Ca digestibility, and iii) InsP6 degradation.Results: All factors under investigation influenced digesta pH and the microbiota composition. Predicted functionality and relative abundance of microorganisms indicated that diets influenced the potential contribution of the microbiota on InsP degradation. Values of InsP6 degradation and relative abundance of the strains Lactobacillus johnsonii and Lactobacillus reuteri were correlated. Phytase supplementation increased pc InsP6 disappearance, with differences between Ca levels, and influenced concentrations of lower inositol phosphate isomers in the digestive tract. Formic acid supplementation increased pc InsP6 degradation to myo-inositol. Replacing CaCO3 by Ca-formate and the high level of these Ca sources reduced pc InsP6 disappearance, except when the combination of CaCO3+formic acid was used. Supplementing phytase to CaCO3+formic acid led to the highest InsP6 disappearance (52%) in the crop and increased myo-inositol concentration in the ileum digesta. Supplementing phytase leveled the effect of high Ca content on pc InsP6 disappearance. Conclusions: The results point towards a contribution of changing microbial community on InsP6 degradation in the crop and up to the terminal ileum. This is indicated by relationships between InsP6 degradation and relative abundance of phosphatase-producing strains. Functional predictions supported influences of microbiota on InsP6 degradation. The extent of such effects remains to be clarified. InsP6 degradation may also be influenced by variation of pH caused by dietary concentration and solubility of the Ca in the feed.

scholarly journals Effects of calcium level and source, formic acid, and phytase on phytate degradation and the microbiota in the digestive tract of broiler chickens

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jochen Krieg ◽  
Daniel Borda-Molina ◽  
Wolfgang Siegert ◽  
Vera Sommerfeld ◽  
Yung Ping Chi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Lactobacillus Reuteri ◽  
Inositol Phosphate ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Dietary Concentration

Abstract Background Diet acidification, dietary calcium (Ca) level, and phytase supplementation are known influences on the microbial community in the digestive tract and on phosphorus (P) utilization of broiler chickens. Effects of dietary factors and microbiota on P utilization may be linked because microorganisms produce enzymes that release P from phytate (InsP6), the main source of P in plant feedstuffs. This study aimed to detect linkages between microbiota and InsP6 degradation by acidifying diets (i.e., replacing Ca carbonate (CaCO3) by Ca formate or adding formic acid to CaCO3-containing diets), varying Ca levels, and supplementing phytase in a three-factorial design. We investigated i) the microbial community and pH in the digestive tract, ii) prececal (pc) P and Ca digestibility, and iii) InsP6 degradation. Results All factors under investigation influenced digesta pH and the microbiota composition. Predicted functionality and relative abundance of microorganisms indicated that diets influenced the potential contribution of the microbiota on InsP degradation. Values of InsP6 degradation and relative abundance of the strains Lactobacillus johnsonii and Lactobacillus reuteri were correlated. Phytase supplementation increased pc InsP6 disappearance, with differences between Ca levels, and influenced concentrations of lower inositol phosphate isomers in the digestive tract. Formic acid supplementation increased pc InsP6 degradation to myo-inositol. Replacing CaCO3 by Ca-formate and the high level of these Ca sources reduced pc InsP6 disappearance, except when the combination of CaCO3 + formic acid was used. Supplementing phytase to CaCO3 + formic acid led to the highest InsP6 disappearance (52%) in the crop and increased myo-inositol concentration in the ileum digesta. Supplementing phytase leveled the effect of high Ca content on pc InsP6 disappearance. Conclusions The results point towards a contribution of changing microbial community on InsP6 degradation in the crop and up to the terminal ileum. This is indicated by relationships between InsP6 degradation and relative abundance of phosphatase-producing strains. Functional predictions supported influences of microbiota on InsP6 degradation. The extent of such effects remains to be clarified. InsP6 degradation may also be influenced by variation of pH caused by dietary concentration and solubility of the Ca in the feed.

scholarly journals Effects of calcium level and source, acidification, and phytase on phytate degradation and the microbiota in the digestive tract of broiler chickens

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jochen Krieg ◽  
Daniel Borda-Molina ◽  
Wolfgang Siegert ◽  
Vera Sommerfeld ◽  
Yung Ping Chi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Inositol Phosphate ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Ph Effects ◽  
Dietary Concentration ◽  
P Utilization

Abstract Background Diet acidification, dietary calcium ( Ca ) level, and phytase supplementation are known influences on the microbial community in the digestive tract and on phosphorus ( P ) utilization of broiler chickens. Effects of dietary factors and microbiota on P utilization may be linked because microorganisms produce enzymes that release P from phytate ( InsP 6 ), the main source of P in plant feedstuffs. This study aimed to detect linkages between microbiota and InsP 6 degradation by acidifying diets (i.e., replacing Ca carbonate (CaCO 3 ) by Ca formate or adding formic acid to CaCO 3 -containing diets), varying Ca levels, and supplementing phytase in a three-factorial design. We investigated i) the microbial community and pH in the digestive tract, ii) prececal ( pc ) P and Ca digestibility, and iii) InsP 6 degradation. Results All factors under investigation influenced digesta pH and the microbiota composition. Predicted functionality and relative abundance of microorganisms indicated that diets influenced the contribution of the microbiota on InsP degradation. Values of InsP 6 degradation and relative abundance of the strains Lactobacillus johnsonii and Lactobacillus reuteri were correlated. Phytase supplementation increased pc InsP 6 disappearance, with differences between Ca levels, and influenced concentrations of lower inositol phosphate isomers in the digestive tract. Formic acid supplementation increased pc InsP 6 degradation to myo -inositol. Replacing CaCO 3 by Ca-formate and the high level of these Ca sources reduced pc InsP 6 disappearance, except when the combination of CaCO 3 +formic acid was used. Supplementing phytase to CaCO 3 +formic acid led to the highest InsP 6 disappearance (52%) in the crop and increased myo -inositol concentration in the ileum digesta. Supplementing phytase leveled the effect of high Ca content on pc InsP 6 disappearance. Conclusions The results point towards a contribution of changing microbial community on InsP 6 degradation in the crop and up to the terminal ileum. This is indicated by relationships between InsP 6 degradation and relative abundance of phosphatase-producing strains. Functional predictions supported influences of microbiota on InsP 6 degradation. The extent of such effects still remains to be clarified. InsP 6 degradation can also be influenced by pH effects caused by dietary concentration and solubility of the Ca sources.

scholarly journals A Grain-Based SARA Challenge Affects the Composition of Epimural and Mucosa-Associated Bacterial Communities throughout the Digestive Tract of Dairy Cows

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1658
Author(s):  
Jan C. Plaizier ◽  
Anne-Mette Danscher ◽  
Paula A. Azevedo ◽  
Hooman Derakhshani ◽  
Pia H. Andersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Ruminal Acidosis ◽  
Clustering Patterns ◽  
The 16S Rrna Gene ◽  
Distal Jejunum

The effects of a subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) challenge on the composition of epimural and mucosa-associated bacterial communities throughout the digestive tract were determined in eight non-lactating Holstein cows. Treatments included feeding a control diet containing 19.6% dry matter (DM) starch and a SARA-challenge diet containing 33.3% DM starch for two days after a 4-day grain step-up. Subsequently, epithelial samples from the rumen and mucosa samples from the duodenum, proximal, middle and distal jejunum, ileum, cecum and colon were collected. Extracted DNA from these samples were analyzed using MiSeq Illumina sequencing of the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Distinct clustering patterns for each diet existed for all sites. The SARA challenge decreased microbial diversity at all sites, with the exception of the middle jejunum. The SARA challenge also affected the relative abundances of several major phyla and genera at all sites but the magnitude of these effects differed among sites. In the rumen and colon, the largest effects were an increase in the relative abundance of Firmicutes and a reduction of Bacteroidetes. In the small intestine, the largest effect was an increase in the relative abundance of Actinobacteria. The grain-based SARA challenge conducted in this study did not only affect the composition and cause dysbiosis of epimural microbiota in the rumen, it also affected the mucosa-associated microbiota in the intestines. To assess the extent of this dysbiosis, its effects on the functionality of these microbiota must be determined in future.

scholarly journals Effects of Lactobacillus reuteri and Streptomyces coelicolor on Growth Performance of Broiler Chickens

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1341
Author(s):  
Sarayu Bhogoju ◽  
Collins N. Khwatenge ◽  
Thyneice Taylor-Bowden ◽  
Gabriel Akerele ◽  
Boniface M. Kimathi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Lactobacillus Reuteri ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Streptomyces Coelicolor ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Probiotic Bacteria ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Wheat Middlings ◽  
Dietary Treatments

There are well documented complications associated with the continuous use of antibiotics in the poultry industry. Over the past few decades, probiotics have emerged as viable alternatives to antibiotics; however, most of these candidate probiotic microorganisms have not been fully evaluated for their effectiveness as potential probiotics for poultry. Recent evaluation of a metagenome of broiler chickens in our laboratory revealed a prevalence of Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri) and Actinobacteria class of bacteria in their gastrointestinal tract. In this study Lactobacillus reuteri and Streptomyces coelicolor (S. coelicolor) were selected as probiotic bacteria, encapsulated, and added into broiler feed at a concentration of 100 mg/kg of feed. In an 8-week study, 240 one day-old chicks were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments. Three dietary treatments contained two probiotic bacteria in three different proportions (L. reuteri and S. coelicolor individually at 100 ppm, and mixture of L. reuteri and S. coelicolor at 50 ppm each). The fourth treatment had no probiotic bacteria and it functioned as the control diet. L. reuteri and S. coelicolor were added to the feed by using wheat middlings as a carrier at a concentration of 100 ppm (100 mg/kg). Chickens fed diets containing L. reuteri and S. coelicolor mixture showed 2% improvement in body weight gain, 7% decrease in feed consumption, and 6–7% decrease in feed conversion ratios. This research suggests that L. reuteri and S. coelicolor have the potential to constitute probiotics in chickens combined or separately, depending on the desired selection of performance index.

scholarly journals Straw-Based Biopurification Systems to Remove Ibuprofen, Diclofenac and Triclosan from Wastewaters: Dominant Microbial Communities

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1507
Author(s):  
Laura Delgado-Moreno ◽  
Pieter van Dillewijn ◽  
Rogelio Nogales ◽  
Esperanza Romero
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Microbial Community ◽  
Point Source ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Microbial Structure ◽  
Methyl Triclosan ◽  
Source Contamination ◽  
Biopurification Systems ◽  
Olive Mill

The continued discharge of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) into the environment due to their widespread use and the lack of effective systems for their removal from water is a global problem. In this study, the dissipation of ibuprofen, diclofenac and triclosan added simultaneously in biopurification systems (BPSs) with different compositions and their effect on the microbial community structure was analysed. Three BPSs, constituted by mixtures of soil (S), peat (P), or raw wet olive mill cake (A) or its vermicompost (V) and straw (S) were prepared (SPS, SAS and SVS). Sorption and degradation experiments were carried out. After 84 days of incubation, more than 85% of each PPCP applied had dissipated. Methyl-triclosan was determined to be highest in the SVS biomixture. Biomixtures with lower C/N ratio and higher alpha diversity were the most effective in the removal of PPCPs. Initially, the BPS biomixtures showed a different microbial structure dominated by Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes but after addition of PPCPs, a similar pattern was observed in the relative abundance of the phylum Chloroflexi, the class Sphingobacteriia and the genus Brevundimonas. These biopurification systems can be useful to prevent point source contamination due to the disposal of PPCP-contaminated waters.

scholarly journals Feeding microparticle protein diet combined with Lactobacillus sp. on existence of intestinal bacteria and growth of broiler chickens

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 265 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Cholis ◽  
N. Suthama ◽  
B. Sukamto
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Intact Protein ◽  
Daily Body Weight

The objective of the study was to evaluate feeding effect of microparticle protein derived from soybean meal and fish meal combined with Lactobacillus sp. at 1.2 mL on physiological condition of digestive tract and productivity of broiler. Total of 192 broiler, with initial body weight was 481.0 ± 67.2 g, given dietary treatment starting on day 21 until day 42. The experiment was assigned in a completely randomized design with 8 treatments and 4 replications. Dietary treatment were 21% intact protein (T0), 18% intact protein (T1), 21% microparticle protein (T2), 18% microparticle protein (T3), T0+Lactobacillus sp.1.2 mL (T4), T1+Lactobacillus sp.1.2 mL (T5), T2+Lactobacillus sp.1.2 mL (T6), T3+Lactobacillus sp.1.2 mL (T7). Parameters measured were total ileal lactic acid bacteria (LAB), Coliform and pH, rate of passage, daily body weight gain (DWG) and also carcass weight. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and followed by Duncan multiple range test (P<0.05). Experimental results showed that microparticle protein diet added with Lactobacillus sp. (P<0.05) increased total LAB and DWG, but decreased Coliform population, and slowed down the rate of passage. However, carcass weight was not significantly affected by treatments. Feeding microparticle protein (18%) with addition of Lactobacillus sp. (1.2 mL) can improve to be better condition of digestive tract based on higher LAB and lower Coliform populations, and increase daily body weight gain with the same carcass weight. 

scholarly journals Variation of Bacterial and Archaeal Community Structures in a Full-Scale Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment

Archaea ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiu-lu Lang ◽  
Xiang Chen ◽  
Ai-ling Xu ◽  
Zhi-wen Song ◽  
Xin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Constructed Wetlands ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Constructed Wetland ◽  
Free Surface Flow ◽  
Archaeal Community ◽  
Illumina Miseq ◽  
Surface Flow ◽  
Community Structures ◽  
Soil And Water

Microorganisms play important roles in the reduction of organic and inorganic pollutants in constructed wetlands used for the treatment of wastewater. However, the diversity and structure of microbial community in constructed wetland system remain poorly known. In this study, the Illumina MiSeq Sequencing of 16S rDNA was used to analyze the bacterial and archaeal microbial community structures of soil and water in a free surface flow constructed wetland, and the differences of bacterial communities and archaeal compositions between soil and water were compared. The results showed that the Proteobacteria were the dominant bacteria, making up 35.38%~48.66% relative abundance. Euryarchaeotic were the absolute dominant archaea in the influent sample with the relative abundance of 93.29%, while Thaumarchaeota showed dominance in the other three samples, making up 50.58%~75.70%. The relative abundances of different species showed great changes in bacteria and archaea, and the number of dominant species in bacteria was much higher than that in archaea. Compared to archaea, the community compositions of bacteria were more abundant and the changes were more significant. Meanwhile, bacteria and archaea had large differences in compositions between water and soil. The microbial richness in water was significantly higher than that in soil. Simultaneously, soil had a significant enrichment effect on some microbial flora.

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