scholarly journals GW10, a Member of P450 Subfamily Regulates Grain Size and Grain Number in Rice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
PengLin Zhan ◽  
Xin Wei ◽  
Zhili Xiao ◽  
Xiaoling Wang ◽  
Shuaipeng Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Grain Shape ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Chromosome 10 ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Tropical Japonica ◽  
Donor Parent ◽  
Lower Expression ◽  
Recipient Parent

Abstract Grain size and grain number play extremely important roles in rice grain yield. Here, we identify GW10 , which encodes a P450 subfamily protein and controlls grain size and grain number by using Lemont ( tropical japonica ) as donor parent and HJX74 ( indica ) as recipient parent. The GW10 locus was mapped into a 20.1 kb region on the long arm of Chromosome 10. Lower expression of the gw10 in panicle is contributed to the shorter and narrower rice grain, and the increased number of grains per panicle. Furthermore, the higher expression levels of some of the brassinosteroid (BR) biosynthesis and response genes are associated with the NIL- GW10 , which strongly suggests that the GW10 is a key node in the brassinosteroid-mediated regulation of rice grain shape and grain number.

scholarly journals The Rho-family GTPase OsRac1 controls rice grain size and yield by regulating cell division

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (32) ◽  
pp. 16121-16126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Zhang ◽  
Yan Xiong ◽  
Renyi Liu ◽  
Hong-Wei Xue ◽  
Zhenbiao Yang
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Cell Division ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Rop Gtpase ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Grain Width

Grain size is a key factor for determining grain yield in crops and is a target trait for both domestication and breeding, yet the mechanisms underlying the regulation of grain size are largely unclear. Here we show that the grain size and yield of rice (Oryza sativa) is positively regulated by ROP GTPase (Rho-like GTPase from plants), a versatile molecular switch modulating plant growth, development, and responses to the environment. Overexpression of rice OsRac1ROP not only increases cell numbers, resulting in a larger spikelet hull, but also accelerates grain filling rate, causing greater grain width and weight. As a result, OsRac1 overexpression improves grain yield in O. sativa by nearly 16%. In contrast, down-regulation or deletion of OsRac1 causes the opposite effects. RNA-seq and cell cycle analyses suggest that OsRac1 promotes cell division. Interestingly, OsRac1 interacts with and regulates the phosphorylation level of OsMAPK6, which is known to regulate cell division and grain size in rice. Thus, our findings suggest OsRac1 modulates rice grain size and yield by influencing cell division. This study provides insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the control of rice grain size and suggests that OsRac1 could serve as a potential target gene for breeding high-yield crops.

Novel OsGRAS19 mutant, D26, positively regulates grain shape in rice (Oryza sativa)

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (9) ◽  
pp. 857 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhimin Lin ◽  
Jingwan Yan ◽  
Jun Su ◽  
Huaqing Liu ◽  
Changquan Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Analysis ◽  
Grain Size ◽  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Grain Shape ◽  
Rice Yield ◽  
Reproductive Development ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Regulatory Effect ◽  
Site Mutation

Grain size is an important factor in rice yield. Several genes related to grain size have been reported, but most of them are determined by quantitative trail loci (QTL) traits. Gene D26 is a novel site mutation of OsGRAS19 and involved in the brassinosteroid (BR) signalling pathway. However, whether D26 is involved in the process of rice reproductive development remains unclear. Here, gene cloning and functional analysis revealed that D26 has an obvious regulatory effect on grain size. Overexpression or CRISP/Cas9 mutant of D26 also showed that grain size was positively influenced. Cellular analyses show that D26 modulates grain size by promoting cell division and regulating the cell number in the upper epidermis of the glume. The overexpression results further suggest that the level of D26 expression positively impacts grain length and leaf angles and that the expression of several known grain size genes is involved in the regulation. Based on our results, D26, as a transcription factor, effectively improves rice grain shape.

scholarly journals SMALL GRAIN 11 Controls Grain Size, Grain Number and Grain Yield in Rice

Rice ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Na Fang ◽  
Ran Xu ◽  
Luojiang Huang ◽  
Baolan Zhang ◽  
Penggen Duan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Grain Number

scholarly journals Identification and allele mining of new candidate genes underlying rice grain weight and grain shape by genome-wide association study

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanan Niu ◽  
Tianxiao Chen ◽  
Chunchao Wang ◽  
Kai Chen ◽  
Congcong Shen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Association Study ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Genome Wide Association Study ◽  
Grain Shape ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Genome Wide Association ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Genome Wide

Abstract Background Grain weight and grain shape are important agronomic traits that affect the grain yield potential and grain quality of rice. Both grain weight and grain shape are controlled by multiple genes. The 3,000 Rice Genomes Project (3 K RGP) greatly facilitates the discovery of agriculturally important genetic variants and germplasm resources for grain weight and grain shape. Results Abundant natural variations and distinct phenotic differentiation among the subgroups in grain weight and grain shape were observed in a large population of 2,453 accessions from the 3 K RGP. A total of 21 stable quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) for the four traits were consistently identified in at least two of 3-year trials by genome-wide association study (GWAS), including six new QTNs (qTGW3.1, qTGW9, qTGW11, qGL4/qRLW4, qGL10, and qRLW1) for grain weight and grain shape. We further predicted seven candidate genes (Os03g0186600, Os09g0544400, Os11g0163600, Os04g0580700, Os10g0399700, Os10g0400100 and Os01g0171000) for the six new QTNs by high-density association and gene-based haplotype analyses. The favorable haplotypes of the seven candidate genes and five previously cloned genes in elite accessions with high TGW and RLW are also provided. Conclusions Our results deepen the understanding of the genetic basis of grain weight and grain shape in rice and provide valuable information for improving rice grain yield and grain quality through molecular breeding.

The effect of infestation by Lolium rigidum Gaud. (annual ryegrass) on the yield of wheat

1974 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 381 ◽  
Author(s):  
DF Smith ◽  
GRT Levick
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Addition ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Yield Analysis ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Analysis Equation

The effect of ryegrass infestation on the grain yield of wheat was examined and related to a yield analysis equation. Up to the two-leaf stage, apparently through competition for nitrogen, the presence of ryegrass at quite a low density (450 plants per m²) reduced the capacity of wheat plants to produce laterals. Neither the later removal of ryegrass nor the addition of nitrogen overcame this setback. In fact, the results suggest that nitrogen addition would result in a further loss in yield, and that this would increase with increasing density of ryegrass. However, the presence of ryegrass up to the two-leaf stage did not affect grain number per head or grain size: such effects were entirely dependent on the presence of ryegrass during the reproductive stage.

scholarly journals Identification and Allele Mining of New Candidate Genes Underlying Rice Grain Weight and Grain Shape by Genome-Wide Association Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanan Niu ◽  
Tianxiao Chen ◽  
Kai Chen ◽  
Congcong Shen ◽  
Huizhen Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Association Study ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Genome Wide Association Study ◽  
Grain Shape ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Rice Grain

Abstract Background: Grain weight and grain shape are crucial agronomic traitsthat affect grain yield potential and grain quality of rice. Both Grain weight and grain shape are controlled by multiple genes known as quantitative trait locus/loci (QTL).The 3,000 Rice Genomes Project enables the discovery of valuable genetic variants and resources for grain weight and grain shape.Results:2445 rice accessions were classified into 12 sub-populations which showeddiversevariations in grain weight and grain shape.Genome-wide association study (GWAS) revealedthreenovel QTL (qTGW3.1,qTGW9and qTGW11) forgrain weight and four novel QTL(qGL4/qRLW4,qGL10, qGL11andqRLW1) forgrain shape. We finally predicted eightcandidate genes (Os03g0186600, Os09g0544400,Os11g0163600,Os04g0580700, Os10g0399700, Os10g0400100, Os11g0143700 and Os01g0171000) for the seven novel QTL by gene-based association, haplotype and bioinformatics analyses.The accessions with excellent haplotypes at the eight candidate genes and five previously cloned genes were also identified.Conclusion: The identified candidate genes and accessions provided valuable sources for future functional characterization and genetic improvement of rice grain yield and grain quality.

Grain quality of flooded rice is affected by season, nitrogen rate, and plant type

1999 ◽  
Vol 50 (8) ◽  
pp. 1399 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Borrell ◽  
A. L. Garside ◽  
S. Fukai ◽  
D. J. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Alkali Digestion

Quality of grain, next to yield, is the most important factor for rice (Oryza sativa L.) production in semi-arid tropical Australia. Studies were undertaken in the Burdekin River Irrigation Area of northern Australia to improve rice grain quality through nitrogen fertilisation. This paper reports the results of 4 experiments comparing the response of 3 rice genotypes differing in maturity and stature to 5 rates of applied nitrogen (0, 70, 140, 210, and 280 kg/ha) over 4 seasons (2 wet and 2 dry seasons). The components of grain quality studied were endosperm chalkiness, whole grain millout, grain size, alkali digestion (gelatinisation temperature), and grain protein. This paper also examines the suitability of the 3 genotypes as parental material in breeding programs aimed at selecting for specific grain quality attributes. Starbonnet was identified as a potential parent in breeding programs which aim to specifically select for reduced chalkiness and high millout in low N environments. Selection for lower chalkiness, and higher millout and protein concentration, should occur in a wide range of target environments to account for the seasonal variation observed in these parameters. Grain size appeared to be affected more by genetic than agronomic factors, since grain length and breadth were largely unaffected by N rate, yet genotypic differences were found for both parameters in all experiments. Newbonnet grain was long and slender, suggesting this genotype would be a suitable parent in breeding programs aimed at improving grain appearance. The response of alkali digestion to N rate and genotype was small for all seasons. The importance of developing N fertiliser strategies that optimise both grain yield and quality was highlighted by differences in the responses of grain protein and grain yield to N rate. A number of linkages were examined among various components of grain quality. However, the magnitude of these linkages was small, suggesting that selection for one quality component should not be at the expense of selection for another.

scholarly journals The da1 mutation in wheat increases grain size under ambient and elevated CO 2 but not grain yield due to trade‐off between grain size and grain number

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel Mora‐Ramirez ◽  
Heiko Weichert ◽  
Nicolaus Wirén ◽  
Claus Frohberg ◽  
Stefanie Bodt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Trade Off

scholarly journals OsSPL9 Regulates Grain Number and Grain Yield in Rice

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Hu ◽  
Weilan Chen ◽  
Wen Yang ◽  
Xiaoling Li ◽  
Cheng Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Haplotype Analysis ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Terminal Flower ◽  
Panicle Development ◽  
Young Panicle ◽  
Squamosa Promoter Binding Protein ◽  
Terminal Flower 1 ◽  
Grain Number Per Panicle

Rice grain yield consists of several key components, including tiller number, grain number per panicle (GNP), and grain weight. Among them, GNP is mainly determined by panicle branches and spikelet formation. In this study, we identified a gene affecting GNP and grain yield, OsSPL9, which encodes SQUAMOSA-PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE (SPL) family proteins. The mutation of OsSPL9 significantly reduced secondary branches and GNP. OsSPL9 was highly expressed in the early developing young panicles, consistent with its function of regulating panicle development. By combining expression analysis and dual-luciferase assays, we further confirmed that OsSPL9 directly activates the expression of RCN1 (rice TERMINAL FLOWER 1/CENTRORADIALIS homolog) in the early developing young panicle to regulate the panicle branches and GNP. Haplotype analysis showed that Hap3 and Hap4 of OsSPL9 might be favorable haplotypes contributing to high GNP in rice. These results provide new insights on high grain number breeding in rice.

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