scholarly journals Phenological Plasticity and Adaptive Potential of Sugar Maple Populations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
guo xiali ◽  
Valentina Buttò ◽  
Yann Surget-Groba ◽  
Jian-Guo Huang ◽  
Sylvain Delagrange ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Adaptive Potential ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Common Gardens

Abstract Global changes affect the growing conditions of terrestrial ecosystems, mismatching the phenological adaptation of plants to local climates at mid and high latitudes. Their long lifespan and slow reproductive cycles prevent trees from tracking the quick shift in their usual climatic conditions, thus endangering the survival of local populations. In this study, we explored the phenological plasticity and adaptive potential of bud burst in sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) seedlings from 30 Canadian origins with contrasting climates planted in two common gardens near and at the northern boundary of the species range. Bud development and leafing occurred in April-May, with complete bud burst lasting between 21 and 29 days. On average, bud swelling differed by 12 days between common gardens. However, this difference decreased to 4 days for complete leafing. Both factors site and seed origin affected bud burst, which represented the phenological plasticity and adaptation of sugar maple, respectively. Overall, the former (7.4–88.3%) contributed more than the latter (9.2–25.5%) to the variance in bud burst, despite the wide climatic range among the provenance origins compared with that at the two common gardens. Adaptation to local conditions provide the genetic tools for the survival of species across wide climatic ranges. Plasticity enables physiological responses of individuals to quick environmental changes. Our study demonstrated the major role of plasticity in bud phenology, and revealed the importance of investing resources in mechanisms dealing with the climatic challenges due to inter-annual variations in weather events.

scholarly journals Demographic history and genomic response to environmental changes in a rapid radiation of wild rats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deyan Ge ◽  
Anderson Feijó ◽  
Zhixin Wen ◽  
Alexei V Abramov ◽  
Liang Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Demographic History ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Tibet Plateau ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Rapid Radiation ◽  
Protein Functions ◽  
Wild Rats ◽  
Qinghai Tibet Plateau ◽  
Genomic Response

Abstract For organisms to survive and prosper in a harsh environment, particularly under rapid climate change, poses tremendous challenges. Recent studies have highlighted the continued loss of megafauna in terrestrial ecosystems and the subsequent surge of small mammals, such as rodents, bats, lagomorphs, and insectivores. However, the ecological partitioning of these animals will likely lead to large variation in their responses to environmental change. In the present study, we investigated the evolutionary history and genetic adaptations of white-bellied rats (Niviventer Marshall, 1976), which are widespread in the natural terrestrial ecosystems in Asia but also known as important zoonotic pathogen vectors and transmitters. The southeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QHTP) was inferred as the origin center of this genus, with parallel diversification in temperate and tropical niches. Demographic history analyses from mitochondrial and nuclear sequences of Niviventer demonstrated population size increases and range expansion for species in Southeast Asia, and habitat generalists elsewhere. Unexpectedly, population increases were seen in N. eha, which inhabits the highest elevation among Niviventer species. Genome scans of nuclear exons revealed that among the congeneric species, N. eha has the largest number of positively selected genes. Protein functions of these genes are mainly related to olfaction, taste and tumor suppression. Extensive genetic modification presents a major strategy in response to global changes in these alpine species.

scholarly journals Isolation of Fungal Cellobiohydrolase I Genes from Sporocarps and Forest Soils by PCR

2008 ◽  
Vol 74 (11) ◽  
pp. 3481-3489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan P. Edwards ◽  
Rima A. Upchurch ◽  
Donald R. Zak
Keyword(s):  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Plant Litter ◽  
Cellulolytic Activity ◽  
Cellobiohydrolase I ◽  
Plant Detritus

ABSTRACT Cellulose is the major component of plant biomass, and microbial cellulose utilization is a key step in the decomposition of plant detritus. Despite this, little is known about the diversity of cellulolytic microbial communities in soil. Fungi are well known for their cellulolytic activity and mediate key functions during the decomposition of plant detritus in terrestrial ecosystems. We developed new oligonucleotide primers for fungal exocellulase genes (cellobiohydrolase, cbhI) and used these to isolate distinct cbhI homologues from four species of litter-decomposing basidiomycete fungi (Clitocybe nuda, Clitocybe gibba, Clitopilus prunulus, and Chlorophyllum molybdites) and two species of ascomycete fungi (Xylaria polymorpha and Sarcoscypha occidentalis). Evidence for cbhI gene families was found in three of the four basidiomycete species. Additionally, we isolated and cloned cbhI genes from the forest floor and mineral soil of two upland forests in northern lower Michigan, one dominated by oak (Quercus velutina, Q. alba) and the other dominated by sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and American basswood (Tilia americana). Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that cellobiohydrolase genes recovered from the floor of both forests tended to cluster with Xylaria or in one of two unidentified groups, whereas cellobiohydrolase genes recovered from soil tended to cluster with Trichoderma, Alternaria, Eurotiales, and basidiomycete sequences. The ability to amplify a key fungal gene involved in plant litter decomposition has the potential to unlock the identity and dynamics of the cellulolytic fungal community in situ.

Bud break in sugar maple submitted to changing conditions simulating a northward migration

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Ren ◽  
Eryuan LEY Liang ◽  
Patrica Raymond ◽  
Sergio Rossi
Keyword(s):  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Adaptive Strategy ◽  
Bud Break ◽  
Assisted Migration ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Delayed Effects ◽  
Sugar Maples ◽  
Northern Regions

Assisted migration, the human-mediated movement of species and populations, is one adaptive strategy to climate change. Plant phenology affects the survival and distribution of species to local conditions, and its potential modifications need to be explored in the context of assisted migration. We conducted identical experiments in January and April (experiment I and II) and monitored the timing of bud break in sugar maple (<i>Acer saccharum</i> Marshall) under cooling and longer photoperiod to simulate a northward migration. The budbreak in experiment II started 55 days earlier than experiment I. In experiment I, longer photoperiod was more effective than warming in advancing bud break. Compared to experiment II, cooling and long photoperiod had stronger effect in experiment I . Our results demonstrated the significant effect of chilling and confirmed that photoperiod outweighs temperature in initiating bud break when the chilling requirement is unfulfilled. These findings suggest that the future mild winters in the southern range of sugar maple may reduce chilling accumulation and result in the delayed bud break. Sugar maples migrating northward could benefit from longer day lengths, which could partly counteract the delayed effects of colder springs in northern regions, thus ensuring a sufficient growth period.

scholarly journals Effects of Climatic Conditions on Sap Flow in Sugar Maple

1985 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 303-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. T. Kim ◽  
R. H. Leech
Keyword(s):  
Sap Flow ◽  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Climatic Factor

Temperature, sunlight and precipitation were studied to examine their influence on sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh) sap flow over a five-year period. Temperature was the most important climatic factor influencing the amount of sap flow. Sunlight also increased the sap flow, but rain one day before the sap collection reduced it.

Fossil rodents in Mylodon Cave as indicators of late Pleistocene–Holocene environmental evolution in southern Chile

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Ulyses F.J. Pardiñas ◽  
Luis Borrero ◽  
Fabiana M. Martin ◽  
Mauricio Massone ◽  
Fernando J. Fernández
Keyword(s):  
Late Pleistocene ◽  
Small Mammal ◽  
Late Holocene ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
First Record ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Southern Chile ◽  
Environmental Evolution ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Almost All

Abstract We conducted the first taphonomic and paleoenvironmental study based on late Pleistocene–Holocene small mammal remains recovered from the famous Mylodon Cave (Cerro Benítez area, Última Esperanza, Chile). Most of the analyzed material came from the extensive excavations made by Earl Saxon in 1976. We also studied late Holocene small mammal samples of the neighboring rock shelter Dos Herraduras 1. Analyzed remains were mostly produced by owls, probably living inside the caves. In Mylodon Cave, the higher values of girdle bones are consistent with a windblown litter. We recorded nine species of rodents, seven cricetids, and two caviomorphs; almost all the identified taxa integrate recent local communities. Late Pleistocene–Holocene assemblages are characterized by the chinchilla rat Euneomys, indicating unforested areas around the caves under cold and moist climatic conditions. Middle Holocene amelioration is reflected by incremental rodent species richness, including the first record of taxa clearly associated with forest (e.g., Abrothrix lanosa). Late Holocene assemblages are markedly stable, indicating local conditions similar to the current (historical) environment. Quaternary rodents from Cerro Benítez area do not indicate abrupt environmental changes during middle–late Holocene, but a progressive trend towards forest increase.

Decay of birdseye sugar maple (Acer Saccharum) and curly red maple (Acer Rubrum)

2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 292-297
Author(s):  
Tara Lee Bal ◽  
Katherine Elizabeth Schneider ◽  
Dana L. Richter
Keyword(s):  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Red Maple

High light intensity stress as the limiting factor in micropropagation of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.)

2017 ◽  
Vol 129 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amritpal S. Singh ◽  
A. Maxwell P. Jones ◽  
Mukund R. Shukla ◽  
Praveen K. Saxena
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
High Light Intensity ◽  
High Light ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Intensity Stress

scholarly journals Complex Valuation of Energy from Agricultural Crops including Local Conditions

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 1415
Author(s):  
Václav Voltr ◽  
Martin Hruška ◽  
Luboš Nobilis
Keyword(s):  
Soil Quality ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Energy Crops ◽  
Co2 Production ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Low Carbon Economy ◽  
Silage Maize ◽  
Marginal Areas

This paper provides values of economic, energy and environmental assessments of 20 crops and assesses the relationships of soil-climatic conditions in the example of the Czech Republic. The comparison of main soil quality indicators according to the configuration of land and climate regions is performed on the basis of energy and economic efficiency as well as a comparison of the level of environmental impacts. The environmental impacts are identified based on the assessment of emissions from production and also in the form of soil compaction as an indicator of the relationship to soil quality. As concerns soil properties, of major importance is soil skeleton, slope of land and the depth of soil, which cause an increase in emissions from the energy produced. Substantially better emission parameters per 1 MJ through energy crops, the cultivation of perennial crops and silage maize has been supported. Among energy crops, a positive relationship with the quality of soil is seen in alfalfa, with a significant reduction in soil penetrometric resistance; energy crops are also politically justifiable in competition with other crops intended for nutrition of population. The main advantage of energy crops for the low-carbon economy is their CO2 production to MJ, which is almost half, especially in marginal areas with lower soil depths, slopes and stoniness, which can be included in the new agricultural policy.

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