scholarly journals Application of Two Level Count Regression Modeling on the Determinants of Fertility among Married Women in Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nuru Mohammed Hussen
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Design ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Skewed Distribution ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression Model ◽  
Age At First Birth ◽  
Fertility Variation

Abstract Background: Fertility is the element of population dynamics that has a vital contribution towards changing population size and structure over time. The global population showed a major increment from time to time because of these dynamics, particularly in south Asia and sub-Saharan Africa including Ethiopia. So this study targeted on the factors affecting fertility among married women in Ethiopia through the framework of multilevel count regression analysis using EDHS 2016 data.Methods: The sampling design for EDHS 2016 was a two-stage stratified cluster sampling design, where stratification was achieved by separating every region into urban and rural areas except the Addis Ababa region. Results: Among the random sample of 6141 women in the country, 27150 births were recorded based on EDHS 2016 report. The histograms showed that the data has a positively skewed distribution extremely picked at the beginning. Two- level negative binomial regression model was fitted to spot out the determinants of fertility among married women in Ethiopia because it has the smallest value for the fit statistics and the variance of the data was higher than its mean.Conclusion: Findings from the study revealed that contraception method used, residence, educational level of women, women’s age at first birth, and proceeding birth interval were the major predictors of fertility among married women in Ethiopia. Moreover, the estimates from the random effect result revealed that there is more fertility variation between the enumeration areas than within the enumeration areas. Application of standard models by ignoring this variation ought to embrace spurious results, then multilevel modeling is recommended for such types of hierarchical data.

scholarly journals Repeat Induced Abortion among Chinese Women Seeking Abortion: Two Cross Sectional Studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 4446
Author(s):  
Longmei Tang ◽  
Shangchun Wu ◽  
Dianwu Liu ◽  
Marleen Temmerman ◽  
Wei-Hong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Induced Abortion ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression Model ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Lower Education Level ◽  
Induced Abortions ◽  
Lower Education

Background: In China, there were about 9.76 million induced abortions in 2019, 50% of which were repeat abortions. Understanding the tendency of repeat induced abortion and identifying its related factors is needed to develop prevention strategies. Methods: Two hospital-based cross-sectional surveys were conducted from 2005–2007 and 2013–2016 in 24 and 90 hospitals, respectively. The survey included women who sought an induced abortion within 12 weeks of pregnancy. The proportion of repeat induced abortions by adjusting the covariates through propensity score matching was compared between the two surveys, and the zero-inflated negative binomial regression model was established to identify independent factors of repeat induced abortion. Results: Adjusting the age, occupation, education, marital status and number of children, the proportion of repeat induced abortions in the second survey was found to be low (60.28% vs. 11.11%), however the unadjusted proportion was high in the second survey (44.97% vs. 51.54%). The risk of repeat induced abortion was higher among married women and women with children [ORadj and 95% CI: 0.31 (0.20, 0.49) and 0.08 (0.05, 0.13)]; the risk among service industry staff was higher when compared with unemployed women [ORadj and 95% CI: 0.19 (0.07, 0.54)]; women with a lower education level were at a higher risk of a repeat induced abortion (ORadj < 1). Compared with women under the age of 20, women in other higher age groups had a higher frequency of repeat induced abortions (IRadj: 1.78, 2.55, 3.27, 4.01, and 3.93, separately); the frequency of women with lower education levels was higher than those with a university or higher education level (IRadj > 1); the repeat induced abortion frequency of married women was 0.93 (0.90, 0.98) when compared to the frequency of unmarried women, while the frequency of women with children was 1.17 (1.10, 1.25) of childless women; the induced abortion frequency of working women was about 60–95% with that of unemployed women. Conclusions: The repeat induced abortion proportion was lower than 10 years ago. Induced abortion seekers who were married, aged 20 to 30 years and with a lower education level were more likely to repeat induced abortions.

scholarly journals Investigating Pedestrian Injury Crashes on Modern Roundabouts in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

2015 ◽  
Vol 2512 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Getu Segni Tulu ◽  
M. Mazharul Haque ◽  
Simon Washington ◽  
Mark J. King
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Pedestrian Safety ◽  
Fit Statistics ◽  
Traffic Characteristics ◽  
Multiple Observations ◽  
Pedestrian Crashes

Pedestrian crashes represent about 40% of total fatal crashes in low-income developing countries. Although many pedestrian crashes in these countries occur at unsignalized intersections such as roundabouts, studies focusing on this issue are limited. The objective of this study was to develop safety performance functions for pedestrian crashes at modern roundabouts to identify significant roadway geometric, traffic, and land use characteristics related to pedestrian safety. Detailed data, including various forms of exposure, geometric and traffic characteristics, and spatial factors such as proximity to schools and to drinking establishments were collected from a sample of 22 modern roundabouts in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, representing about 56% of such roundabouts in Addis Ababa. To account for spatial correlation resulting from multiple observations at a roundabout, both the random effect Poisson (REP) and random effect negative binomial (RENB) regression models were estimated. Model goodness-of-fit statistics revealed a marginally superior fit of the REP model to the data compared with the RENB model. Pedestrian crossing volume and the product of traffic volumes along major and minor roads had significant and positive associations with pedestrian crashes at roundabouts. The presence of a public transport (bus or taxi) terminal beside a roundabout was associated with increased pedestrian crashes. Although the maximum gradient of an approach road was negatively associated with pedestrian safety, the provision of a raised median along an approach appeared to increase pedestrian safety at roundabouts. Remedial measures were identified for combating pedestrian safety problems at roundabouts in the context of a developing country.

scholarly journals Activity levels influence frequency of premature atrial contractions

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
L S B Johnson ◽  
N Napiorkowski ◽  
A Grotek ◽  
M Dziubinski ◽  
J S Healey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Daily Activity ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression Model ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Swedish Society

Abstract Background Frequent premature atrial contractions (PACs) are associated with substantially increased risk of atrial fibrillation (AF) and stroke, but PAC count varies substantially day-to-day. With the emergence of potential therapies for primary prevention of AF reliable estimation of PAC frequency is increasingly relevant, as is an understanding of PAC determinants. Purpose To determine the effect of daily activity and heart rate on an individuals' daily PAC count. Methods We included a random sample of patients 18–85 years without AF who recorded an ambulatory ECG for 7–31 days in the U.S.A during 2019 using a full-disclosure mobile cardiac telemetry device, and who had ≥500PACs on at least one recording day. PACs were algorithmically detected and manually verified. PAC count and activity was sampled for each individual and each recording day during daytime (06–22h). The effect of activity on daily PAC count was assessed in a negative binomial regression model including age, sex and with a random effect for individual, to account for confounding due to inter-individual differences. Results The study population consisted of 2,094 patients, of which 48% were men (Fig 1). Mean time spent in activity was 32% (standard deviation (SD 10%) for men and women 31% (SD 10%) for women (Fig 2). The median PAC count was 592 (inter-quartile range 1280). Beyond age, sex and intra-individual differences PAC frequency was determined by activity levels, (intercept 629 PACs; incidence rate ratio per 10 minute increase in activity 1.03, p&lt;0.0001). A 1-hour increase in daily activity was associated with a 20% increase in daily PACs count. Conclusions Physical activity is associated with increased PACs counts, implying both that a reliable diagnosis of PAC frequency needs to be conducted during a person's habitual level of activity and that PAC frequency is modifiable. In-hospital assessments of PACs while patients are mainly inactive may underestimate PAC frequency. FUNDunding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: Foundation. Main funding source(s): the Swedish Society For Medical Researchthe Swedish Heart and Lung Foundation Age and sex distribution Activity levels by sex

scholarly journals Factors affecting under-five mortality in Ethiopia: a multi-level negative binomial model

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bisrat Misganew Geremew ◽  
Kassahun Alemu Gelaye ◽  
Alemakef Wagnew Melesse ◽  
Temesgen Yihunie Akalu ◽  
Adhanom Gebreegziabher Baraki
Keyword(s):  
Birth Interval ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Multiple Birth ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression Model ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Significant Factors

Abstract Introduction: Under-five mortality is a key indicator of countries’ developmental status. Even though remarkable declines in under-five mortality rates, nearly 5.6 million children still die annually worldwide before their fifth birthday. The 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) report revealed that 67 children per 1,000 live births died before the fifth birthday. This study was aimed at determining factors affecting under-five mortality in Ethiopia using EDHS, 2016.Methods: The data was retrieved from the EDHS 2016. A total weighted number of 11,023 under-five children were included in this study. Descriptive statistics were done and reported using tables, graphs, and texts. The multilevel negative binomial regression model was fitted to identify significant factors of under-five mortality. Adjusted Incidence rate (AIRR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) and p-value <0.05 in the multivariable model were reported. The goodness of fit was checked using the deviance test.Results: Mother attained higher education (AIRR=0.25, 95% CI: 0.10-0.66); female-headed household (AIRR=1.32, 95%CI:1.05-1.66); age of household head (AIRR=1.07, 95%CI: 1.03,1.11); preceding birth interval ≥48 months (AIRR=0.51, 95%CI: 0.42-0.61); child’s had history of diarrhea (AIRR=1.23, 95% CI:1.08-1.41); multiple birth type (AIRR=1.80, 95% CI:1.34-2.42); mothers delivered in health facility (IRR=0.86, 95% CI:0.73,0.94), residents of Addis Ababa (AIRR=0.52, 95%CI: 0.28-0.98), and Amhara region (AIRR=1.43, 95%CI: 1.09, 1.88) were statistically significant factors to under-five mortality in Ethiopia.Conclusion: In this study, under-five mortality remains a public health problem in Ethiopia. Mothers education level, women delivered at health institution, preceding birth interval 24-35 and ≥48, and residents of Addis Ababa have reduced the incidence of under-five mortality. On the other hand, being a female household head, age of mother at first giving birth, being employment, having multiple births and having childhood diarrhea was associated with a higher incidence of under-five mortality. This finding suggests that enhancing opportunities to female education, addressing regional disparities, and encouraging mothers to deliver at health institutions will help to combat the burden of under-five mortality. Keywords: Under-five mortality, negative binomial, multilevel analysis, Ethiopia

scholarly journals Social Determinants of Health of Child Marriage (Analysis of IFLS 2000, 2007, 2014)

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-68
Author(s):  
Tri Wahyudi ◽  
Mubasysyir Hasanbasri ◽  
Hari Kusnanto ◽  
Mohammad Hakimi
Keyword(s):  
Social Determinants Of Health ◽  
Social Determinants ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Determinants Of Health ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Early Marriage ◽  
Age At First Birth ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Employment Education

Early marriage is defined as a marriage of women aged <18 years old. The current world prevalence is declining, but when compared with the growth in population, the total number of married children tends to increase. Today, early marriage reaches 41.000 every day, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. This research aims to identify the social determinants of health that encourage early marriage. This research used a quantitative observational analytic study with cross-sectional design. The number of <18 year-old married women were 1.96% (IFLS5), <18 year-old married men were 0.15% (IFLS5). The average age at first birth was 22.96 years old. The economic status of early marriage was mostly in Quintile 1, and the majority of residences were in rural area. The ratio of married women and men aged <18 years old was 11-14: 1. Employment, education, residence and poverty were associated with early marriage and were statistically significant.

scholarly journals Analysis of Vehicle Breakdown Frequency: A Case Study of New South Wales, Australia

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (19) ◽  
pp. 8244
Author(s):  
Sai Chand ◽  
Emily Moylan ◽  
S. Travis Waller ◽  
Vinayak Dixit
Keyword(s):  
Negative Binomial ◽  
New South ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression Model ◽  
Traffic Incidents ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Australian State ◽  
The Impact

Traffic incidents such as crashes, vehicle breakdowns, and hazards impact traffic speeds and induce congestion. Recognizing the factors that influence the frequency of these traffic incidents is helpful in proposing countermeasures. There have been several studies on evaluating crash frequencies. However, research on other incident types is sparse. The main objective of this research is to identify critical variables that affect the number of reported vehicle breakdowns. A traffic incident dataset covering 4.5 years (January 2012 to June 2016) in the Australian state of New South Wales (NSW) was arranged in a panel data format, consisting of monthly reported vehicle breakdowns in 28 SA4s (Statistical Area Level 4) in NSW. The impact of different independent variables on the number of breakdowns reported in each month–SA4 observation is captured using a random-effect negative binomial regression model. The results indicate that increases in population density, the number of registered vehicles, the number of public holidays, average temperature, the percentage of heavy vehicles, and percentage of white-collared jobs in an area increase the number of breakdowns. On the other hand, an increase in the percentage of unrestricted driving licenses and families with children, number of school holidays, and average rainfall decrease the breakdown frequency. The insights offered in this study contribute to a complete picture of the relevant factors that can be used by transport authorities, vehicle manufacturers, sellers, roadside assistance companies, and mechanics to better manage the impact of vehicle breakdowns.

Colorectal Cancer Classification and Survival Analysis Based on an Integrated RNA and DNA molecular signature

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohanad Mohammed ◽  
Henry Mwambi ◽  
Bernard Omolo
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Survival Analysis ◽  
Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Linear Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Mutation Status ◽  
Linear Discriminant ◽  
Rnaseq Data

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer among women and men in the USA, and recent studies have shown an increasing incidence in less developed regions, including Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). We developed a hybrid (DNA mutation and RNA expression) signature and assessed its predictive properties for the mutation status and survival of CRC patients. Methods: Publicly-available microarray and RNASeq data from 54 matched formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples from the Affymetrix GeneChip and RNASeq platforms, were used to obtain differentially expressed genes between mutant and wild-type samples. We applied the support-vector machines, artificial neural networks, random forests, k-nearest neighbor, naïve Bayes, negative binomial linear discriminant analysis, and the Poisson linear discriminant analysis algorithms for classification. Cox proportional hazards model was used for survival analysis. Results: Compared to the genelist from each of the individual platforms, the hybrid genelist had the highest accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and AUC for mutation status, across all the classifiers and is prognostic for survival in patients with CRC. NBLDA method was the best performer on the RNASeq data while the SVM method was the most suitable classifier for CRC across the two data types. Nine genes were found to be predictive of survival. Conclusion: This signature could be useful in clinical practice, especially for colorectal cancer diagnosis and therapy. Future studies should determine the effectiveness of integration in cancer survival analysis and the application on unbalanced data, where the classes are of different sizes, as well as on data with multiple classes.

scholarly journals Cardiovascular hospitalisation before and during the financial crisis among occupations in Taiwan

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Chang
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Sex Education ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Unskilled Worker ◽  
Research Database ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Occupational Groups ◽  
2008 Financial Crisis ◽  
The 2008 Financial Crisis

Abstract Background Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) were related to financial stress. Little was known about the effects of financial crisis on cardiovascular health by occupations. This study examined CVD hospitalisations before and during the 2008 financial crisis among five occupational groups in Taiwan. Methods Data were collected from the Taiwan Survey on Hypertension, Hyperglycemia and Hyperlipidaemia 2007, including 4,673 participants aged 20 and above, categorized into five types of occupations, i.e., professional & manager (PM), office clerk & administrative staff (OA), skilled work (SW), unskilled worker (UW) and non-worker (NW). We abstracted their CVD hospitalisation records in the three years before (September 2005 to August 2008) and during the 2008 financial crisis (September 2008 to August 2011) from the National Health Insurance Research Database. Using incidence rate ratios (IRRs), we compared CVD hospitalisation of the first, second, third year from September 2008 to the three-year average before September 2008 for five occupational groups. Random effect negative binomial models were performed to estimate IRRs. Results After adjusting for covariates including age, sex, education, smoking, alcohol drinking, exercise and body mass index, there was an increase of CVD hospitalisation incidence for NW in the first year of the financial crisis (IRR=1.46, 95% Confidence Interval [95% CI]=1.19-1.77); in the second year, SW had a raised risk of CVD hospitalisation (IRR= 2.71, 95% CI = 1.59-4.60). For all occupational groups, the incidence rates of CVD hospitalisation reached the peak in the third year (PM: IRR=2.68, 95% CI = 1.05-6.83; OA: IRR=2.70, 95% CI = 1.18-6.19; SW: IRR=5.13, 95% CI = 2.89-9.09; UW: IRR=2.12, 95% CI = 1.02-4.41; NW: IRR=1.85, 95% CI = 1.18-2.67). Conclusions CVD hospitalisation of all occupations were affected by the financial crisis; when non-workers were the early victims, skilled workers may be the most vulnerable in the 2008 financial crisis. Key messages This study investigated the effects of the 2008 financial crisis on cardiovascular disease hospitalization by five occupational types in Taiwan. All occupations, particularly skilled workers, were affected by the financial crisis.

scholarly journals Urinary Bisphenol A, F and S Levels and Semen Quality in Young Adult Danish Men

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1742
Author(s):  
Thea Emily Benson ◽  
Anne Gaml-Sørensen ◽  
Andreas Ernst ◽  
Nis Brix ◽  
Karin Sørig Hougaard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bisphenol A ◽  
Male Fertility ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Semen Quality ◽  
Sperm Count ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression Model

Bisphenol A (BPA) is considered an endocrine disruptor and has been associated with deleterious effects on spermatogenesis and male fertility. Bisphenol F (BPF) and S (BPS) are structurally similar to BPA, but knowledge of their effects on male fertility remains limited. In this cross–sectional study, we investigated the associations between exposure to BPA, BPF, and BPS and semen quality in 556 men 18–20 years of age from the Fetal Programming of Semen Quality (FEPOS) cohort. A urine sample was collected from each participant for determination of BPA, BPF, and BPS concentrations while a semen sample was collected to determine ejaculate volume, sperm concentration, total sperm count, sperm motility, and sperm morphology. Associations between urinary bisphenol levels (continuous and quartile–divided) and semen characteristics were estimated using a negative binomial regression model adjusting for urine creatinine concentration, alcohol intake, smoking status, body mass index (BMI), fever, sexual abstinence time, maternal pre–pregnancy BMI, and first trimester smoking, and highest parental education during first trimester. We found no associations between urinary bisphenol of semen quality in a sample of young men from the general Danish population.

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