scholarly journals Probabilistic Approach For Health Hazard Assessment of Trihalomethanes Through Successive Showering Events

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naseeba T Parveen ◽  
Shamik Chowdhury ◽  
Sudha Goel
Keyword(s):  
Hazard Assessment ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Probabilistic Approach ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Disinfection Byproducts ◽  
Risk Assessments ◽  
University Campus ◽  
Exposure Routes ◽  
Daily Intakes

Abstract Trihalomethanes (THMs) are common disinfection byproducts in chlorinated tap waters. They can cause various cancers and non-cancerous health hazards. Ingestion, dermal contact, and inhalation are the three exposure routes considered in the THM hazard/risk assessments. Among these, inhalation hazard is generally calculated by assuming the initial concentration as zero. This assumption fails to address the case of continuous showers that can happen in shared showering facilities such as student hostels or gymnasiums. In the present study, the leftover THM concentration from the previous bath was considered to assess the chronic daily intakes (CDI) and hazard index (HI) of the successive showers. For this, tap water of a university campus was analyzed to understand the extend of THMs at consumer points and the result obtained was used for the hazard assessment. Total THM concentration varied from 0.51 to 68.9 µg L-1. To address the variability of the model input parameters, 50,000 iterations of Monte Carlo simulation were carried out. A maximum HI of 7.94E-02 ± 3.63E-02 and 6.69E-02 ± 3.08E-02 was observed for 1st shower for females and males. This value was found as exponentially increasing up to the 5th shower and thereafter the rate was decreasing. The methodology followed in the present study successfully determines the risk and hazard of THMs through successive showers.

Health Hazard Assessment for Chlorinated Dioxins and Dibenzofurans Other Than 2, 3, 7, 8-Tcdd

1985 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 235-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith S. Bellin ◽  
Donald G. Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Hazard Assessment ◽  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Risk Assessments ◽  
Direct Evaluation ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Environmental Materials ◽  
Public Health Authorities ◽  
Chlorinated Dioxins

EPA is faced with the need to perform health risk assessments of environmental materials containing mixtures of chlorinated dioxins and -dibenzofurans. Preferably, such an assessment must be based on the direct evaluation of chronic health effects of the mixture or on a knowledge of the toxic effects of each of the components. In the absence of such data, the authors have developed two pragmatic approaches that can reasonably be applied to mixtures such as flyash or contaminated soil. The details of these approaches, viewed as interim procedures, are compared and contrasted with those used by other regulatory and public health authorities.

scholarly journals Effects of plumbing systems on human exposure to disinfection byproducts in water: a case study

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 489-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shakhawat Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Regulatory Compliance ◽  
Disinfection Byproducts ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Cancer Risks ◽  
Plumbing Systems ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
Water Tanks

Disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in water distribution systems (WDS) are monitored for regulatory compliance, while populations are exposed to DBPs in tap water that may be different due to stagnation of water in plumbing pipes (PP) and heating in hot water tanks (HWT). This study investigated the effects of water stagnation in PP and HWT on exposure and risk of DBPs to humans. Trihalomethanes (THMs) in PP and HWT were observed to be 1.1–2.4 and 1.6–3.0 times, respectively, to THMs in the WDS, while haloacetic acids (HAAs) were 0.9–1.8 and 1.2–1.9 times, respectively, to HAAs in the WDS. The chronic daily intakes of DBPs from PP and HWT were 0.6–1.8 and 0.5–2.3 times the intakes from WDS. The cancer risks from PP and HWT were 1.46 (0.40–4.3) and 1.68 (0.35–5.1) times the cancer risks from WDS. The findings may assist in regulating DBPs exposure concentrations.

292. Target Vehicle Health Hazard Assessment

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Soyak ◽  
P. Crawford ◽  
J. Gaughan ◽  
J. Mazur
Keyword(s):  
Hazard Assessment ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Target Vehicle

scholarly journals Anthropogenic nitrate in groundwater and its health risks in the view of background concentration in a semi arid area of Rajasthan, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdur Rahman ◽  
N. C. Mondal ◽  
K. K. Tiwari
Keyword(s):  
Health Risk ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Probabilistic Approach ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Arid Area ◽  
Oral Exposure ◽  
Background Concentration ◽  
Semi Arid

AbstractAn increased nitrate (NO3−) concentration in groundwater has been a rising issue on a global scale in recent years. Different consumption mechanisms clearly illustrate the adverse effects on human health. The goal of this present study is to assess the natural and anthropogenic NO3− concentrations in groundwater in a semi arid area of Rajasthan and its related risks to human health in the different groups of ages such as children, males, and females. We have found that most of the samples (n = 90) were influenced by anthropogenic activities. The background level of NO3− had been estimated as 7.2 mg/L using a probabilistic approach. About 93% of nitrate samples exceeded the background limit, while 28% of the samples were beyond the permissible limit of 45 mg/L as per the BIS limits. The results show that the oral exposure of nitrate was very high as compare to dermal contact. With regard to the non-carcinogenic health risk, the total Hazard Index (HITotal) values of groundwater nitrate were an average of 0.895 for males, 1.058 for females, and 1.214 for children. The nitrate health risk assessment shows that about 38%, 46%, and 49% of the samples constitute the non-carcinogenic health risk to males, females, and children, respectively. Children were found to be more prone to health risks due to the potential exposure to groundwater nitrate.

scholarly journals Yeasts and filamentous fungi in bottled mineral water and tap water from municipal supplies

2007 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirian Ueda Yamaguchi ◽  
Rita de Cássia Pontello Rampazzo ◽  
Sueli Fumie Yamada-Ogatta ◽  
Celso Vataru Nakamura ◽  
Tânia Ueda-Nakamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Filamentous Fungi ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Mineral Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Potential Health Hazard ◽  
Bottled Mineral Water

The main objective of this study was to analyse the occurrence of yeasts and filamentous fungi in drinking water as well as to investigate their correlation with the indicator bacteria of faecal pollution. Yeasts were detected in 36.6% and 11.6% of the bottled mineral on water dispensers and tap water samples from municipal system, respectively. Twenty-one (35.0%) of bottled mineral water and two (3.3%) of tap water samples were positive for filamentous fungi. For bottled mineral water 12 (20.0%) of 60 samples were positive for total coliform, compared with 3(5.0%)out of 60 samples from tap water. The mineral water from dispensers was more contaminated than tap water. Strains belonging to the genera Candida identified to the species level were C. parapsilosis, C. glabrata and C. albicans. Thus, bottled mineral water from water dispensers and tap water could be considered a possible transmission route for filamentous fungi and yeasts, and could constitute a potential health hazard, mainly to immunocompromised indivuals.

scholarly journals Road Hazard Assessment Using Pothole and Traffic Data in South Korea

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Choong Heon Yang ◽  
Jin Guk Kim ◽  
Sung Pil Shin
Keyword(s):  
Hazard Assessment ◽  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Surface Damage ◽  
Road Surface ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Traffic Data ◽  
Surface Conditions ◽  
The Road ◽  
Damage Data

Road surface conditions have a direct effect on the quality of driving, which in turn affects overall traffic flow. Many studies have been conducted to accurately identify road surface conditions using diverse technologies. However, these previously proposed methods may still be insufficient to estimate actual risks along the roads because the exact road risk levels cannot be determined from only road surface damage data. The actual risk level of the road must be derived by considering both the road surface damage data as well as other factors such as speed. In this study, the road hazard index is proposed using smartphone-obtained pothole and traffic data to represent the level of risk due to road surface conditions. The relevant algorithm and its operating system are developed to produce the estimated index values that are classified into four levels of road risk. This road hazard index can assist road agencies in establishing road maintenance plans and budgets and will allow drivers to minimize the risk of accidents by adjusting their driving speeds in advance of dangerous road conditions. To demonstrate the proposed risk hazard assessment methodology, road hazards were assessed along specific test road sections based on observed pothole and historical travel speed data. It was found that the proposed methodology provides a rational method for improving traffic safety.

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