scholarly journals The Effect of Improved Dietary Control on Cognitive and Psychiatric Functioning in Adults With Phenylketonuria: The ReDAPT Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas M. Burgess ◽  
Wendy Kelso ◽  
Charles B. Malpas ◽  
Toby Winton-Brown ◽  
Timothy Fazio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Psychiatric Morbidity ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Dietary Control ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Psychiatric Sequelae ◽  
Depression Ratings

Abstract Background Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder characterised by a deficiency in phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH). Untreated, PKU is associated with a wide range of cognitive and psychiatric sequelae. Contemporary management guidelines recommend lifetime dietary control of phenylalanine (Phe) levels, however many individuals may – due to erroneous treatment recommendations or patient factors – discontinue dietary control and subsequently suffer symptoms of anxiety, depression and disturbances to cognition. We undertook a prospective cohort study of patients with early-treated phenylketonuria who had ceased dietary control to test the hypothesis that resumption of dietary control of PKU is associated with improvements in measures of psychiatric morbidity and cognitive functioning. Methods We re-initiated dietary control for early-treated patients with PKU and monitored cognitive and psychiatric outcomes over a twelve-month period. Assessments included objective cognitive function (measured by cognitive proficiency index (CPI)), anxiety and depression scales. General linear mixed model (GLMM) analyses were performed to assess change in psychometric variables from baseline over twelve months after resumption of dietary control. Results A total of nine patients were recruited. Mean age was 34 years, five were female. Mean time off dietary control was 20.4 years, and mean baseline phenylalanine (Phe) levels were 1108 µmol/L. GLMM analysis demonstrated a positive relationship between CPI and time on diet (b = 0.56 [95% CI = 0.17, 0.95]). Age, time off diet, Phe levels and depression scores were not associated with cognitive function. There was a negative relationship between time on diet and anxiety (b = -0.88 95% CI = [-1.26, -0.50]) and depression ratings (b = -0.61, 95% CI = [-0.95, -0.26]). Conclusions This study demonstrated improvements in cognitive function, anxiety, and depression ratings associated with resumption of dietary control of PKU. Raw Phe levels were not strongly associated with psychiatric or cognitive scores in this cohort. These findings support the importance of lifelong treatment for PKU, and demonstrate the reversibility of cognitive and psychiatric sequelae of the disease.

scholarly journals The effect of improved dietary control on cognitive and psychiatric functioning in adults with phenylketonuria: the ReDAPT study

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas M. Burgess ◽  
Wendy Kelso ◽  
Charles B. Malpas ◽  
Toby Winton-Brown ◽  
Timothy Fazio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Psychiatric Morbidity ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Dietary Control ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Psychiatric Sequelae ◽  
Depression Ratings

Abstract Background Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder characterised by a deficiency in phenylalanine hydroxylase. Untreated, PKU is associated with a wide range of cognitive and psychiatric sequelae. Contemporary management guidelines recommend lifetime dietary control of phenylalanine (Phe) levels, however many individuals who discontinue dietary control subsequently suffer symptoms of anxiety, depression and disturbances to cognition. We undertook a prospective cohort study of patients with early-treated phenylketonuria who had ceased dietary control to test the hypothesis that resumption of dietary control of PKU is associated with improvements in measures of psychiatric morbidity and cognitive functioning. Methods We re-initiated dietary control for early-treated patients with PKU and monitored cognitive and psychiatric outcomes over a twelve-month period. Assessments included objective cognitive function (measured by cognitive proficiency index (CPI)), anxiety and depression scales. General linear mixed model (GLMM) analyses were performed to assess change in psychometric variables from baseline over twelve months after resumption of dietary control. Results A total of nine patients were recruited. Mean age was 33 years (SD = 8.75), five were female. Mean time off dietary control was 19.1 years (SD = 11.3), and mean baseline phenylalanine (Phe) levels were 1108 µmol/L (SD = 293). GLMM analysis demonstrated a positive relationship between CPI and time on diet (b = 0.56 [95% CI = 0.17, 0.95]). Age, time off diet, Phe levels and depression scores were not associated with cognitive function. There was a negative relationship between time on diet and anxiety (b = − 0.88 95% CI = [− 1.26, − 0.50]) and depression ratings (b = − 0.61, 95% CI = [− 0.95, − 0.26]). Conclusions This study demonstrated improvements in cognitive function, anxiety, and depression ratings associated with resumption of dietary control of PKU. Raw Phe levels were not strongly associated with psychiatric or cognitive scores in this cohort. These findings support the importance of lifelong treatment for PKU in improving the cognitive and psychiatric sequelae of the disease.

scholarly journals Association of Cognitive Function Screening Results with Adherence and Performance in a Pedometer-Based Intervention

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Anoop Sheshadri ◽  
Piyawan Kittiskulnam ◽  
Cynthia Delgado ◽  
Rebecca L. Sudore ◽  
Jennifer C. Lai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Cognitive Status ◽  
Dialysis Patients ◽  
Exercise Interventions ◽  
And Performance

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> A randomized, controlled trial of a pedometer-based walking intervention with weekly activity goals led to increased walking among dialysis patients. We examined whether impairment per cognitive function screening is associated with adherence and performance in the intervention. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Thirty dialysis patients were randomly assigned to a 3-month pedometer-based intervention with weekly goals. Participants were administered the Telephone Interview of Cognitive Status (TICS), a test of global mental status. We examined the association of levels of impairment on the TICS (≥33: unimpaired, 26–32: ambiguous impairment, 21–25: mild cognitive impairment [MCI]) with adherence, achieving weekly goals, and increasing steps, physical performance (Short Physical Performance Battery, SPPB), and self-reported physical function (PF) through multivariable linear mixed-model and logistic regression analyses adjusted for age, sex, BMI, dialysis modality, baseline steps, baseline SPPB, and stroke status. <b><i>Results:</i></b> One-third of participants were unimpaired, and 13% had MCI. Participants with worse results on cognitive function screening missed more calls and completed fewer weekly goals than participants with better results. During the intervention, a worse result on cognitive function screening was associated with smaller increases in steps compared to those without impairment: (ambiguous: −620 [95% CI −174, −1,415], MCI: −1,653 [95% CI −120, −3,187]); less improvement in SPPB (ambiguous: −0.22 points [95% CI −0.08, −0.44], MCI: −0.45 [95% CI −0.13, −0.77]); and less improvement in PF (ambiguous: −4.0 points [95% CI −12.2, 4.1], MCI: −14.0 [95% CI −24.9, −3.1]). During the postintervention period, a worse result on cognitive function screening was associated with smaller increases in SPPB (ambiguous: −0.54 [95% CI −1.27, 0.19], MCI: −0.97 [95% CI −0.37, −1.58]) and PF (ambiguous: −3.3 [95% CI −6.5, −0.04], MCI: −10.5 [95% CI −18.7, −2.3]). <b><i>Discussion/Conclusion:</i></b> Participants with worse results on cognitive function screening had worse adherence and derived less benefit from this pedometer-based intervention. Future exercise interventions should be developed incorporating methods to address cognitive impairment, for example, by including caregivers when planning such interventions.

scholarly journals Estimation of mean movement rates for blue sharks in the northwestern Pacific Ocean

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikihiko Kai ◽  
Yuki Fujinami
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Movement Direction ◽  
Northwestern Pacific ◽  
Migratory Species ◽  
Northwestern Pacific Ocean ◽  
Movement Rate ◽  
Movement Rates ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Background The blue shark Prionace glauca is a highly migratory species with a circumglobal distribution. Mean movement rate, defined by the horizontal tracking distance between two data points over the duration of time, is commonly used to understand the horizontal displacement of highly migratory species across a wide range. However, the estimation of mean movement rates for blue sharks has never been conducted using a statistical model. We therefore investigated the mean movement rates using a generalized linear mixed model with data from satellite tags to estimate the range of mean movement rates for 10 blue sharks in the northwestern Pacific Ocean and to reveal the interaction of mean movement rate with several factors. Results (1) Estimations of mean movement rates for the 10 blue sharks were significantly influenced by behavioral differences among individuals; (2) uncertainty in the estimation (i.e., predictive and confidence intervals) of mean movement rates for these blue sharks was larger over shorter time periods, and (3) the predictive intervals of mean movement rates for the sharks ranged widely from 0.33 to 5.02 km/h. Conclusion Blue sharks are considered to opportunistically change their mean movement rates regardless of differences in sex, movement direction, or season.

Tone, Rhythm, and Timbre Perception in School-Age Children Using Cochlear Implants and Hearing Aids

2013 ◽  
Vol 24 (09) ◽  
pp. 789-806 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamish Innes-Brown ◽  
Jeremy P. Marozeau ◽  
Christine M. Storey ◽  
Peter J. Blamey
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Hearing Aids ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Impaired Hearing ◽  
School Year ◽  
Temporal Cues ◽  
Wide Range

Background: Children with hearing impairments, especially those using hearing devices such as the cochlear implant (CI) or hearing aid (HA), are sometimes not encouraged to attend music classes, as they or their parents and teachers may be unsure whether the child can perform basic musical tasks. Purpose: The objective of the current study was to provide a baseline for the performance of children using CIs and HAs on standardized tests of rhythm and pitch perception as well as an instrument timbre identification task. An additional aim was to determine the effect of structured music training on these measures during the course of a school year. Research Design: The Intermediate Measures of Music Audiation (IMMA) Tonal and Rhythmic subtests were administered four times, with 6 wk between tests. All children in the study were also enrolled in “Music Club” teaching sessions. Measures were compared between groups and across the four testing sessions. Study Sample: Twenty children from a single school in Melbourne, Australia, were recruited. Eleven (four girls) had impaired hearing, including six with a unilateral CI or CI and HA together (two girls) and five with bilateral HAs (two girls). Nine were normally hearing, selected to match the age and gender of the hearing-impaired children. Ages ranged from 9–13 yr. Intervention: All children participated in a weekly Music Club – a 45 min session of musical activities based around vocal play and the integration of aural, visual, and kinesthetic modes of learning. Data Collection and Analysis: Audiological data were collected from clinical files. IMMA scores were converted to percentile ranks using published norms. Between-group differences were tested using repeated-measures analysis of variance, and between-session differences were tested using a linear mixed model. Linear regression was used to model the effect of hearing loss on the test scores. Results: In the first session, normally hearing children had a mean percentile rank of ˜50 in both the Tonal and Rhythmic subtests of the IMMA. Children using CIs showed trends toward lower scores in the Tonal, but not the Rhythmic, subtests. No significant improvements were found between sessions. In the timbre test, children generally made fewer errors within the set of percussive compared to nonpercussive instruments. The hearing loss level partially predicted performance in the Tonal, but not the Rhythmic, task, and predictions were more significant for nonpercussive compared to percussive instruments. Conclusions: The findings highlight the importance of temporal cues in the perception of music, and indicate that temporal cues may be used by children with CIs and HAs in the perception of not only rhythm, but also of some aspects of timbre. We were not able to link participation in the Music Club with increased scores on the Tonal, Rhythmic, and Timbre tests. However, anecdotal evidence from the children and their teachers suggested a wide range of benefits from participation in the Music Club that extended from increased engagement and interest in music classes into the children's social situations.

Bias in common catch-curve methods applied to age frequency data from fish surveys

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (7) ◽  
pp. 2090-2101
Author(s):  
Gary A Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Standard Errors ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Probability Models ◽  
Generalized Poisson ◽  
Random Intercept ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Catch curve analysis is often used in data-limited fisheries stock assessments to estimate total instantaneous mortality (Z). There are now six catch-curve methods available in the literature: the Chapman–Robson, linear regression, weighted linear regression, Heincke, generalized Poisson linear, and random-intercept Poisson linear mixed model. An assumption shared among the underyling probability models of these estimators is that fish collected for ageing are sampled from the population by simple random sampling. This type of sampling is nearly impossible in fisheries research because populations are sampled in surveys that use gears that capture individuals in clusters and often fish for ageing are selected from multi-stage sampling. In this study, I explored the effects of multi-stage cluster sampling on the bias of the estimates of Z and their associated standard errors. I found that the generalized Poisson linear model and the Chapman–Robson estimators were the least biased, whereas the random-intercept Poisson linear mixed model was the most biased under a wide range of simulation scenarios that included different levels of recruitment variation, intra-cluster correlation, sample sizes, and methods used to generate age frequencies. Standard errors of all estimators were under-estimated in almost all cases and should not be used in statistical comparisons.

scholarly journals Fat and Carbohydrate Interact to Potentiate Food Reward in Healthy Weight but Not in Overweight or Obesity

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1203
Author(s):  
Emily E. Perszyk ◽  
Zach Hutelin ◽  
Jessica Trinh ◽  
Arsene Kanyamibwa ◽  
Sophie Fromm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Food Reward ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Healthy Weight ◽  
Prior Work ◽  
Expected Satiety ◽  
Overweight Or Obesity

Prior work suggests that actual, but not estimated, energy density drives the reinforcing value of food and that energy from fat and carbohydrate can interact to potentiate reward. Here we sought to replicate these findings in an American sample and to determine if the effects are influenced by body mass index (BMI). Thirty participants with healthy weight (HW; BMI 21.92 ± 1.77; M ± SD) and 30 participants with overweight/obesity (OW/OB; BMI 29.42 ± 4.44) rated pictures of common American snacks in 120-kcal portions for liking, familiarity, frequency of consumption, expected satiety, healthiness, energy content, energy density, and price. Participants then completed an auction task where they bid for the opportunity to consume each food. Snacks contained either primarily carbohydrate, primarily fat, or roughly equal portions of fat and carbohydrate (combo). Replicating prior work, we found that participants with HW bid the most for combo foods in linear mixed model analyses. This effect was not observed among individuals with OW/OB. Additionally, in contrast with previous reports, our linear regression analyses revealed a negative relationship between the actual energy density of the snacks and bid amount that was mediated by food price. Our findings support altered macronutrient reinforcement in obesity and highlight potential influences of the food environment on the regulation of food reward.

scholarly journals Fat and carbohydrate interact to potentiate food reward in healthy weight but not in overweight or obesity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily E. Perszyk ◽  
Zach Hutelin ◽  
Jessica Trinh ◽  
Arsene Kanyamibwa ◽  
Sophie Fromm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Food Reward ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Healthy Weight ◽  
Prior Work ◽  
Expected Satiety ◽  
Overweight Or Obesity

AbstractPrior work suggests that actual, but not estimated, energy density drives the reinforcing value of food [1,2] and that energy from fat and carbohydrate can interact to potentiate reward [2]. Here we sought to replicate these findings in an American sample and to determine if the effects are influenced by body mass index (BMI). Thirty participants with healthy weight (HW; BMI 21.92 ± 1.77; M ± SD) and 30 participants with overweight/obesity (OW/OB; BMI 29.42 ± 4.44) rated pictures of common American snacks in 120-kcal portions for liking, familiarity, frequency of consumption, expected satiety, healthiness, energy content, energy density, and price. Participants then completed an auction task where they bid for the opportunity to consume each food. Snacks contained either primarily carbohydrate, primarily fat, or roughly equal portions of fat and carbohydrate (combo). Replicating prior work, we found that participants with HW bid the most for combo foods in linear mixed model analyses. This effect was not observed among individuals with OW/OB. Additionally, in contrast with previous reports [1,2], our linear regression analyses revealed a negative relationship between the actual energy density of the snacks and bid amount that was mediated by food price. Our findings support altered macronutrient reinforcement in obesity and highlight potential influences of the food environment on the regulation of food reward.

Serum Adiponectin in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD): Association with AD Biomarkers and Cognitive Outcome

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Heeyoung Kim ◽  
Sungmin Jun ◽  
Bum Soo Kim ◽  
In-Joo Kim ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Adiponectin Level ◽  
Cognitive Outcome ◽  
Serum Adiponectin ◽  
Carrier Status ◽  
Serum Adiponectin Level

Background: The association between dementia and serum adiponectin has been evaluated in many studies; however, conclusions remain mixed. Objective: We investigated the cross-sectional associations of adiponectin with cognitive function and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) biomarkers and whether serum adiponectin levels can predict cognitive outcomes. Methods: This study included 496 participants from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative 1 (ADNI1) with available serum adiponectin levels at baseline and ≥65 years of age. Subjects were stratified based on sex and apolipoprotein ɛ4 (APOE4) carrier status to determine associations between adiponectin and cognitive function. The linear mixed model was used to analyze associations between adiponectin level and cognitive outcome in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) patients. Results: Serum adiponectin levels were higher in aMCI and AD than in CN subjects among APOE4 non-carrier males (adiponectin in CN, aMCI, and AD: 0.54±0.24, 0.74±0.25, and 0.85±0.25, respectively, p < 0.001). In this group, serum adiponectin levels were associated with age (p = 0.001), ADAS13 (p < 0.001), memory function (p < 0.001), executive function (p < 0.001), total tau (p < 0.001), and phosphorylated tau (p < 0.001) measures in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Higher adiponectin level was not associated with cognitive outcome in aMCI patients in the linear mixed model analysis over 5.3±2.6 years of mean follow-up. Conclusion: Serum adiponectin level was associated with cognitive function and CSF AD biomarkers among APOE4 non-carrier males. However, serum adiponectin level was not associated with longitudinal cognitive function outcome in aMCI.

32 CLONING OF ELITE QUARANTINE SNIFFING DOG BY SOMATIC CELL NUCLEAR TRANSFER

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 164
Author(s):  
H. J. Oh ◽  
M. J. Kim ◽  
G. A. Kim ◽  
J. Choi ◽  
E. J. Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer ◽  
Nuclear Transfer ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Donor Cells ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Sound Sensitivity

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) in assisted reproductive technologies has been considered for the conservation of valuable or endangered animals. Dogs that were originally bred for hunting, such as beagles, have an exceptional ability to detect a particular smell from many others. For that reason, the beagles have been used to detect quarantine risk items from a wide range of goods in assorted luggage without scaring or disrupting the passengers. Though very useful and highly in need, elite quarantine sniffing beagles with excellent abilities are rare; much time, effort, and money are required in producing them. Here, we have applied SCNT for propagation of elite quarantine sniffing dogs to save time and economic burden. Ear fibroblasts from a 10-year-old adult male elite quarantine sniffing beagle were isolated and cultured in vitro as donor cells. For SCNT, in vivo-matured oocytes, obtained by flushing the uterine tubes of oocyte donors (mixed breed), were used. The oocytes were enucleated, microinjected with donor cells, fused by electrical stimulation, and activated chemically. Reconstructed oocytes were surgically transferred into the uterine tube of naturally synchronous recipient females. A total of 212 activated cloned embryos were transferred into 12 female recipient dogs and 4 recipients became pregnant. The 4 pregnant recipients delivered 4 pups through caesarean section or natural delivery, but 1 died right after birth and did not show an abnormality. Other live puppies exhibited normal phenotypes; their appearance was similar to that of the donor dog. All cloned pups were genetically identical to the donor dog and their mitochondrial DNA was from their oocyte donor dogs. When the cloned pups were 16 weeks old, we conducted a Volhard test, which is commonly used to describe the following puppy aptitudes: social attraction, following, restraint, social dominance, elevation dominance, retrieving, touch sensitivity, sound sensitivity, and sight sensitivity. Dog behavior data on differences in transcript abundance were analyzed by a general linear mixed model. The 3 cloned pups showed similar behavioral tendencies. The present study demonstrates that NT technique using donor cell derived from 1 elite quarantine sniffing dog is useful to produce a large number of quarantine sniffing dogs. This study was supported by RDA (no. PJ0089752012), RNL Bio (no. 550-20120006), IPET (no. 311062-04-1-SB010), Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Nestlé Purina Korea, and TS Corporation.

A better estimator of mortality rate from age-frequency data

2015 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 364-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell B. Millar
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Population Model ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Generalized Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Weighted Regression ◽  
Frequency Data ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Regression Estimators

The Chapman–Robson and weighted-regression estimators are currently the two preferred methods for estimation of instantaneous mortality, z, from a cross-sectional sample of age-frequency data. They are derived under the assumption of steady-state population dynamics. Here, a new estimator is developed from a population model that explicitly includes annual variability in recruitment. The new estimator is trivial to implement using existing generalized linear mixed model software. It is vastly superior to both the Chapman–Robson and weighted-regression estimators under a wide range of simulation scenarios in which sources of variability include partial recruitment to the fishery, autocorrelated annual recruitment, variability in annual survival, ageing error, and sampling randomness. All estimators produced confidence intervals that had lower actual coverage than their nominal 95% coverage. Nonetheless, the new estimator had the highest actual coverage, and under some scenarios this was achieved with a narrowest confidence interval.

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