Association of High Serum Adiponectin Level With Adverse Cardiovascular Outcomes and Progression of Coronary Artery Calcification in Patients With Pre-dialysis Chronic Kidney Disease

Background: Serum adiponectin level predicts cardiovascular (CV) outcomes and progression of coronary artery calcification (CAC) in the general population, although the association has not been validated in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). In this study, we investigated the association of high serum adiponectin level with the risk of adverse CV outcomes and progression of CAC in patients with pre-dialysis CKD.Methods: A total of 1,127 patients with pre-dialysis CKD from a nationwide prospective cohort of patients with pre-dialysis CKD in Korea were divided into the tertile by serum adiponectin level at the baseline. CV outcome of interest was fatal and non-fatal CV events and all-cause mortality. Progression of CAC was defined as coronary artery calcium score (CACS) change more than 200 during a 4-year follow-up.Results: Cox regression analysis revealed that high serum adiponectin is associated with increased risk of fatal and non-fatal CV events (adjusted hazard ratio 2.799, 95% CI 1.348–5.811). In contrast, high serum adiponectin level was not significantly associated with all-cause mortality (adjusted hazard ratio 0.655, 95% CI 0.203–2.113). Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that high serum adiponectin level is also associated with increased risk of progression of CAC (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 2.078, 95% CI 1.014–4.260). Subgroup analyses demonstrated that the association of high serum adiponectin with increased risk of fatal and non-fatal CV events is not modified by age, gender, history of diabetes, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), or spot urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR).Conclusions: High serum adiponectin level is associated with adverse CV outcomes and progression of CAC in patients with pre-dialysis CKD.

Adiponectin Is Negatively Associated With Disease Activity and Sharp Score in Rheumatoid Arthritis: a Cross-sectional Study on Treatment-naïve Han Chinese Patients

Background: The association and potential role of the protein hormone adiponectin in autoimmune diseases causing musculoskeletal disorders, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), are controversial. Conflicting results may arise from the influences of confounding factors linked to genetic backgrounds, disease stage, disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs and patients’ metabolic characteristics. Here, we examined serum level of adiponectin and its relationship with disease activity score 28 with erythrocytes sedimentation rate (DAS28[ESR]) and Sharp score in a treatment-naïve Han Chinese RA population.Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled 125 RA patients. Serum level of total adiponectin was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Other important clinical and laboratory parameters were collected from the hospital database. DAS28(ESR) was calculated according to the equation previously published. Sharp score was evaluated based on hands radiographs by an independent radiologist. The correlation between serum adiponectin level and DAS28(ESR) or the Sharp score was investigated by univariable and multivariable regression analyses. Multiple imputation by chained equations was used to account for missing data.Results: Univariable analyses showed significant positive correlation between DAS28(ESR) and age or C-Reactive Protein (CRP) (both p = 0.003), while serum adiponectin level was negatively correlated with DAS28(ESR) (p = 0.015). The negative correlation between adiponectin level and DAS28(ESR) remained true in multivariable analyses adjusted for confounders. In addition, the univariable analyses revealed positively correlations of Sharp score to disease duration (p < 0.001), CRP (p = 0.023) and ESR (p < 0.001). In the multivariable model adjusted for confounders, adiponectin was negatively correlated with Sharp score (p = 0.044).Conclusion: In this single-institution cross-sectional study, serum adiponectin level in treatment-naive RA patients is negatively correlated with DAS28(ESR) and the Sharp score after adjustment for prominent identified confounders. Serum adiponectin may be potentially useful for assessing disease activity and radiographic progression of RA.

Serum Adiponectin in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD): Association with AD Biomarkers and Cognitive Outcome

Background: The association between dementia and serum adiponectin has been evaluated in many studies; however, conclusions remain mixed. Objective: We investigated the cross-sectional associations of adiponectin with cognitive function and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) biomarkers and whether serum adiponectin levels can predict cognitive outcomes. Methods: This study included 496 participants from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative 1 (ADNI1) with available serum adiponectin levels at baseline and ≥65 years of age. Subjects were stratified based on sex and apolipoprotein ɛ4 (APOE4) carrier status to determine associations between adiponectin and cognitive function. The linear mixed model was used to analyze associations between adiponectin level and cognitive outcome in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) patients. Results: Serum adiponectin levels were higher in aMCI and AD than in CN subjects among APOE4 non-carrier males (adiponectin in CN, aMCI, and AD: 0.54±0.24, 0.74±0.25, and 0.85±0.25, respectively, p < 0.001). In this group, serum adiponectin levels were associated with age (p = 0.001), ADAS13 (p < 0.001), memory function (p < 0.001), executive function (p < 0.001), total tau (p < 0.001), and phosphorylated tau (p < 0.001) measures in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Higher adiponectin level was not associated with cognitive outcome in aMCI patients in the linear mixed model analysis over 5.3±2.6 years of mean follow-up. Conclusion: Serum adiponectin level was associated with cognitive function and CSF AD biomarkers among APOE4 non-carrier males. However, serum adiponectin level was not associated with longitudinal cognitive function outcome in aMCI.

Correlation between adiponectin level and the degree of fibrosis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Background Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most prevalent chronic liver diseases, particularly in Egypt. It is defined as the accumulation of lipids inside the hepatocytes, in the absence of other etiologies of hepatic damage. It is frequently associated with obesity, diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome. Adiponectin is an abundant adipocyte-derived protein with well-established anti-atherogenic, insulin-sensitizing, and anti-inflammatory properties. The liver is a major target organ for adiponectin especially in fatty liver diseases, and this adipocytokine has the ability to control many liver functions including metabolism, inflammation, and fibrosis. In this study, we aimed to find out the correlation between the degree of liver fibrosis in NAFLD patients and their serum adiponectin level as a future non-invasive method for the assessment of liver fibrosis to substitute liver biopsy to avoid its hazardous complication and also to study the correlation between diabetes mellitus as well as obesity and serum adiponectin level. Results Fifty patients were selected to participate in our study based on our inclusion criteria. They were recruited from the Internal Medicine Department, Gastroenterology Clinic in Al-Demerdash Hospital using a convenient sampling method. Diagnosis of NAFLD was confirmed by laboratory markers: aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lipid profile, ultrasound, and FibroScan examination. Analyzing the adiponectin levels showed that besides its significant correlation with body mass index (BMI), hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia, it was significantly lower in the high-grade fibrosis group compared to the low-grade fibrosis group with a P-value of (0.000) and a cutoff value for stage 3/4 fibrosis of about 2.31 μg/ml which marked a promising hope of adiponectin being of protective value against liver fibrosis. Conclusion Both serum levels and hepatic adiponectin receptor expression are decreased in NAFLD. Therefore, either adiponectin itself or adiponectin-inducing agents might be of key therapeutic interest in the near future in the treatment of NAFLD.

Low serum adiponectin level is associated with better physical health-related quality of life in chronic kidney disease

Hyperadiponectemia is paradoxically associated with renal disease progression and mortality in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Its association with health-related quality of life (HR-QOL) is unknown. This study aimed to verify the association between adiponectin and HR-QOL in Korean pre-dialysis CKD cohort. This cross-sectional study analyzed 1551 pre-dialysis CKD patients from KNOW-CKD (KoreaN Cohort Study for Outcome in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease). Participants were categorized into three tertiles (T1–T3) according to adiponectin levels. HR-QOL was assessed using SF-36. High physical component summary (PCS) and mental component summary (MCS) were defined as highest quartile of each score. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for high PCS and MCS. Prevalence of high PCS were 33.3%, 27.5%, and 17.0% and that of high MCS were 31.7%, 24.8%, and 21.3% for T1, T2, and T3 (both p for trend < 0.001). The adjusted OR [95% CI] of T1 and T2 in reference to T3 were 1.56 [1.09–2.23] and 1.19 [0.85–1.68] for high PCS and 1.19 [0.85–1.68] and 0.94 [0.68–1.29] for high MCS. Serum adiponectin level was inversely associated with physical HR-QOL in Korean pre-dialysis CKD patients. This relationship was independent of various cardiovascular risk factors.

Dietary quality score is positively associated with serum adiponectin level in Indonesian preschool-age children living in the urban area of Jakarta

An unhealthy diet during childhood directly impacts the risk of developing noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) later on in life. However, well-documented information on this issue is lacking. We investigated the dietary quality of young Indonesian children and assessed the relationship to serum adiponectin levels as an early marker of NCDs. Eighty-five (44 girls and 41 boys) Indonesian preschool-age children in East Jakarta were included in this study. Dietary intake data were gathered by collecting repeated 24-hour recalls for one weekday and one day during the weekend, which were then further converted into participants’ Healthy Eating Index (HEI) 2015 scores. Meanwhile, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to determine the serum adiponectin level. A multiple regression analysis was performed to assess the association between the HEI 2015 score and serum adiponectin, adjusting for potential confounders. The mean HEI 2015 score was 33.2 ± 8.3 points, which was far below the recommended score of ≥ 80 points, while the mean serum adiponectin was 10.3 ± 4.1 μg/mL. Multiple linear regression testing showed that a one-point increase in the HEI 2015 score was significantly associated with an increase in the serum adiponectin level by 0.115 μg/mL after adjusting for exclusive breastfeeding history (β = 0.115; 95% CI = 0.010–0.221; p = 0.032). In conclusion, better adherence of young children to a healthy diet has a positive association with their adiponectin level. This result suggests that strengthening children’s dietary quality from an early age by involving all parties in the children’s environment (e.g., parents, teachers at school, policymakers) may help to reduce the risk of NCDs later on in childhood and during adult life.

Association of serum adiponectin and myostatin levels with skeletal muscle in patients with obesity: A cross-sectional study

Background Adiponectin has been reported to be associated with lower skeletal muscle mass and skeletal strength and may be involved in skeletal muscle regulation along with myostatin. This study aims to evaluate the association between serum adiponectin and myostatin levels and identify independent factors using body composition and metabolic parameters in patients with obesity. Methods Overall, 148 patients (age, 45.9 ± 14.3 years, body mass index, 37.2 ± 8.0 kg/m2) who initially visited the outpatient clinic of obesity between November 2013 and November 2019 were included. Body composition was measured using InBody 720 and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. In addition, muscle strength, vascular function, and metabolic parameters were measured. Serum levels of adiponectin, leptin, myostatin, and irisin were measured from blood samples. Results The serum adiponectin level was 2.9 μg/mL (1.7–4.1 μg/mL), and the serum myostatin level was 2398.4 pg/mL (1,777.1–2952.5 pg/mL). The stepwise regression analysis revealed less leg strength, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, and C-reactive protein as an independent predictor of serum adiponectin levels based on the significance of the univariate analysis (R2 = 0.190, P < 0.001). A high appendicular lean mass/body weight, reactive hyperemia index, and irisin were independent factors for serum myostatin levels (R2 = 0.260, P < 0.001) Conclusion The serum adiponectin level was associated with less muscle strength. Although serum myostatin was associated with a high appendicular lean mass, it is possible that myostatin was regulated by the percentage of body weight from appendicular lean mass.