scholarly journals Assessment of Environmental Pollution of Heavy Metals Deposited on the Leaves of Trees in Yazd Bus Terminals

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
motahareh esfandiari ◽  
Mohammad Ali Hakimzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Green Space ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Urban Transport ◽  
Heavy Elements ◽  
And Cluster Analysis

Abstract There is a lack of information about urban transport activity in adding heavy elements to the environment. This research assesses concentration some of heavy elements in the deposited atmospheric dust in Yazd bus terminals. Dust samples were collected from the green space in the bus terminals of urban transportation. Following the digestion by nitric acid, determination of the total metal concentration of cadmium(Cd), cobalt(Co), copper(Cu), nickel(Ni), lead(Pb), zinc(Zn), chromium (Cr), and manganese(Mn) in the dust were performed via Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. The map representing the spatial distribution of metals was plotted and their source was identified using Pearson correlation coefficients, Principal Component Analysis(PCA), and Cluster Analysis(CA). The findings indicated that the mean concentration of heavy metals in the deposited dust on the leaves of the trees was in the following order; Cd < Co < Ni < Pb < Cu < Zn < Cr < Mn. The map representing the spatial distribution of heavy metal concentrations indicated that the abundance of metals in different stations varies according to their location. Two important sources for the concentration of heavy metals in the deposited dust on the leaves were identified. The sources of Co, Cd, Mn, and Ni were anthropogenic and lithogenic, and the sources of Pb, Zn, Cr and Cu were the traffic and industrial activities. The amounts of EF, CF, IPI and, RI Indicators in residential, commercial, green space and environmental uses were estimated at low to extremely high levels of pollution. The findings showed that the growth of industrialization and human activities had caused contamination of the environment by heavy metals emitted into the atmosphere of Yazd.

scholarly journals Heavy Metals in Marine Surface Sediments of Daya Bay, Southern China: Spatial Distribution, Sources Apportionment, and Ecological Risk Assessment

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huijuan Wang ◽  
Zhengqiu Fan ◽  
Zexing Kuang ◽  
Yuan Yuan ◽  
Huaxue Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Ecological Risk ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Primary Standard ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Daya Bay ◽  
Human Beings

Daya Bay, especially in the northwestern region, which is a nature reserve with larval economic fish and shrimp populations, is no longer an unpolluted marine environment due to the recent increases in anthropogenic activities. This study collected seasonal surface sediment samples from 20 sites in northwestern Daya Bay to evaluate pollution and ecological risks and to identify possible sources and transport pathways of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn, Hg, As). The results showed that all the heavy metal concentrations were below the established primary standard criteria, except for concentrations of Cr in spring, as well as Cu and Zn in autumn at several sampling stations, which had excess rates of 35, 4.76, and 4.76%, respectively. The geoaccumulation index (Igeo) values of heavy metals indicated that all sites had unpolluted to moderate pollution levels. In comparison to the samples collected in autumn, those in spring experienced a higher degree of pollution, particularly Cr and As. The ecological risk indices of heavy metals in sediments ranged from 225.86 to 734.20 in spring and from 196.69 to 567.52 in autumn, suggesting that most sites had a moderate ecological risk or a considerable ecological risk, and very few a had high ecological risk. Moreover, ArcGIS10.2 software was used to visualize their spatial distribution, and the results were similar in both spring and autumn. The results of the Pearson correlation analysis and principal component analysis showed that Cu, Hg, and Pb might be affected by anthropogenic activities, and As might be derived from natural sources such as atmospheric inputs. A cluster analysis showed that heavy metals were mainly affected by the negative impacts of human beings on the environment.

scholarly journals An analysis of heavy metals contamination and estimating the daily intakes of vegetables from Uganda

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 239784732098525
Author(s):  
Keneth Iceland Kasozi ◽  
Eric Oloya Otim ◽  
Herbert Izo Ninsiima ◽  
Gerald Zirintunda ◽  
Andrew Tamale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
World Health ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Daily Intakes

Background: Environmental contamination with elevated levels of copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr6+), cadmium (Cd), and nickel (Ni)—all states of which are found in Uganda—raises health risk to the public. Pb, Cr6+, Cd, and Ni for instance are generally considered nonessential to cellular functions, notwithstanding the importance of the oxidative state of the metals in bioavailability. As such, we aimed in this study (i) to evaluate heavy metal concentrations in four vegetables from a typical open-air market in Uganda, (ii) to assess the safety of consuming these vegetables against the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended limits of heavy metals consumption, and (iii) to formulate a model of estimated daily intake (EDI) among consumers in the country. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in five georeferenced markets of Bushenyi district in January 2020. Amaranthus, cabbages, scarlet eggplants, and tomatoes were collected from open markets, processed, and analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry. Modeled EDI, principal component (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) were conducted to identify relationships in the samples. Results: The levels of essential elements in the four vegetables were found to fall from Co > Cu > Fe > Zn. Those of non-essential metals were significantly higher and followed the pattern Cd > Cr > Pb > Ni. The highest EDI values were those of Cu in scarlet eggplants, Zn in amaranthus, Fe in amaranthus, Co in amaranthus, Pb in cabbages, total Cr in scarlet eggplant, Cd in cabbages and tomatoes, and Ni in cabbages. In comparison to international limits, EDIs for Zn, Cu, Co and Fe were low while Ni in cabbages were high. PCA showed high variations in scarlet eggplant and amaranthus. The study vegetables were found to be related with each other, not according to the location of the markets from where they were obtained, but according to their species by CA. Conclusion: The presence of non-essential elements above WHO limits raises policy challenges for the consumption and marketing of vegetables in the study area. Furthermore, low EDIs of essential elements in the vegetables create demand for nutritious foods to promote healthy communities.

Associations Among the MCMI-II Clinical Syndrome Scales and the MMPI-2 Clinical Scales

Assessment ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 407-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Blais ◽  
Kenneth B. Benedict ◽  
Dennis K. Norman
Keyword(s):  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Clinical Syndrome ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Clinical Scales ◽  
Axis I

The Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory—II (MCMI-II), a frequently used self-report measure of psychopathology, contains nine scales designed to assess Axis I psychopathology (the clinical syndrome and severe syndrome scales). This study explored the relationships among these nine MCMI-II clinical syndrome scales and the clinical scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–2 (MMPI-2). A sample of 108 psychiatric inpatients was administered both the MCMI-II and the MMPI-2 within 7 days of admission. Pearson correlation coefficients and principal component factors were obtained for the MCMI-II and MMPI-2 scales. The results provided support for the convergent validity of all the MCMI-II Axis I scales. However, the majority of the MCMI-II scales failed to demonstrate adequate discriminant validity in relation to the MMPI-2 scales. The principal component analysis revealed that method variance was the principal influence in determining factor loadings for the majority of test scales. This finding suggests that these two popular self-report tests differ substantially in how they measure psychopathology.

Investigation of Soil Heavy Metal in Zhehai Town Huize County Yunnan Based on GIS- Approach and Geostatistics

2012 ◽  
Vol 610-613 ◽  
pp. 3067-3074
Author(s):  
Kun Shi ◽  
Dong Sheng Li ◽  
Bi Yun Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Correlation Matrix ◽  
Yunnan Province ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
And Cluster Analysis ◽  
Soil Area

1144 sample points were collected using PXRF from an area of 99 square kilometers soil area Zhehai town Huizhe county of Yunnan province to acquire their concentrations and possible sources, and characterize their spatial variability for risk assessment. SPSS16.0 was used to deal the raw date and eliminate the outfits and perform Multivariate analysis (correlation matrix, principal component analysis, and cluster analysis). It discriminate distinct groups of heavy metals. From the Range of the semi-variorum models, it obtained elements spatial structure and the contamination resource caused mainly by natural resource or anthropogenic activities. The result of risk assessment attained the percentage of pollution accounts for whole investigate region, which provides the reference to deal with the soil pollution.

scholarly journals Statistical Analysis of the Physicochemical Parameters of Olive (Olea europaea L.) Ecotype Oils in the Oasis Region of Degache (Tunisia)

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 27-33
Author(s):  
Fathi Ben Amar ◽  
Sihem Ben Maachia ◽  
Mohamed Ayadi
Keyword(s):  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Physicochemical Parameters ◽  
Acid Level ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Oil Quality ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Refraction Index ◽  
Olive Oils ◽  
Parameter Values

SummaryA total of seventeen olive ecotypes were identified in the oasis region of Degache (Tozeur, Tunisia). The following physicochemical parameters of their oils were studied: acidity, refraction index, polyphenol, chlorophyll and carotene contents, oleic, palmitic and linoleic acid levels and the UV absorbance (K232 and K270). The acidity, K232 and K270 parameter values were used to classify most of the olive oils considered as ‘extra virgin’. The highest carotene, chlorophyll and polyphenol contents of the olive oils examined were found to be 13.60 ppm, 9.10 ppm and 796 ppm, respectively. The oleic acid level of the olive oils considered ranged between 47% and 73%, whereas the palimtic acid level ranged between 11.8% and 23%, and the linoleic acid level ranged between 8.8% and 22.5%. Therefore, the fatty acid composition of the most olive oils considered was in keeping with the IOC norms. The Pearson correlation coefficients obtained were found to be negatively significant for the oleic, palmitic and linoleic acid levels recorded. The cluster and principal component analyses performed revealed the importance of fatty acids and polyphenol contents in the clustering of olive ecotypes. The selection of olive ecotypes according to oil quality is possible, requiring further studies focusing especially on their agronomic characters.

scholarly journals Population differences in morphological and anatomical traits of Pinus mugo Turra needles from the Polish part of the Tatra Mountains

2017 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-76
Author(s):  
Ewa M. Pawlaczyk ◽  
Alina Bączkiewicz ◽  
Piotr Wawrzyniak ◽  
Magdalena Czołpińska ◽  
Patrycja Gonera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Variation ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Pinus Mugo ◽  
Tatra Mountains ◽  
Tatra Mts ◽  
The Tatra Mountains ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Two Populations

Abstract The main aim of this study was to describe the variation between the populations of the dwarf mountain pine Pinus mugo Turra based on the morphological and anatomical traits of their needles, and to investigate the relationship between the observed variation and environmental conditions (altitude and substrate). Two-year-old needles were collected from 180 individuals of six populations of P. mugo growing in the Tatra Mts. Two populations were classified as dense, located at 1360–1450 m altitude, and the remaining four formed loose clusters and were situated at 1500–1650 m altitude. Four of the populations are growing on granite and two on a limestone substrate. The natural variation of 10 morpho-anatomical and 3 synthetic needle traits was measured. In addition to descriptive statistics, the analyses of variance (ANOVA) with a Tukey test and principal component analysis were computed. We also estimated Pearson correlation coefficients for the examined needle traits and altitude as well as substrate. Our results indicate that the P. mugo populations differ significantly with regard to the investigated traits for which the Trzydniowiański Wierch population was the most distinct. The observed pattern of variability is largely caused by differences in stomatal traits and these features are positive correlated with altitude. Additionally, populations growing on granite have larger values for most of the examined traits compared to populations growing on limestone.

scholarly journals Spatial Distribution, Chemical Speciation and Health Risk of Heavy Metals from Settled Dust in Qingdao Urban Area

Atmosphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongxia Xu ◽  
Yan Wang ◽  
Ruhai Liu ◽  
Mingyu Wang ◽  
Yanyan Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Chemical Speciation ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Settled Dust ◽  
Old City

Settled dust samples were collected from Qingdao urban area to analyze the spatial distribution, chemical speciation and sources of metals, and to evaluate the health risk of metals from atmospheric dust. The average contents of Hg, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in the atmospheric settled dust of Qingdao were 0.17, 0.75, 153.1, 456.7, 60.9, 176.0 and 708.3 mg/kg, respectively, which were higher than soil background values. The mean exchangeable metal and carbonated-associated fraction proportions of Cd, Zn and Pb were 43.6%, 26.1% and 15%, which implies that they have high mobility and bioavailability. Higher contents of heavy metals appeared in old city areas because of the historical accumulation of metals. Principal component analysis showed that combustion sources partially contributed to Pb, Zn and other trace metals. Hg, Pb and Zn mainly originated from business, human activities and municipal construction. Cd and Cu from settled dust of the old city originated from the erosion and ageing of construction materials. The non-carcinogenic risk rankings for the seven determined heavy metals were ingestion > dermal > inhalation. Cd, Cr and Ni from settled dust showed a low carcinogenic risk. The health risks of Cr, Cu and Pb were higher in old city areas and, therefore, need special attention.

scholarly journals Distribution and contamination assessment of heavy metals in soils and sediments from the Fildes Peninsula and Ardley Island in King George Island, Antarctica

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Lin ◽  
A.B.M. Sadique Rayhan ◽  
Yun Wang ◽  
Zhai Wu ◽  
Yan Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Pollution Load Index ◽  
Contamination Assessment ◽  
Fildes Peninsula ◽  
Metal Pollutants ◽  
Soils And Sediments ◽  
Accumulation Index ◽  
Heavy Metal Pollutants

Concentrations of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd and Cr) in surface soils and sediments collected in 2008 from 37 sampling sites in the Fildes Peninsula and Ardley Island were detected by atomic absorption spectrometry. The total contents of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd and Cr ranged, respectively, from 61.36 to 562.2 mg/kg, 0.52 to 1.95 mg/kg, 54.61 to 577.9 mg/kg, 0.04 to 3.76 mg/kg and 6.83 to 25.9 mg/kg in soils and from 58.55 to 498.3 mg/kg, 0.60 to 2.51 mg/kg, 56.22 to 345.9 mg/kg, 0.07 to 5.77 mg/kg and 7.76 to 39.5 mg/kg in sediments. The geo-accumulation index and the pollution load index were calculated to evaluate the environmental effects of heavy metal pollutants, Cu, Zn and Cd, in the study area. Soils and sediments from Ardley Island were found to be moderately polluted with the studied metals. Pearson’s correlation analysis and principal component analysis were applied to assess the distribution pattern and potential source of heavy metals. The results suggest that Cu, Zn and Cd in the study area originated from both the lithogenic sources and penguin guano, while Pb and Cr were probably derived from lithogenic sources.

scholarly journals Evaluation and sensitivity analysis of the ecosystem service functions of haze absorption by green space based on its quality in China

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 93-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Zhang ◽  
Ning Wang ◽  
Lianwei Yang ◽  
Xin Zhang ◽  
Qi Liu
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Ecosystem Service ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Green Space ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Shape Index ◽  
Modis Imagery ◽  
Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer

Evaluation of the ecosystem service functions of haze absorption by green space is important for controlling haze. In this study, the ecosystem service functions of haze absorption by green space in China in 2001, 2004, 2007, 2010, 2013, 2016 and 2018 are analyzed based on green space quality and sensitivity using a geographic information system (GIS) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) imagery. The results showed that the benchmark ecosystem service functions of haze absorption by green space when considering only the area of green space showed a trend that increases first and then decreases in 2001–2018, with 9000458.55 million Kg, 9145110.75 million Kg and 7734526.75 million Kg in 2001, 2013 and 2018, respectively. However, the corrected functions based on green space quality were 7724215.34 million Kg, 8320301.79 million Kg and 6510132.55 million Kg in the corresponding years. This indicated large differences between ecosystem service functions of haze absorption based on the quality and area of green space; only considering the area of green space to evaluate ecosystem service functions will result in overestimation. In terms of the spatial distribution of the ecosystem service functions of haze absorption by green space, there were greater differences in the benchmark and corrected functions, and the spatial distributions of the maximum, intermediate and minimum ecosystem service functions were notably different. However, the benchmark and corrected functions all showed a consistent trend in the rank of their contribution rates and ecosystem service functions as well as consistent distribution trends: the spatial distribution of ecosystem service functions of haze absorption by green space was very different in the same year, but there was little difference among different years. The change coefficients for the ecosystem service functions of haze absorption by arable land and grass land remained stable, whereas the coefficient of sensitivity for forest cover was elastic. Patch density (PD) and the ecosystem service functions of SO2 absorption, NOx absorption, dust retention and total ecosystem services showed a significant negative correlation, with correlation coefficients of -0.407, -0.511, -.330 and -0.332, respectively. In contrast, the area-weighted mean shape index (SAPE_AM) and ecosystem service functions exhibited significant positive relationships with correlation coefficients of 0.650, 0.634, 0.568 and 0.570, respectively. The results provide an improved method for evaluating the ecosystem service functions of haze absorption by green space as well as a reference for the prevention and control of haze and the coordinated development of regional societies, the economy and the environment.

scholarly journals Chemometrics as a Tool in the Study of Lead Toxicity in Rats

2017 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Amador-Hernández
Keyword(s):  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Lead Toxicity ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Kidney Weight ◽  
Procrustean Analysis

<p>In this work, chemometric tools were applied to establish correlations between biomarkers and to identify the most significant ones in relation to acute exposure of Wistar rats to Pb. The metal content in biological matrices (serum, urine, liver, brain, and kidney), biochemical parameters (protein content, activity of the Glutathione S–Transferase enzymes, and urinalysis), apart from morphological measurements of organisms, were estimated in both the exposed and the control groups and submitted to Significance tests, Principal Component Analysis, Hierarchical Cluster Analysis, and Generalized Procrustean Analysis. It could be observed that Pb in serum, but not in erythrocytes, was the biomarker associated with the Pb content in kidney and other parameters related to this organ. In the same way, Pearson correlation coefficients emphasized the relation between Pb in serum and these variables, with the exception of kidney weight. Additionally, Pb in serum was found to be the biomarker with the greatest difference between the control and the exposed groups, which converts it into the most sensitive biomarker in the present study.   </p>

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