Newcastle Disease Virus Induced Pathologies Severely Affect the Exocrine and Endocrine Functions of Pancreas in Chickens

Abstract Background: Newcastle disease virus (NDV) causes a highly contagious and devastating disease in poultry, Newcastle disease (ND), which is particularly characterized by extensive pathologies in the digestive, respiratory and nervous systems. ND cause heavy economic losses to the world poultry industry by decreasing growth rate, decrease egg productions, mortality and morbidity. Although, significant advances have been made in the vaccine development, but outbreaks are reported in vaccinated birds leading decrease growth rate. Methods: In this study, we report the damage caused by the NDV infection in the pancreas of vaccinated as well specific pathogen free chickens. Results: The histopathological examination of the pancreas showed sever damage in the form of partial depletion of zymogen granules, acinar cell vacuolization, necrosis, and apoptosis, congestion in the large and small vessels, sloughing of epithelial cells of pancreatic duct, and mild perivascular edema. Increased plasma levels of corticosterone, somatostatin, were observed in NDV infected chicks at 3 and 5-day post infection (DPI). Slight decrease in the plasma concentrations of the insulin were noticed at 5 DPI. Significant changes were not observed in the plasma levels of glucagon. Furthermore, NDV infection has decreases the activity and mRNA expression of amylase, lipase, and trypsin from the pancreas. Conclusion: Taken together, our findings highlight that NDV induces extensive tissue damage in pancreas, decrease the activity and expression of pancreatic enzymes and increase plasma corticosterone and somatostatin.

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Newcastle Disease Virus Induced Pathologies Severely Affect the Exocrine and Endocrine Functions of the Pancreas in Chickens

10.20944/preprints202101.0618.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Zaib Ur Rehman ◽

Shanhui Ren ◽

Salman Latif Butt ◽

Zahid Manzoor ◽

Javid Iqbal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Newcastle Disease Virus ◽

Disease Virus ◽

Newcastle Disease ◽

Plasma Levels ◽

Vaccine Development ◽

Histopathological Examination ◽

Plasma Concentrations ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Mortality And Morbidity

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) causes a highly contagious and devastating disease in poultry, Newcastle disease (ND). ND causes heavy economic losses to the global poultry industry by decreasing the growth rate, decrease egg productions, mortality, and morbidity. Although, significant advances have been made in the vaccine development, but outbreaks are reported in vaccinated birds leading to overall decreased growth rate. In this study, we report the damage caused by the NDV infection in the pancreatic tissues of vaccinated as well as specific pathogen free chickens. The histopathological examination of the pancreas showed sever damage in the form of partial depletion of zymogen granules, acinar cell vacuolization, necrosis, and apoptosis, congestion in the large and small vessels, sloughing of epithelial cells of pancreatic duct, and mild perivascular edema. Increased plasma levels of corticosterone, somatostatin, were observed in NDV infected chicks at 3 and 5-day post infection (DPI). Slight decrease in the plasma concentrations of the insulin were noticed at 5 DPI. Significant changes were not observed in the plasma levels of glucagon. Furthermore, NDV infection has decreases the activity and mRNA expression of amylase, lipase, and trypsin from the pancreas. Taken together, our findings highlight that NDV induces extensive tissue damage in pancreas, decrease the activity and expression of pancreatic enzymes and increase plasma corticosterone and somatostatin.

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Newcastle Disease Virus Induced Pathologies Severely Affect the Exocrine and Endocrine Functions of the Pancreas in Chickens

Genes ◽

10.3390/genes12040495 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 495

Author(s):

Zaib Ur Rehman ◽

Shanhui Ren ◽

Salman Latif Butt ◽

Zahid Manzoor ◽

Javid Iqbal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Newcastle Disease Virus ◽

Disease Virus ◽

Newcastle Disease ◽

Plasma Levels ◽

Egg Production ◽

Vaccine Development ◽

Histopathological Examination ◽

Plasma Concentrations ◽

Economic Losses ◽

High Morbidity

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) causes a highly contagious and devastating disease in poultry. ND causes heavy economic losses to the global poultry industry by decreasing the growth rate, decrease in egg production high morbidity and mortality. Although significant advances have been made in the vaccine development, outbreaks are reported in vaccinated birds. In this study, we report the damage caused by NDV infection in the pancreatic tissues of vaccinated and specific-pathogen-free chickens. The histopathological examination of the pancreas showed severe damage in the form of partial depletion of zymogen granules, acinar cell vacuolization, necrosis, apoptosis, congestion in the large and small vessels, sloughing of epithelial cells of the pancreatic duct, and mild perivascular edema. Increased plasma levels of corticosterone and somatostatin were observed in NDV-infected chicken at three- and five- days post infection (DPI). A slight decrease in the plasma concentrations of insulin was noticed at 5 DPI. Significant changes were not observed in the plasma levels of glucagon. Furthermore, NDV infection decreased the activity and mRNA expression of amylase, lipase, and trypsin from the pancreas. Taken together, our findings highlight that NDV induces extensive tissue damage in the pancreas, decreases the activity and expression of pancreatic enzymes, and increases plasma corticosterone and somatostatin. These findings provide new insights that a defective pancreas may be one of the reasons for decreased growth performance after NDV infection in chickens.

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Development of an Effective and Stable Genotype-Matched Live Attenuated Newcastle Disease Virus Vaccine Based on a Novel Naturally Recombinant Malaysian Isolate Using Reverse Genetics

Vaccines ◽

10.3390/vaccines8020270 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 270 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Muhammad Bashir Bello ◽

Siti Nor Azizah Mahamud ◽

Khatijah Yusoff ◽

Aini Ideris ◽

Mohd Hair-Bejo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Newcastle Disease Virus ◽

Disease Virus ◽

Newcastle Disease ◽

Cleavage Site ◽

Recombinant Virus ◽

Reverse Genetics ◽

Protective Efficacy ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Mortality And Morbidity ◽

Genotype Vii

Genotype VII Newcastle disease viruses are associated with huge economic losses in the global poultry industry. Despite the intensive applications of vaccines, disease outbreaks caused by those viruses continue to occur frequently even among the vaccinated poultry farms. An important factor in the suboptimal protective efficacy of the current vaccines is the genetic mismatch between the prevalent strains and the vaccine strains. Therefore, in the present study, an effective and stable genotype-matched live attenuated Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine was developed using reverse genetics, based on a recently isolated virulent naturally recombinant NDV IBS025/13 Malaysian strain. First of all, the sequence encoding the fusion protein (F) cleavage site of the virus was modified in silico from virulent polybasic (RRQKRF) to avirulent monobasic (GRQGRL) motif. The entire modified sequence was then chemically synthesized and inserted into pOLTV5 transcription vector for virus rescue. A recombinant virus termed mIBS025 was successfully recovered and shown to be highly attenuated based on OIE recommended pathogenicity assessment indices. Furthermore, the virus was shown to remain stably attenuated and retain the avirulent monobasic F cleavage site after 15 consecutive passages in specific-pathogen-free embryonated eggs and 12 passages in one-day-old chicks. More so, the recombinant virus induced a significantly higher hemagglutination inhibition antibody titre than LaSota although both vaccines fully protected chicken against genotype VII NDV induced mortality and morbidity. Finally, mIBS025 was shown to significantly reduce both the duration and quantity of cloacal and oropharyngeal shedding of the challenged genotype VII virus compared to the LaSota vaccine. These findings collectively indicate that mIBS025 provides a better protective efficacy than LaSota and therefore can be used as a promising vaccine candidate against genotype VII NDV strains.

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Evaluation of immunity and protection in chicken administered a developed vaccine against predominant Middle Eastern strains of genotypes VI and VII of velogenic Newcastle Disease Virus

10.21203/rs.3.rs-16483/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Soonham Sami Yaghmoor` ◽

Taha Abdullah Kumosani ◽

Elie Kamil Barbour ◽

Othman Abubaker Baothman

Keyword(s):

Newcastle Disease Virus ◽

Disease Virus ◽

Humoral Immunity ◽

Newcastle Disease ◽

Middle Eastern ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Bivalent Vaccine ◽

Velogenic Newcastle Disease Virus ◽

Ifn Γ ◽

H Protein

Abstract Background The velogenic-Newcastle Disease Virus (v-NDV) causes an important disease in chicken, associated with serious economic losses to the global poultry industry. This research evaluated the immunity in broilers administered a developed bivalent vaccine, aiming at protection against predominant Middle Eastern strains of genotypes VI and VII of v-NDV. The completely randomized design implemented in this evaluation included eight treatments, differing in birds being administered or deprived of the developed vaccine, with a difference in type of challenge, either by v-NDV strain(s) of genotype VI, VII, or both. Vaccination was administered subcutaneously at 6 and 21 d of age, followed by an intra-pectoral challenge at the age of 28 d. Results The acquired humoral immunity by vaccinated and challenged birds to Hemagglutinin (H) protein was the highest at market age of 40 d, compared to challenged birds deprived of vaccination, and to vaccinates deprived of challenge (P<0.05). The same statistical difference pattern was obtained by the cell-mediated immunity (CMI), represented by birds’ level of serum IFN- γ . The type of challenge by either strain(s) of genotype VI, VII, or VI+VII did affect statistically the cross reactivity of acquired humoral immunity specific to H protein of homologous versus heterologous strains. The absence of humoral immunity and the low IFN- γ levels at 28 d of age in challenged birds deprived of vaccination lead to highest mortality, and lowest performance compared to vaccinates and challenged, vaccinates and deprived of challenge, and unvaccinated-unchallenged birds (P<0.05). Conclusions The developed bivalent vaccine was able to induce enough humoral and CMI responses, enabling protection of the broilers against production losses by each of the three types of v-NDV challenges. It is recommended to conduct future studies to evaluate such types of vaccines in chicken breeders and commercial layers, reared in various world’s zones with existing endemicity of v-NDV.

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Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Newcastle Disease Virus in Layers

Indian Journal of Animal Research ◽

10.18805/ijar.b-4443 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Smita Bordoloi ◽

Anju Nayak ◽

A.P. Singh ◽

R.V. Singh ◽

Kajal Jadav ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Newcastle Disease Virus ◽

Disease Virus ◽

Newcastle Disease ◽

Virulent Strain ◽

Indian Subcontinent ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Tissue Samples ◽

F Gene ◽

Virulent Newcastle Disease Virus

Background: Newcastle disease (ND) in spite of the availability of vaccines remains a constant threat to poultry producers worldwide. It is prevalent in Indian subcontinent and leads to economic losses. The present study was aimed with isolate and identify virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in layer poultry from field outbreaks.Methods: Total 47 samples consisting of nasal (05), oropharyngeal (13) and cloacal swabs (11) and tissue samples consisting of trachea (07), lungs (06), larynx (05) were collected from layer birds. For isolation of NDV swab and tissue samples were inoculated in 9-11 days old embryonated eggs via allantoic cavity route. After preparing the viral inoculum, 47 suspected samples (29 swab and 18 tissue samples) were inoculated in 141 embryonated eggs to isolate the virus.Result: Out of 47 samples 10 (21.27%) samples were positive for HA activity. All the 10 isolates showing HA activity subjected to Reverse-Transcriptase PCR of F gene and 6 were found positive in RT-PCR for F1 gene. The PCR amplified product showed amplicon at 356 bp and 254 bp positive for F1 and F2 gene, respectively. On basis of F gene, 06 (50%) isolates were considered as virulent Newcastle Disease Virus. One isolate sequence was submitted at NCBI with accession MT890653 On phylogenetic analysis MT890653 designated as Class II/ genotype II/ virulent strain and had the motif 112R-R-R-K-R-F117 at the cleavage site of the fusion protein.

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An improved method for the rescue of recombinant Newcastle disease virus

BioTechniques ◽

10.2144/btn-2019-0110 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 68 (2) ◽

pp. 96-100

Author(s):

Pheik-Sheen Cheow ◽

Tiong Kit Tan ◽

Adelene Ai-Lian Song ◽

Khatijah Yusoff ◽

Suet Lin Chia

Keyword(s):

Newcastle Disease Virus ◽

Disease Virus ◽

Newcastle Disease ◽

Reverse Genetics ◽

Vaccine Development ◽

Transfection Efficiency ◽

Transfection Method ◽

Helper Plasmids ◽

Immunogenic Properties ◽

Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus

Reverse genetics has been used to generate recombinant Newcastle disease virus with enhanced immunogenic properties for vaccine development. The system, which involves co-transfecting the viral antigenomic plasmid with three helper plasmids into a T7 RNA polymerase-expressing cell to produce viral progenies, poses a great challenge. We have modified the standard transfection method to improve the transfection efficiency of the plasmids, resulting in a higher titer of virus progeny production. Two transfection reagents (i.e., lipofectamine and polyethylenimine) were used to compare the transfection efficiency of the four plasmids. The virus progenies produced were quantitated with flow cytometry analysis of the infectious virus unit. The modified transfection method increased the titer of virus progenies compared with that of the standard transfection method.

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A Novel Cre Recombinase-MediatedIn VivoMinicircle DNA (CRIM) Vaccine Provides Partial Protection against Newcastle Disease Virus

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.00407-19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 85 (14) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Yanlong Jiang ◽

Xing Gao ◽

Ke Xu ◽

Jianzhong Wang ◽

Haibin Huang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Newcastle Disease Virus ◽

Disease Virus ◽

Newcastle Disease ◽

Vaccine Development ◽

Cre Recombinase ◽

Attractive Alternative ◽

Vaccine Platform ◽

Veterinary Vaccine ◽

Minicircle Dna

ABSTRACTMinicircle DNA (mcDNA), which contains only the necessary components for eukaryotic expression and is thus smaller than traditional plasmids, has been designed for application in genetic manipulation. In this study, we constructed a novel plasmid containing both the Cre recombinase under the phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) promoter and recombinantlox66andlox71sites located outside the cytomegalovirus (CMV) expression cassette. The strictly controlled synthesis of Cre recombinasein vivomaintained the complete form of the plasmidin vitro, whereas thein vivoproduction of Cre transformed the parental plasmid to mcDNA after transfection. The newly designedCrerecombinase-mediatedin vivomcDNA platform, named CRIM, significantly increased the nuclear entry of mcDNA, followed by increased production of mRNA and protein, using enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) as a model. Similar results were also observed in chickens when the vaccine was delivered by the regulated-delayed-lysisSalmonellastrain χ11218, where significantly increased production of EGFP was observed in chicken livers. Then, we used the HN gene of genotype VII Newcastle disease virus as an antigen model to construct the traditional plasmid pYL43 and the novel mcDNA plasmid pYL47. After immunization, our CRIM vaccine provided significantly increased protection against challenge compared with that of the traditional plasmid, providing us with a novel mcDNA vaccine platform.IMPORTANCEMinicircle DNA (mcDNA) has been considered an attractive alternative to DNA vaccines; however, the relatively high cost and complicated process of purifying mcDNA dramatically restricts the application of mcDNA in the veterinary field. We designed a novelin vivomcDNA platform in which the complete plasmid could spontaneously transform into mcDNAin vivo. In combination with the regulated-delayed-lysisSalmonellastrain, the newly designed mcDNA vaccine provides us with an elegant platform for veterinary vaccine development.

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Generation and Evaluation of Recombinant Thermostable Newcastle Disease Virus Expressing the HA of H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v13081606 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (8) ◽

pp. 1606

Author(s):

Xiaorong Zhang ◽

Zongyi Bo ◽

Chenchen Meng ◽

Yin Chen ◽

Chengcheng Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza Virus ◽

Avian Influenza ◽

Newcastle Disease Virus ◽

Avian Influenza Virus ◽

Disease Virus ◽

Newcastle Disease ◽

Transmembrane Domain ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Tail Domain ◽

H9n2 Avian Influenza Virus

H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) has become endemic in many countries, causing great economic losses when co-infected with other pathogens. So far, several live vaccines based on Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vectors expressing influenza hemagglutinin (HA) have been developed. However, the thermostable recombinant NDV is rarely reported. In this study, using a thermostable NDV rAHR09 strain as the vector, three recombinant NDVs expressing native HA, chimeric HA ectodomain with transmembrane domain/C-terminal cytoplasmic tail domain from fusion protein of NDV, and HA ectodomain were generated, designated rAHR09-HA, rAHR09-HAF, and rAHR09-HAE. The MDT value of three recombinant NDVs was above 120 h, their ICPI value was about 0.03, and the recombinant NDVs were still infectious when treated for 100 min under 56 °C, which demonstrated that the recombinant NDVs kept the lentogenic and thermostable nature of rAHR09. The immunization data showed that rAHR09-HA and rAHR09-HAF induced a higher HI antibody titer against H9N2 AIV and NDV. After being challenged with H9N2 AIV, the rAHR09-HA and rAHR09-HAF could significantly reduce the virus shedding in cloacal and tracheal swab samples. Our results suggest that rAHR09-HA and rAHR09-HAF might be vaccine candidates against H9N2 AIV.

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Prevalence of Newcastle Disease Virus and Avian Influenza Virus (H7N3) in Poultry at Karachi

RADS Journal of Biological Research & Applied Sciences ◽

10.37962/jbas.v11i1.260 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Amjad Ali Channa ◽

Nazeer Hussain Kalhoro ◽

Zaheer Ahmed Nizamani ◽

Ayaz Hussain Mangi ◽

Jamila Soomro

Keyword(s):

Influenza Virus ◽

Avian Influenza ◽

Newcastle Disease Virus ◽

Avian Influenza Virus ◽

Disease Virus ◽

Newcastle Disease ◽

Virus Isolation ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Agar Gel

Background: Poultry is largest and rapidly growing sector of livestock in Pakistan. It is mainly influenced by viral pathogens such as Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) and Avian Influenza Virus (H7N3). These viruses cause severe disease in poultry and leads to heavy economic losses throughout the world. The outbreaks of these pathogens have been increased in last few decades. Therefore, the study about antigenic prevalence is needed to know about the emergence of these pathogenic viruses, and to get rid of severe ailments associated with reduced poultry production. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV), Avian Influenza Virus (H7N3) and co-infections in poultry flocks at Karachi. Methodology: For detection of NDV and H7N3, a total of 200 tracheal swabs were collected and tested through virus isolation (V.I); the sample with positive virus isolation were tested through agar gel precipitation (AGP) and then the RNA was isolated through TRI Reagent, which was further tested through reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results: The virus isolation showed that 58% of samples were positive for various viruses. Agar gel precipitation (AGP) revealed that the occurrence of NDV, H7N3 and ND+H7 were 50%, 8% and 38%, respectively. RT-PCR for F and HA gene of NDV and H7N3 confirmed the presence of NDV and H7N3 in the poultry. Conclusion: It is concluded that NDV and H7N3 are circulating in the flocks causing co-infections, therefore it is important to know the field challenge of viruses and to prepare vaccine of circulating serotype of virus to mitigate the rate of infection.

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SEROLOGICAL MONITORING OF NEWCASTLE DISEASE IN RUSSIA 2017

Veterinary Science Today ◽

10.29326/2304-196x-2018-4-27-26-30 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 26-30

Author(s):

M. A. Volkova ◽

Ir. A. Chvala ◽

P. S. Yaroslavtseva ◽

V. Yu. Sosipatorova ◽

I. A. Chvala

Keyword(s):

Newcastle Disease Virus ◽

Disease Virus ◽

Russian Federation ◽

Newcastle Disease ◽

Wild Birds ◽

Antibody Detection ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Reference Laboratory ◽

The Russian Federation ◽

The Moment

Newcastle disease is an OIE-listed and highly contagious viral avian disease inflicting great economic losses and constituting a serious threat to poultry farms all over the world. The paper provides monitoring research results for Newcastle disease among poultry and wild birds in the Russian Federation for 2017. The tests were carried out with diagnostic kits for Newcastle disease virus antibody detection by immunosorbent assay and HI at the FGBI “ARRIAH” Reference Laboratory for Viral Avian Diseases (Vladimir). Biological material delivered from Rosselkhoznadzor Territorial Administrations was collected from 31 678 domestic and 433 wild and synanthropic birds from 22 and 4 regions of the Russian Federation, respectively. The paper shows different levels of seroprevalence in poultry from industrial poultry establishments of a closed type and backyards and in wild birds of various regions of the Russian Federation. Almost total Newcastle disease seroprevalence was found in adult poultry from industrial closed establishments due to a total vaccination against the disease. Broilers demonstrated a relatively low average Newcastle disease virus seroprevalence because of an insufficient antibody level by the moment of blood sampling (mostly during slaughter). On average, antibodies to Newcastle disease virus were detected in one third of samples from backyard poultry. With that, high seroprevalence was registered on farms of North Caucasian Republics and southern regions of the Russian Federation. Seroprevalence in wild birds was moderate. Thus, the monitoring research indicates an unstable epidemiological situation for Newcastle disease in the Russian Federation and the remaining risk of disease outbreak on industrial and backyard farms.

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